航天器交会飞行设计方法研究

针对半自主飞行追踪星,阐述航天器交会总体设计方法。根据对接点的地理位置范围、共面轨道倾角以及目标星轨道周期与追踪星入轨点地理位置,确定交会飞行时间和两星初始相位差范围。考虑最小轨道机动动力要求与飞行轨迹安全性等因素,并兼顾地面测控条件,设计追踪星远程导引段与相对导航段的轨道机动与飞行轨迹,特别是选择与比较不同的初始轨道、调相轨道与漂移轨道以及保持点停泊时间与最终逼近段飞行时间等交会飞行要素,调整飞行时间、相位差与对接点位置,确定最佳交会飞行方案,完成空间交会任务。     

一种信息不完备条件下的线导鱼雷模糊导引律

基于模糊逻辑的思想,提出了一种信息不完备条件下的智能导引方法,从而可以有效的解决线导鱼雷导引过程中无法充分利用不完备的目标运动要素信息的问题.通过对目标方位、距离、航向等信息在智能导引中的作用及引入机制的研究,采用航向的加权修正,距离信息的强条件限制以及在末制导段的智能机动,合理有效的利用了各种不完备的目标信息并应用于智能组合导引中.仿真实验结果表明,该导引方法在满足最优的入射目标尾流的距离和角度指标上具有很好的效果.     

现代自动导引导弹导引规律的研究

本文提出“解析重构比例导引规律”,这是一种扩展的比例导引规律。在导弹上用解析重构的方法形成目标加速度信息并引入导引规律,提高了自动导引导弹的性能。将此导引规律应用于某导弹,通过数学仿真得到较好的结果。     

变目标方位角导引法

研究一种用于近程弹道式地－地弹的导引法，它是借用空－空弹常值目标方位角导引法的概念，把它改变成按弹道设计需要而变化的目标方位角导引法，去攻击地面固定目标，它有减小气动阻力，提高命中相对精度的优点，称它为变目标方位角导引法。     

采用修正比例导引的雷达寻的导弹脱靶量研究

利用伴随系统推导了采用修正比例导引规律时,目标阶跃机动和初始前置角误差引起的终端脱靶量公式,以及雷达测量误差引起的脱靶量均方根的解析公式.对比了比例导引和修正比例导引的制导性能.     

攻击机动目标的多导弹分布式协同制导律

在分布式通信和增广比例导引的基础上,基于网络同步原理设计了一种多导弹拦截机动目标的分布式协同制导律.该分布式协同制导律由导弹本地导引律和分布式协调策略两部分组成:本地导引律由增广比例导引得到;基于网络同步原理设计了导弹之间的分布式协调策略,实现多弹对机动目标的同时协同攻击.该分布式协同制导律只需要视距内相邻导弹之间传输状态信息,具有通信量小、可扩展性好等特点.仿真结果表明多弹网络系统采用该制导律能够有效地协同攻击机动目标.     

近距空战训练中的智能虚拟对手决策与导引方法

针对近距空战训练中智能虚拟对手攻防博弈的自主决策与占位导引问题,提出了基于动态贝叶斯网络(DBN)和约束梯度法的智能虚拟对手决策和导引一体化方法。结合空间占位态势、火控攻击区和机动动作识别结果等信息,建立近距空战决策动态贝叶斯网络模型,实现根据战场动态环境变化的占位导引指标决策。针对在线识别的各类目标机动动作,建立轨迹预测模型,实现目标轨迹的实时预测。根据占位导引指标和目标预测轨迹,考虑飞行性能约束,采用约束梯度法计算智能虚拟对手的优化占位导引量。实现了近距空战智能虚拟对手空间占位决策与导引量计算的无缝结合。近距空战仿真实验结果表明:所提方法能够实现智能虚拟对手的合理化自主决策和占位导引,克服了传统方法实现机动动作方式固化的问题,具备较好的实时性和优化性。      

基于光流信息的圆弧偏置比例导引规律

提出了一种改进的用于被动寻的导弹的基于光流带落角约束的导引规律,其具有更强的适应性和更小的落角误差,而且该导引律不要求弹目距离信息,克服了被动寻的导弹不能测距的约束.基于采用光学传感器和光流算法的测量模型,受昆虫导航的启发,利用光流信息进行被动寻的导弹的导引和控制.同时借鉴偏置比例导引律的结构,重新设计偏置项,实现导弹以期望的落角命中目标.仿真表明,拦截地面运动目标时,该导引律在保证小脱靶量的同时,基本达到期望的落角,对于测量噪声也具有较好的鲁棒性.      

拦截大气层外机动目标的模糊导引规律

针对大气层外机动目标的拦截问题,分析了轨控发动机作用下拦截器与目标的相对运动规律,并据此提出了拦截能力的估计方法.根据轨控发动机能够修正的视线转率上限和最短工作时间设计了开机曲线.结合开机曲线和拦截能力的估算方法提出了基于模糊逻辑的导引规律.该导引规律根据专家经验制定模糊规则,利用相对距离和拦截能力作为模糊推理系统的输入对发动机的开机曲线进行调整,结合继电器方式的发动机开关机规律形成制导指令.针对两种典型的目标机动方式,通过仿真验证了该导引规律对机动目标进行拦截的有效性.     

撕裂的地平线（下）欧洲宙斯盾列传

“标准”2型导弹是美国舰队防空的主力武器，与前身“标准”1型导弹的差距在于使用两段式导引：中述导引由母舰计算最有效率的角度爬升并飞向目标大概的方向，终端弹道才由制导雷达接手，导弹会紧追着雷达信号方向，虽然消耗能量但却能精确命中目标。因此两段式导引不但让母舰可以依靠轮流跟踪来同时攻击多个目标，也能增加了60％的射程。     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.