涡轮叶栅超声速流场流动特征与气膜冷却特性

应用shear strain transport(SST) k-ω 两方程湍流模型,对超声速涡轮叶栅通道内气膜冷却特性进行数值研究,得到不同气膜孔倾角和吹风比下叶栅通道内流场流动特征以及气膜冷却效率的变化规律.在激波入射点附近的气膜射流能够向分离区边界层中补充动量,克服逆压力梯度,有效改善由于激波引起的局部过热.亚声速流动状态下的气膜入射角度对冷却效率的影响能够在较大吹风比下得以体现,而超声速主流状态下,气膜冷却效率与入射角度基本无关,说明亚声速的气膜冷却射流对超声速主流的穿透力要弱于对亚声速主流的穿透力;超声速主流条件下,在激波入射位置的气膜冷却效率要高于激波入射位置下游的气膜冷却效率,这与气膜孔出流在当地的湍流度有关.      

圆直管中离散孔超声速气膜冷却实验

以圆直管中的超声速高温燃气为主流,以常温氮气为气膜介质,用实验的方法研究了离散孔超声速气膜冷却规律,主流马赫数为2,射流马赫数分别为1,2,3.结果表明:射流流量是影响离散孔气膜冷却效果的最主要因素,提高吹风比或者增大孔径,都能显著提高气膜冷却效率;在实验工况下,冷却效率与吹风比和孔径的关系可以总结成实验关联式;射流喉部直径相同、流量相同情况下,射流马赫数对气膜冷却效果影响不大;在气膜孔附近,入射角为30°的射流比切向入射时的冷却效果差,在下流远离气膜孔位置,入射角为30°的射流冷却效果优于切向入射时.      

耦合传热下激波对超声速气膜冷却影响

针对离散孔式超声速平板气膜冷却，在主流区引入楔角形成激波环境，以研究激波与超声速气膜之间的相互作用。通过计算楔角在0°、15°、20°和25°产生的四种激波强度下，超声速气膜与高温壁面的耦合传热。所得结果表明：适当强度的激波能够抑制气膜入射后产生的反向涡旋对，降低主流对气膜的卷吸，增大壁面平均H2摩尔分数并降低壁面温度。对金属层温度场的分析表明，壁面冷却效果随着激波角的增加而先增加后降低，其中楔角为20°时的流场结构最有利于壁面温度保护。小楔角生成的激波在低冷流马赫数下对冷却效果的改善更明显，大楔角则在高冷流马赫数下更明显，热障涂层（TBC）不影响这种变化趋势；激波的存在削弱了TBC的影响范围。可以揭示超声速气膜在耦合传热条件下的传热机理，为超声速气膜冷却的设计提供参考，或为现有超声速气膜冷却结构的优化提供依据。     

气冷涡轮前缘冷气射流角度优化研究

为了研究复合角度的圆形气膜孔对涡轮叶片冷却效果和气动性能的影响,利用SST的k-ω模型对涡轮叶栅进行数值模拟,对前缘区域冷却孔进行复合角度优化设计,给出前缘滞止线附近和吸力面改型前后的冷却特性分析。结果表明圆形气膜孔的复合角度对冷却和气动的影响明显,在前缘压力面,侧向角分别为85°,60°和45°,冷气在前缘处改变滞止点的位置,切向速度增大,冷却效果显著增强。在前缘吸力面上,冷却孔的入射角从45°变为30°,侧向角由-15°改为0°和30°,冷气与主流掺混减弱,壁面冷却效率增大,同时影响近壁面的主流从而改变流场结构。     

气膜孔结构对涡轮导叶端壁冷却效率的影响研究

对涡轮叶栅端壁上游4种气膜冷却结构模型进行了数值模拟,得出在不同吹风比情况下涡轮叶栅端壁的流动与换热特性。结果表明,无槽气膜孔冷气射流在孔下游与主流相互作用形成1对转动方向相反的耦合涡,主流被卷入耦合涡并冲击到了端壁,使得孔间壁温接近主流温度,气膜冷却效率很低;带槽气膜孔抑制了耦合涡的形成,冷却了孔间端壁,气膜冷却效率较高,而且,随着槽深度的增加,冷气的展向(Y向)宽度逐渐增加,扩大了冷气覆盖区域,提高了端壁气膜冷却效率。     

出流结构对涡轮导叶端壁气膜冷却数值研究

通过对涡轮叶栅端壁上游不同气膜冷却结构模型进行数值模拟,得到了不同吹风比情况下,涡轮叶栅端壁的流动与换热特性。结果表明：圆柱型孔冷气射流在孔下游与主流相互作用形成一对转动方向相反的耦合涡,对涡轮叶栅端壁的气膜冷却效果不利。前向扩张孔降低了孔下游耦合涡的强度,对涡轮叶栅端壁总体气膜冷却效率要优于圆柱型孔。前向扩张缝结构增大了射流宽度,冷却了孔间端壁,对涡轮叶栅端壁总体气膜冷却效率要优于圆柱型孔和前向扩张孔。     

出流结构对涡轮叶栅端壁气膜冷却效率数值研究

通过对涡轮叶栅端壁上游不同气膜冷却结构模型进行数值模拟,得到了不同吹风比情况下,涡轮叶栅端壁的流动与换热特性.结果表明:圆柱形孔冷气射流在孔下游与主流相互作用形成一对转动方向相反的耦合涡,对涡轮叶栅端壁的气膜冷却效果不利.前向扩张孔降低了孔下游耦合涡的强度,对涡轮叶栅端壁总体气膜冷却效率要优于圆柱形孔.前向扩张缝结构增大了射流宽度,冷却了孔间端壁,对涡轮叶栅端壁总体气膜冷却效率要优于圆柱形孔和前向扩张孔.      

动静干涉下高压涡轮外环非定常气膜冷却性能分析

为了探索航空发动机高压涡轮外环非定常气膜冷却性能的影响因素及其作用规律，对叶片高速旋转作用下某航空发动 机高压涡轮外环的非定常气膜冷却过程进行了3维数值模拟。应用滑移网格技术实现了涡轮叶片与涡轮外环壁面之间的相对运 动以及转子与静子之间干涉作用的模拟；分析了叶片的旋转作用、吹风比、气膜射流方向、气膜轴向射流角度等因素对高压涡轮外 环非定常气膜冷却性能的影响规律。结果表明：在高吹风比下应防止叶片前缘上游气膜孔冷却裕度不足现象的发生；逆向排布的 气膜孔更适合在高吹风比下使用；当气膜入射角由45°减小为30°时，外环面平均气膜冷却效率时均值增大18.54%，显著提高了涡 轮外环冷却的冷气利用效率。     

超声速横向射流三维流场结构特征

为了研究超声速燃烧室内燃料与空气快速掺混过程的流场特性，基于可压缩Navier-Stokes方程，采用大涡模拟方法和高精度WENO-TCD混合格式对来流马赫数为2.68，喷压比为36的超声速横向射流流场结构进行数值研究。数值结果清晰描述了超声速主流与横向射流相互作用过程的流场结构特征，得到了三维激波形态的演变规律以及它们在强化混合过程中的作用。另外，因桶形激波背风面低压区处的斜压效应，射流气体在桶形激波背风面形成一对螺旋向上的反向涡对，反向涡对的卷吸作用诱导进入壁面边界层的主流向上运动，形成冲击射流。冲击射流以v=557m/s的法向速度向上冲击桶形激波背风面，因而在桶形激波背风面留下类三角锥面凹痕。     

超声速涡轮动叶设计方法研究

研究了基于2维等熵特征线理论的超声速涡轮叶栅设计方法,通过编程开发了超声速涡轮转子叶栅设计软件,该软件可根据进、出口马赫数及进口气流角设计出需要的超声速涡轮转子叶栅。在此基础上应用FLUENT详细地分析了涡轮转子叶栅流场。结果表明:该流场分布合理,未出现激波、分离等现象,且在高载荷系数下具有较高效率。     

两级超声速引射器流动机理研究

超声速引射器在航天发动机、化学激光器等的地面试验所需压力恢复系统中有着重要的应用,采用超-超引射方式是优化压力恢复系统的性能和实现设备小型化的途径之一。为探索适用于超-超引射器的设计准则,对一种两级超声速引射器的超-超引射流动现象开展了研究,试验发现该构型引射器在特定压力匹配范围内即可实现一、二级主流间的超-超引射又可以实现主流对二次流的超-超引射,结合数值仿真对流场结构和参数的分析表明超-超引射的形成机制可归结为压力匹配问题,通过提高来流总压与混合室匹配静压的压比可建立超-超引射;混合室匹配静压由引射气流主导;提高二次流总压或降低主流压力均可提高二次流马赫数,该规律对建立超-超引射、提高引射效率有指导意义。      

超声速喷气客机研制进行时

各国对超声速民用飞机的研制还在继续,态度最为积极的日本在技术上已取得突破,但为了降低风险正在寻求国际合作,美国和俄罗斯也有自己的计划.超声速公务机的开发走在超声速喷气客机研制的前面.     

永远的追求写在人类超声速飞行60周年

实现超声速飞行一直是人类追求的目标之一。具有超声速巡航能力的作战飞机已经装备部队,而超声速民用飞机的使用和研制却屡遭挫折,目前这种形势已经出现了变化。     

Supersonic expansion on non-equilibrium plasmas

In the supersonic expansion of an ionized gas, the dominant factor in describing the atomic processes is the recombination rate constant K_R. Several models describing the recombination process have been reviewed in some detail. It has been found that, depending on the adopted definition, different models will yield different values of K_R for the same electron temperature and number density. A comparison of experimentally and theoretically derived values for K_R has to be done with great care, as in the majority of the experiments K_R is determined from the measured rate of disappearance of free electrons. These measurements give the correct “decay coefficient”, but only in certain circumstances will it reduce to the correct recombination rate. In the light of the important role that K_R plays in any numerical solution of nonequilibrium expansion flow of plasmas, details of experiments on a 15-degree corner expansion flow of ionized argon are given. In these experiments the plasma flow which was generated by driving strong normal shock waves into quiescent argon was studied mainly by optical diagnostics. Using a dual-frequency laser interferometer, the plasma properties around a corner expansion were recorded. The analysis of the interferograms has yielded values for the recombination rate constant as a function of the plasma macroscopic properties. The range of shock Mach number, electron number density, temperature and initial channel pressure and temperature were as follows:

$\text{13 < M, < 19; 10}{}^{16}\text{< n, < 1.5 × 10}{}^{17}\text{cm}{}^{\mathrm{?3}}\text{; 9000°}\text{K}\text{< T < 13,000°}\text{K}\text{; 2.2 < p}{}_1\text{< 10}\text{torr}\text{; T}{}_1\text{? 300°}\text{K}\text{.}$

It was found that the theoretically predicted values for the three-body, electron-ion-electron collisional recombination rate are in good agreement with those measured gasdynamically in a well-defined flow. The measured flow quantities substantiate a previous analysis based on the method of characteristics.     

美国超音速轰炸机计划初显端倪

参加美国国防部预研局的“静音超音速平台”项目的美国航宇公司都完成了对超音速轰炸机的初步设计方案,基本的性能数据和作战思想也已由参与研究的各方提出。相关技术领域的突破使得超音速轰炸机成为现实的可能性大大增强。美国国防部预研局已选择两家公司进入“静音超音速平台”项目的第二阶段     

日本开展超声速运输机研究

超声速民用运输机一直以来都是航空业界的热门话题。它对于减少洲际飞行时间、缓解越来越严重的空中交通拥堵问题、满足日益增长的航空运输需求都有积极意义。尽管首个超声速客机协和号已在2003年停止了服役,但人类并未停止对超声速运输机(SST)的追求。本文介绍了日本航字研究开发机构相继开展的NEXST和S3TD超声速运输机研究计划。     

Supersonic biplane—A review

One of the fundamental problems preventing commercial transport aircraft from supersonic flight is the generation of strong sonic booms. Sonic booms are the ground-level manifestation of shock waves created by airplanes flying at supersonic speeds. The strength of the shock waves generated by an aircraft flying at supersonic speed is a direct function of both the aircraft’s weight and its occupying volume; it has been very difficult to sufficiently reduce the shock waves generated by the heavier and larger conventional supersonic transport (SST) configuration to meet acceptable at-ground sonic-boom levels. It is our dream to develop a quiet SST aircraft that can carry more than 100 passengers while meeting acceptable at-ground sonic-boom levels. We have started a supersonic-biplane project at Tohoku University since 2004. We meet the challenge of quiet SST flight by extending the classic two-dimensional (2-D) Busemann biplane concept to a 3-D supersonic-biplane wing that effectively reduces the shock waves generated by the aircraft. A lifted airfoil at supersonic speeds, in general, generates shock waves (therefore, wave drag) through two fundamentally different mechanisms. One is due to the airfoil’s lift, and the other is due to its thickness. Multi-airfoil configurations can reduce wave drag by redistributing the system’s total lift among the individual airfoil elements, knowing that wave drag of an airfoil element is proportional to the square of its lift. Likewise, the wave drag due to airfoil thickness can also be nearly eliminated using the Busemann biplane concept, which promotes favorable wave interactions between two neighboring airfoil elements. One of the main objectives of our supersonic-biplane study is, with the help of modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, to find biplane configurations that simultaneously exhibit both traits. We first re-analyzed using CFD tools, the classic Busemann biplane configurations to understand its basic wave-cancellation concept. We then designed a 2-D supersonic biplane that exhibits both wave-reduction and cancellation effects simultaneously, utilizing an inverse-design method. The designed supersonic biplane not only showed the desired aerodynamic characteristics at its design condition but also outperformed a zero-thickness flat-plate airfoil. (Zero-thickness flat-plate airfoils are known as the most efficient monoplane airfoil at supersonic speeds.) Also discussed in this paper is how to design 2-D biplanes, not only at their design Mach numbers but also at off-design conditions. Supersonic biplanes have unacceptable characteristics at their off-design conditions such as flow choking and its related hysteresis problems. Flow choking causes rapid increase of wave drag and it continues to be kept up to the Mach numbers greater the cruise (design) Mach numbers due to its hysteresis. Some wing devices such as slats and flaps, which could be used at take-off and landing conditions as high-lift devices, were utilized to overcome these off-design problems. Then supersonic-biplane airfoils were extended to 3-D wings. Because that rectangular-shaped 3-D biplane wings showed undesirable aerodynamic characteristics at their wingtips, a tapered-wing planform was chosen for the study. A 3-D biplane wing having a taper ratio and aspect ratio of 0.25 and 5.12, respectively, was designed utilizing the inverse-design method. Aerodynamic characteristics of the designed biplane wing were further improved by using winglets at its wingtips. Flow choking and its hysteresis problems, however, occurred at their off-design conditions. It was shown that these off-design problems could also be resolved by utilizing slats and flaps. Finally, a study on the aerodynamic characteristics of wing-body configurations was conducted using the tapered biplane wing. In this study a body was chosen in order to generate strong shock waves at its nose region. Preliminary parametric studies on the interference effects between the body and the tapered biplane wing were performed by choosing several different wing locations on the body. From this study, it can be concluded that the aerodynamic characteristics of the tapered biplane wing are minimally affected by the disturbances generated from the body, and that the biplane wing shows promise for quiet commercial supersonic transport.     

民用超声速飞机面临的技术挑战

人类追求超声速度脚步并没有停止,有关新一代民用超声速飞机技术的研究仍在延续,人们通过不断开发出新的气动技术,包括机体、发动机和环保技术。未来超声速民用飞机的基本设计要求首先是超声速巡航状态下具有高升阻比,低油耗,远距离飞行性能,同时更为突出的是它的低噪声、低声爆、低排放的环境友好性。气动技术箭形机翼具有在超声速飞行条件下最佳的气动性能,但是采用箭形机翼的飞机在起