基于周期性换向冲液的掩膜电解加工技术

掩膜电解加工技术是一种用于阵列结构加工的高效电化学加工技术,被广泛应用于各类难加工材料的阵列群孔、群坑或群槽的加工制造。目前,掩膜电解加工中多采用侧面单向供给电解液的方式进行加工,该冲液方式简单易行,但由于加工区迎水面和背水面的流场差异,造成群孔结构的成形精度较差。为此,提出了周期性换向冲液技术,以改善加工区流场分布,进而提升群孔结构的成形精度。通过数值模拟仿真和实验研究,明确了最佳的换向冲液频率,研究结果表明换向冲液技术可以有效提升孔的成形精度。最终,采用周期性换向冲液技术完成了阵列群孔结构的加工,相较于单向冲液,孔的侧壁与轴线夹角差异率下降至1%以内,获得了较高的成形精度。     

超声电解复合微细加工硬质合金试验研究

超声电解复合微细加工工艺具有效率高、精度高、环保安全等优点,在硬质合金材料微结构加工方面具有一定的技术优势和发展潜力.本文阐述了超声电解复合微细加工机理和试验装置,对硬质合金材料进行了多组对比工艺试验,分析了加工电压、进给压力、电解液等加工参数对加工效果的影响,优化了加工参数和加工条件,提高了硬质合金微结构的微细加工精度.     

微细电解铣削加工模型及实验研究

 对微细电解铣削加工技术进行了深入研究。将分层加工技术应用到微细电解加工过程中,显著改善了加工稳定性;建立了微细电解铣削加工的数学模型;基于电化学刻蚀原理,在线制得直径小至10 μm的圆柱电极;分组实验并验证了加工模型中各参数如：电极直径、加工电压、电解液浓度、铣削层厚度等对微细电解铣削加工精度的影响。通过优化加工参数,成功加工出了深三角结构和四棱台微型腔,形状精度高,加工稳定性好。     

微幅往复走丝微细电解线切割试验研究

 微细电解线切割是一种新型的微细加工技术,适合高精度金属窄缝、窄槽等微细结构的加工,由于加工间隙内电解产物排出困难,容易影响加工精度。为了提高产物排出效率,提出线电极微幅往复走丝促进加工间隙内电解产物排出的方法,改善了加工稳定性,提高了加工精度和加工效率。建立了间隙内电解产物排出效率对加工精度、加工速度影响的数学模型,分析了线电极走丝速度和走丝幅值对间隙内电解产物排出和电解液更新的影响。通过试验研究了线电极的走丝速度和走丝幅值对加工精度和加工效率的影响规律,采用优化参数在厚度为80 μm的钴基弹性合金上进行微槽结构加工,底面粗糙度约为0.45 μm,倒角半径小于8 μm。结果表明线电极轴向微幅往复走丝可以有效地提高加工质量和加工效率。     

基于Realizable k-ε模型的叶盘通道电解加工多场耦合分析

叶盘通道电解加工(ECM)是决定整体叶盘电解加工成形精度的关键工序,其加工间隙不规则、建模困难。基于Realizable k-ε模型建立叶盘通道电解加工的气液两相流模型,根据参数传递关系建立多物理场耦合模型,分析加工间隙内电解液温度、氢气体积分数、电导率等重要参数的分布规律。仿真结果显示电解液在侧面间隙出现涡流现象,使该区域氢气堆积、温度上升,影响工件的成形表面质量,并导致该处的材料蚀除量减小,该结果在试验中得到证实。试验与仿真得出的工件轮廓形状变化趋势一致,试验与仿真获得的端面平衡间隙尺寸分别为0.26、0.33 mm,仿真的相对误差(27%)明显小于经典公式的相对误差(73%)。因此,模型可较为准确地模拟叶盘通道电解加工成形过程,反映各参数对工件成形的影响过程。     

薄型中空电极振动电解切割TB6钛合金

TB6钛合金由于具有优越的性能,广泛地用于航空航天领域。然而从大余量的TB6钛合金锻铸件毛坯加工成复杂结构的零件,其加工效率低,刀具和机床成本高,造成了极大的浪费。为解决这一问题,提出了一种利用薄型中空电极进行快速大余量去除的电解加工(ECM)方法,即将零件与多余材料切割分离,有望较大程度提高加工效率,降低加工成本。为改善电解加工流场特性,提高加工精度,对电极施加振动,并对薄型中空电极的振动切割进行了建模分析和试验研究。试验结果表明,合适的振动幅值和频率(A=0.05mm,f=50Hz)可以使得各处电解液电导率趋于一致,从而提高加工的精度、稳定性和效率。复杂结构件的成功切割证明了薄型中空电极振动电解切割加工技术具有一定的适用性。     

脉动态电解加工

电解加工在航空航天装备的核心部件制造中起到了重要作用。为了满足这些高科技产品的发展需求,它的加工精度需要进一步提高。电解加工过程中产生的氢气、温升及去除物,会显著影响加工间隙中电解液电导率的分布,并降低加工精度。脉动态电解加工将工具振动与脉冲给电优化耦合,改变了间隙状态,提高了精度和稳定性。拷贝式、旋印式、削边电极线切割式等3种脉动态电解加工形式分别对应叶片类、机匣类、榫槽类结构的加工表现出很好的工艺效果。     

整体叶盘电解加工电解液进液角度优化研究

整体叶盘电解加工中,流场对加工稳定性起着重要作用,电解液进液角度对流场均匀性具有重要影响。针对由叶尖至叶根流动模式,设计了5种电解液进液角度流动模型（12°、22°、32°、42°以及52°）,并开展电解加工流场仿真研究。结果表明,电解液进液角度为32°时,平均流速为19.01 m/s,流速均方差为6.33,满足整体叶盘电解加工对流场的要求。在电解液进液角度为32°的流场形式下,开展整体叶盘电解加工试验,加工过程稳定,试件表面无流纹,加工精度为0.12 mm,表面粗糙度为Ra0.353μm,验证了流场的合理性。     

薄板群孔的照相电解加工

照相电解加工的由来、发展和应用前景。采用高速流动的中性电解液,代替在电解液槽内浸泡或搅拌等传统方法后,照相电解加工成为高温合金薄板群孔的最佳加工方法之一。     

微细电解射流喷射装置研制与工艺试验

为提高微细电解射流加工效率及加工质量,研制了专用喷射装置,并利用该装置进行了初步工艺试验。结果证明该装置保证了电解液在其腔体中能够得到充分"负极化",且能获得满足加工要求的稳定破碎长度,满足了电解射流加工试验要求。     

Electrochemical drilling of small holes by regulating in real-time the electrolyte flowrate in multiple channels

Electrochemical drilling(ECD) provides an alternative technique for drilling multiple small holes in difficult-to-machine materials in numerous industrial applications such as for aeroengines. The value and fluctuation of electrolyte flowrate can seriously affect the machining stability and hole quality in ECD. In particular, when drilling multiple holes, the distribution and fluctuations of the electrolyte flowrate in each channel could influence the uniformity of the electrolyte flowrate among...     

(TiB+TiC)/TC4复合材料电解钻孔试验研究

钛基复合材料是一种典型的难加工材料,采用传统机械加工方法存在加工效率低和加工质量差等问题。利用电解加工技术,采用直径为10mm的管状阴极,对(TiB+TiC)/TC4复合材料进行电解钻孔加工试验研究。进行了(TiB+TiC)/TC4复合材料的电化学特性研究,测量了(TiB+TiC)/TC4复合材料在10%NaNO₃溶液中的极化曲线和电流效率。探究了加工电压、电解液压力对加工精度的影响。结果表明,当加工电压为30V,电解液压力为0.6MPa时,电解钻孔可以在1mm/min的进给速度下稳定加工。当加工的盲孔深径比为3.06时,孔的圆度误差为41.1μm,锥度为0.4°,具有较高的加工精度。     

Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Laser Drilling with Jet Electrochemical Machining

As two kinds of defects, recast layers and spatters, commonly accompanied by laser-drilled holes always prevent the laser drilling technique from extending its applications in aerospace and aircraft industries, therefore, a novel hybrid process incorporating laser drilling with jet electrochemical machining (JECM-LD) has been developed to solve these problems as well as improve the overall quality of laser-drilled holes. It is executed by directing an electrolyte jet coaxially aligned with a laser beam onto the workpiece surface. During the process, the electrolyte jet produces electrochemical reaction with the surface material, effective cooling of it and carries away the process scraps. A two-dimensional mathematical model is proposed to describe the shape of the holes machined by JECM-LD. The model is verified through comparison between the results from simulation and those from experiments conducted on the test pieces made of 321 stainless steel 0.5 mm thick processed by the pulsed Nd:YAG laser at second harmonic wavelength. An examination of the experimental results under an optical microscope discovers that, by contrast with the laser drilling in air, the JECM-LD has effectively removed the recast layers and spatters, but its efficiency dropped by about 30%.     

微小孔电化学去毛刺试验研究

采用电化学方法对不锈钢管壁上钻削的微小孔与不锈钢管内壁相贯处难到达区域的毛刺进行去除。实验研究了加工时间、电解液成分与浓度、电解液流动方式对微小孔毛刺去除质量的影响以及相应条件下阴阳极极间电压的变化规律。研究结果表明:在优选的加工工艺参数条件下,可有效地去除微小孔毛刺。     

Optimization of flow field in electrochemical trepanning of integral cascades (Ti6Al4V)

Ti6Al4V is widely applied in the integral cascades of aero engines. As an effective machining method, electrochemical trepanning (ECTr) has unique advantages in processing surface parts made of hard-to-cut materials. In ECTr, the state of the flow field has a significant effect on processing stability and machining quality. To improve the uniformity of the flow field when ECTr is applied to Ti6Al4V, two different flow modes are designed, namely full-profile electrolyte supply (FPES) and edges electrolyte supply (EES). Different from the traditional forward flow mode, the flow directions of the electrolyte in the proposed modes are controlled by inlet channels. Simulations show that the flow field under EES is more uniform than that under FPES. To further enhance the uniformity of the flow field, the structure of EES is optimized by modifying the insulating sleeve. In the optimized configuration, the longitudinal distance between the center of the inlet hole and the center of the blade is 6.0 mm, the lateral distance between the centers of the inlet holes on both sides is 16.5 mm, the length to which the electrolyte enters the machining area is 1.5 mm, and the height of the insulating sleeve is 13.5 mm. A series of ECTr experiments are performed under the two flow modes. Compared with EES, the blade machined by FPES is less accurate and has poorer surface quality, with a surface roughness (R_a) of 3.346 μm. Under the optimized EES, the machining quality is effectively enhanced, with the surface quality improved from R_a = 2.621 μm to R_a = 1.815 μm, thus confirming the efficacy of the proposed methods.     

Electrochemical cutting of mortise-tenon joint structure by rotary tube electrode with helically distributed jet-flow holes

In aero-engines, mortise-tenon joint structures are often used to connect the blades to the turbine disk. The disadvantages associated with conventional manufacturing techniques mean that a low-cost, high-efficiency, and high-quality nickel-based mortise–tenon joint structure is an urgent requirement in the field of aviation engineering. Electrochemical cutting is a potential machining method for manufacturing these parts, as there is no tool degradation in the cutting process and high-quality s...     

Flow field design and process stability in electrochemical machining of diamond holes

The metal grille, commonly composed of an amount of diamond holes, has been grow-ingly used as a key structure on stealth aircraft. Electrochemical machining (ECM) promises to be increasingly applied in aircraft manufacturing on the condition that process stability is guaranteed. In this work, a flow field model was designed to improve the process stability. This model is endowed with a variety of flow channel features, together with vibrating feeding modes. The flow field distribution on the bottom surface of the diamond hole was discussed and evaluated as well. The numerical results show that a short arc flow channel could significantly enhance the uniformity of electrolyte velocity distribution and a vibrating feeding of the cathode enables to reduce both fluctuations of the electrolyte velocity and pressure on the bottom surface of the diamond hole. Consequently, the flow field mutations were eliminated. It is verified from the experimental results that a short arc flow channel, when combined with vibrating feeding, is capable of improving machining localization and process stability markedly. What is more, the side gap on the bottom surface of the diamond hole could also be reduced by the abovementioned approach.     

气体介质中深小孔电火花加工技术研究

 深小孔加工一直是机械制造领域的难题之一。在分析和研究气体介质中电火花加工技术的基础上,就其在深小孔加工中的应用进行了深入的理论与实验研究。分别用管状圆柱电极和削边电极在通用电火花成形加工机床上成功地加工出直径为2 mm、深径比大于20、锥度小于0.5%的深小孔。研究表明,相对于传统的液中电火花加工,气体介质中电火花加工深小孔具有电极损耗率低、加工过程稳定等特点。而且由于无需庞大的工作液系统,该方法适合于大型零部件上深小孔加工。     

航空发动机加力燃油总管的数值计算分析

采用商业软件对航空发动机加力燃油总管进行了数值计算,研究了喷油孔的附面层与质量流量的关系,同时分别对喷油孔允许的最大和最小值进行数值模拟,就其流量值与设计值进行了对比。结果表明:喷油孔的加工质量对加力燃油总管流量的影响很大,喷油孔必须按照公差等级Ⅰ的规定进行加工,以保证其质量流量满足设计要求;对于小孔径结构的数值计算,只有充分考虑附面层的因素,才能提高数值计算的准确性。