Operating model satellite for space education

Satellite technology is still a deep mystery for most of the people in the world, because there is little access to satellites, even through the media. A process has been devised to build a low-cost educational cardboard model of a communication satellite, using light beams to simulate the radio links. The construction of the model follows closely the construction process of a real satellite, and can help to understand the general technology, while producing an attractive “toy.”     

一种基于正弦波高精度互模糊函数的通信卫星干扰定位技术

通信卫星系统易遭到敌方恶意干扰、地面无意干扰，对通信卫星系统的干扰排查具有重要意义，而通信卫星系统的干扰定位一直是重难点问题。在双星定位互模糊函数算法的基础上，提出了一种基于正弦波高精度互模糊函数频差估计方法，同时针对利用两颗静止通信卫星实现干扰定位时主信号和辅助信号信噪比差异大、辅助信号微弱的问题，采用改进的互模糊度函数实现双星TDOA和FDOA的测量，完成对通信卫星系统干扰信号的定位。仿真试验表明，采用本算法，对通信卫星系统干扰信号的定位精度较高，满足系统实际运用要求。     

Plastic Cubesat: An innovative and low-cost way to perform applied space research and hands-on education

This paper describes the design and the manufacturing of a Cubesat platform based on a plastic structure.The Cubesat structure has been realized in plastic material (ABS) using a “rapid prototyping” technique. The “rapid prototyping” technique has several advantages including fast implementation, accuracy in manufacturing small parts and low cost. Moreover, concerning the construction of a small satellite, this technique is very useful thanks to the accuracy achievable in details, which are sometimes difficult and expensive to realize with the use of tools machine. The structure must be able to withstand the launch loads. For this reason, several simulations using an FEM simulation and an intensive vibration test campaign have been performed in the system development and test phase. To demonstrate that this structure is suitable for hosting a complete satellite system, offering innovative integrated solutions, other subsystems have been developed and assembled.Despite its small size, this single unit (1U) Cubesat has a system for active attitude control, a redundant telecommunication system, a payload camera and a photovoltaic system based on high efficiency solar cells.The developed communication subsystem has small dimensions, low power consumption and low cost. An example of the innovations introduced is the antenna system, which has been manufactured inside the ABS structure. The communication protocol which has been implemented, the AX.25 protocol, is mainly used by radio amateurs. The communication system has the capability to transmit both telemetry and data from the payload, in this case a microcamera.The attitude control subsystem is based on an active magnetic system with magnetorquers for detumbling and momentum dumping and three reaction wheels for fine control. It has a total dimension of about 50×50×50 mm. A microcontroller implements the detumbling control law autonomously taking data from integrated magnetometers and executes pointing maneuvers on the basis of commands received in real time from ground.The subsystems developed for this Cubesat have also been designed to be scaled up for larger satellites such as 2U or 3U Cubesats. The additional volume can be used for more complex payloads. Thus the satellite can be used as a low cost platform for companies, institutions or universities to test components in space.     

Promoting research and education in basic space science: the approach of the UN/ESA workshops

UN-affiliated regional centres for space science and technology education are being established or are in operation in Africa (Morocco, Nigeria), Asia and the Pacific (India), Latin America and the Caribbean (Brazil, Mexico), and Western Asia (Jordan). Education curricula at the university level, embracing remote sensing, satellite communications, satellite meteorology, and space science have been developed for these centres. This article briefly reports on the structure of the most recent updated education curricula in the four disciplines that have been made available for implementation in 2002 and 2003, in the six official languages of the United Nations. This is also an effort to bridge the gap between such education curricula as they vary significantly between nations and among educational institutions in nations.     

支持多主通信的星载CAN总线应用协议设计

为提升星上设备间信息交互灵活性,文章对现有小卫星星上CAN总线应用层通信协议进行了改进,新的应用层协议通过合理的地址域设计、地址编排、屏蔽策略设计,使得该协议可以灵活支持总线设备多主通信,同时为了确保卫星系统按照一定的节拍有序运行,建议对总线采取周期调度下的多主通信模式。文章通过构建多主通信场景对该协议进行验证,结果表明该协议可以有效支持总线节点多主通信、组播、广播等,提升了总线通信的灵活性和通信效率。     

基于移动式网络的LEO卫星星座通信网络研究

为飞机等交通工具内的用户提供基于卫星的不间断IP连接，并在卫星星座网络内实现IP路由选择功能，是未来LEO卫星星座通信网络需要解决的关键问题。提出了基于移动式网络技术的LEO卫星星座通信网络体系结构，实现了卫星星座通信网络中的IP路由选择功能，并降低了对地面网路的依赖，实现了对用户段网络随时随地的连接支持。在对卫星星座通信网络中的星地切换模式进行分析的基础上，提出了一种基于虚拟移动路由器的快速星地切换和认证方法。通过NS2仿真试验，给出了新型LEO卫星星座通信网络的传输延迟特性以及快速切换方法的仿真试验结果。仿真试验表明，提出的网络结构是满足未来卫星星座发展需求的，星地间的切换是低时延的。     

一种绕飞编队卫星星间链路系统的总体设计方法

为了建立高精度相对定位编队卫星的星间链路,提出了一种基于GPS的绕飞编队卫星星间链路系统设计方法。针对我国首次以InSAR为背景的任务,以某绕飞编队星座星间链路系统总体方案为例,利用STK/MATLAB分析软件,对天线覆盖区与组阵进行了仿真分析,并根据分析结果做了系统优化,包括星间轨道构型、天线设计组阵图、天线安装位置、链路预算、星间通信措施设计分析以及电磁兼容性分析等。结果表明:基于GPS的编队卫星能够从系统角度优化设计建立星间链路,从而完成编队跟飞、绕飞期间的星间通信与测量任务,为卫星建立星座构型、相对定位测量提供了可靠、稳定的传输通道。该设计方法可为同类卫星或其他类型卫星星间链路系统设计提供参考。     

低轨卫星高能效载波功率资源联合调度算法

结合多波束低轨（multi-beam low earth orbit, MB-LEO）卫星通信场景，研究了一种多目标载波功率联合优化（joint subcarrier scheduling and power control resource allocation, JSSPC-RA）算法。通过求解整数混合规划非凸优化问题，得到了不同通信需求下MC-DS-CDMA子载波和子载波功率的联合调度方案，实现了系统用户未满足容量和卫星总功耗的最小化。仿真结果表明，相对于传统的载波功率均分策略，JSSPC-RA算法能够在满足系统吞吐量需求的前提下大幅节省卫星总功耗；同时，通过调节权值系数，JSSPC-RA算法可以生成用户吞吐量需求与卫星总能耗折中的系统设计方案，适用于频谱、能量资源高度受限的MB-LEO卫星系统。     

基于网络效用的OFDM卫星移动通信系统呼叫接纳控制

在天地一体化网络中,OFDM卫星移动通信系统更有利于与地面无线网络融合。呼叫接纳控制是无线资源管理中的关键问题,本文针对OFDM卫星移动通信系统提出了一种基于网络效用和动态系统资源的星上呼叫接纳控制方法,采用集中式接纳控制,对卫星系统资源的集中管理可有效降低呼叫等待时延。所提出的接纳控制方法基于不同业务的网络效用函数,采用跨层设计思想,根据物理层卫星信道状态变化更新OFDM子载波传输能力,在呼叫接纳控制过程中动态调整分配业务带宽,实现整个网络效用最大化,同时保证业务的QoS要求。仿真结果表明,在系统业务负载饱和的情况下,该方法系统资源利用效率显著优于基于用户端最小阻塞概率的接纳控制方法和基于用户端业务QoS的接纳控制方法,非常适合于资源受限的卫星系统。     

考虑执行器动态补偿的动中通系统非线性鲁棒控制

研究用于移动载体卫星通信的动中通系统的稳定跟踪问题。选取动中通系统的三轴非线性模型为被控对象,较单轴模型更能准确地描述子系统之间的运动学与动力学特性。在执行器动态特性的基础上,设计了一种具有执行器动态补偿的非线性鲁棒控制器。该控制器不仅能够使系统在载体移动过程中隔离载体扰动的影响,精确跟踪目标卫星,而且还进一步解决了执行器动态特性对系统的影响,更符合实际动中通控制系统设计的需要。最后通过三组对比仿真结果验证了所设计控制器在不同扰动条件下的稳定跟踪性能。     

一种基于层簇式的卫星网络组密钥管理方案

针对卫星网络中组密钥管理过程面临的诸多挑战,提出一种基于层簇式的卫星网络组密钥管理方案LCGKM。结合卫星网络的多层次结构特点,建立了层簇式组密钥协商网络模型,将高轨道卫星作为组密钥协商发起节点,组成员通过三叉密钥树自主计算出组密钥,有效地减少了组密钥协商过程中的通信开销,增强了方案的灵活性、可扩展性。另外,在组密钥协商过程中,利用双线性对和身份认证技术,确保组成员能够对接受的组密钥信息进行验证,进一步增强了方案的安全性。性能分析表明：方案在满足更高安全需求的基础上,具备通信效率高、计算量小等优点,适用于具有大规模组播需求的卫星网络。     

基于2×2 MIMO的星地双圆极化通信系统验证

卫星通信因通信距离远、覆盖面积大、机动灵活等优势,广泛应用在抗震救灾、广播电视与移动通信中。然而,卫星通信因长距离通信和环境对信号的阻塞等问题,导致通信质量下降。为提高卫星通信质量,可以增加地面站发射功率或者采用分集技术。由于电磁波具备极化特性,左旋圆极化电磁波与右旋圆极化电磁波相互正交,利用其正交特性可实现长距离通信中传输路径相互独立,可以应用于星地MIMO通信中。主要研究双圆极化分集2×2 MIMO相关内容,对开阔环境和城市环境的信道参数进行研究,建立了窄带卫星双圆极化卫星2×2 MIMO信道模型,设计了一套具备在地面模拟双圆极化卫星和个人移动终端收发系统,并在该系统上验证双圆极化分集2×2 MIMO,相比于SISO获得的信噪比改善。     

动态跳波束策略中的自适应波束功率分配算法

摘要：多波束卫星发射机的成本很高，同时地面小区的通信需求和通信优先级一直处在动态变化中。通过研究一种动态波束跳跃策略，实现在卫星资源受限和较少发射机数量约束下的广域覆盖和按需服务。区别于传统的分簇波束跳变思想，为了提高卫星系统的频谱效率，考虑在整个频率带宽上应用全局波束跳变。因此考虑在共信道干扰背景下，提出一种新型服务质量指标来衡量波束跳变结果。在卫星资源有限的情况下，各波束提供的通信容量不能满足地面小区的业务请求，基于粒子群算法选择的波束跳动图案，提出了一种自适应波束功率分配算法。该算法通过优先级加权，最小化波束业务容量需求差值，进而提高服务质量水平。最后，通过仿真验证了所提算法的性能优越性。     

面向卫星通信系统的低成本超表面相控阵技术

低轨通信卫星系统因其传输延迟小、通信容量大、发射运营成本低等优势,受到了国内外的广泛关注。然而,低轨通信卫星技术的发展对星载天线系统提出了挑战。为提高卫星星座的通信容量以及实现对用户的跟踪覆盖,波束扫描、波束可重构及多波束覆盖不可或缺。在低成本建设运营的背景下,迫切地需要一种低成本的天线系统方案。作为一种低成本新型相控阵技术,综述了超表面相控阵天线技术及其在波束调控中的应用。首先对超表面天线波束形成的方法进行了简单的研究,之后介绍了超表面电磁调控的机理以及实现可重构的手段,最后介绍了超表面相控阵天线在波束形成、波束扫描、多波束产生中的应用。该技术相较于传统相控阵技术,大幅降低了成本,且在电磁波极化、频率调控中展现出巨大的灵活性。通过对该技术的综述,展望了超表面相控阵在低轨通信卫星中的应用。     

LEO卫星网络路由算法的OPNET建模与仿真

由于OPNET没有提供标准卫星模块和星上路由器模块,这给卫星网络仿真带来一定难度 。针对LEO卫星网络路由算法,提出了一种OPNET路由仿真模型。该仿真模型主要由卫星网络 域、卫星节点域和路由进程域组成。卫星网络域实现网络拓扑结构的动态变化,节点域利用 无线仿真机制进行数据的发送和接收,路由进程域完成具体算法的实现。为了检验模型的性 能,仿真分析了几种典型的星上路由算法。结果表明,提出的仿真模型是正确可行的,且具 有一定的通用性,为卫星通信网络性能的仿真和分析提供了一种简单有效的途径。
     

地球同步卫星轨道漂移对天线指向的影响分析

位于地球同步轨道的卫星由于受各种空间因素的影响,其运行轨道会随时间逐渐偏离地球赤道面．轨道倾角由0°逐渐增大。这种轨道倾角漂移会导致对地通信的固定波束天线指向偏离地面站,引起天线指向失配误差,造成通信质量下降甚至丧失。文章分析了轨道漂移对天线指向的影响,并给出了天线指向调整的策略。     

Advanced high capacity domestic satellite communications system

This paper describes a concept of multibeam high capacity transmission possible with a 30/20 GHz and 50/40 GHz domestic satellite communication system. The relationship between satellite antenna pointing accuracy and multi-beam antenna interference, as well as the relationship between satellite antenna pointing accuracy and multi-satellite interference are looked at.The ultra high capacity domestic satellite communication system will have multi-beam antennas with a 76.0 dB at both 20 GHz and 40 GHz. These antennas will provide 4950 beams that approximately correspond to the number of end office of the Japanese telephone network, and have a pointing accuracy of 0.005 degrees. This system will be equipped with 9900 30/20 GHz and 50/40 GHz transponder channels with bit rates of 800 Mbps. Its capacity will be 119 Tbps through use of 15 large communication satellite platforms.     

通信卫星灵活载荷技术综述

通信卫星逐步由高轨地球同步轨道卫星向高、中、低轨结合的全球覆盖卫星方向发展,多业务和多重覆盖的发展趋势对通信卫星的灵活性提出了更高的要求。通信卫星配备灵活载荷已经成为重要发展方向,对面向个人用户的高通量通信卫星及高、中、低轨结合的组网通信卫星来说尤为重要。配备灵活载荷的通信卫星能实现端到端业务,能灵活调整覆盖区,实现灵活组网,并提升资源利用率。分析了国内外通信卫星灵活载荷的发展动态,介绍了通信卫星灵活载荷的技术特点,并给出了有效载荷方案,最后阐述了通信卫星灵活载荷发展的关键技术及发展思路。     

Feasibility of using statellites in non-equatorial 24-hour circular orbits for communications

The early sixties witnessed the debate among competing candidate orbits that led to the emergence of perfect geostationary systems as virtually the sole “instruments” for satellite communication. The subsequent problem of overcrowding of geostationary ring on one hand and explosive growth in demand on communication capacity on the other led comsat experts to focus on the alternate routes through various near-earth and medium attitude satellite constellations later proposed for uninterrupted communication. However, the opportunities thrown up by quasi-stationary orbits for augmentation of the space communication capacity have gone abegging. This paper attempts to draw attention of communication satellite designers/planners to the immense potential for utilization of the non-equatorial, 24-hour circular orbits for communication. For the proposed quasi-stationary orbits, the change and/or control of the inclination of the plane is not envisaged in the launch and/or operational phase. The resulting significant payload weight advantage is associated with the problem of periodic as well as secular apparent angular satellite drift relative to the ground terminal. However, the problem may be largely overcome through controlled satellite tilting using solar radiation pressure or through the use of tethered auxiliary mass attachment. Alternatively, it may be possible to overcome the attitude control problem by the use of systems such as on-bard electronically steerable phased array antenna capable of following the line-of-sight to the co-operative ground station.     

GEO移动通信卫星合成多波束天线仿真分析

针对地球静止轨道（GEO）移动通信卫星星上多波束天线波束成形技术,研究了合成多波束对地覆盖、点波束天线增益以及波束间干扰抑制技术。利用仿真分析软件进行多波束天线的波束成形仿真分析,优化了天线系统的设计参数,改善了波束间的隔离度指标,提高了系统通信性能和局部地区的信道容量,完成了地球静止轨道移动通信卫星系统合成多波束天线的设计。