基于新型丝状电极等离子体激励器的前体涡控制（英文）

本文首次将新型丝状暴露电极DBD等离子激励器应用于大迎角下细长体非对称涡控制。丝状暴露电极的材料的选择对DBD推力以及推力效率至关重要,通过地面精细推力测量对丝状暴露电极等离子体激励器进行了优化,结果表明,本文研究材料中采用钨丝作为暴露电极,其推力效率最优;且随着电极直径从d=0.3 mm减小到d=0.08 mm,DBD推力效率显著提升。基于优化后的DBD激励器,将其应用于前体非对称涡控制:未施加等离子体控制时,压力测量以及PIV结果均表明细长体背风区流场为明显的非对称涡结构;在等离子体激励下,该非对称涡结构可变为对称甚至反向非对称,且非稳态激励控制能力明显优于稳态激励。研究发现,大迎角下细长体非对称涡控制与背风区原始涡系结构有关,其中包含对称涡系和非对称涡系。本文研究为大迎角下细长体非对称涡控制提供了一种新思路,同时也为丝状暴露电极DBD等离子体激励器的应用提供参考。     

锯齿电极等离子体激励器对气膜冷却效率影响的数值研究

为获得锯齿电极等离子体激励器提高气膜冷却效率的机理,对有/无锯齿电极等离子体激励器作用下的平板气膜冷却流场进行了数值研究,并采用唯象模型模拟锯齿电极等离子体激励器对流场所施加的电场力。结果表明,冷却射流在锯齿电极等离子体激励器的下拉诱导作用下对主流的穿透率降低,射流中心轨迹高度的下降幅度沿流向发展逐渐增大;锯齿电极等离子体激励器气动激励作用下气膜孔下游的肾形涡的强度与尺度均减小,同时肾形涡的两侧产生与其旋转方向相反的小尺度的反肾形涡,进一步抑制了肾形涡的发展;锯齿电极等离子体激励器产生的展向扩散效应提高了冷却射流的展向扩张能力,从而提高了气膜冷却效率,与无等离子体气动激励相比,锯齿电极等离子体激励器作用下平板中心线与展向平均气膜冷却效率分别提高了50%与200%。     

等离子体激励器流场测量及诱导推力实验

为了深入了解等离子体激励器流动控制原理,采用PIV技术获得了静止空气中的等离子体激励器上表面诱导气流及其末端引射气流流场的流速分布和流态,并对由此产生的诱导推力进行了测量实验;研究了等离子体激励器上表面诱导气流加速机理和尾部流场形态以及电极对数对诱导气流加速的影响,并与推力实验结果进行比较。研究结果表明,等离子体激励器上表面空气被诱导产生定向流动,并在多对平行电极的作用下被逐渐加速;诱导气流在激励器末端的引射作用形成射流,增加等离子体激励器电极对数可以增大该射流的流速;所产生的诱导推力也随诱导气流流速的加速相应增大。     

翼型动态失速DBD等离子体流动控制的数值模拟研究

进行了翼型深度动态失速及基于DBD介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器的流动控制技术数值模拟研究。将激励器对流动空气的作用以彻体力源项形式加入N-S方程。通过数值求解此N-S方程,研究了DBD激励器对NACA0012翼型俯仰运动深度动态失速的控制作用;研究了DBD激励器工作方式对动态失速平均气动力、气动力迟滞曲线的影响,提出了控制效果较好的激励器工作方式。     

DBD涡流发生器及其在角区流动控制中的数值研究

为明确介质阻挡放电(DBD)涡流发生器对马蹄涡的影响,在采用唯象模型的基础上,通过数值方法研究了DBD涡流发生器诱导产生流向涡的结构特性及其对马蹄涡的控制特性。研究结果表明,流动在激励器上游边缘处形成羊角涡,自由剪切层卷入流向涡的涡核并为其提供持续涡量;在柱体根部角区流动中,当对称面两侧激励器诱导流动指向对称面,诱导涡与马蹄涡环绕方向相反时,马蹄涡可以得到有效抑制,反之,则控制效果不佳。最后得出,诱导涡对下游马蹄涡的控制机制体现在其黏性扩散作用、掺混作用以及低压效应3个方面。     

低速翼型分离流动的等离子体主动控制研究

为了研究等离子体激励器的放电形式及其诱导气流的规律,以及翼型迎角、自由来流速度分别对翼型流动分离抑制效果的影响。在低速、低雷诺数条件下利用介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器对NACA0015翼型进行了主动流动控制研究。结果表明：介质阻挡放电的形式为丝状放电;等离子体激励器诱导气流的方向由裸露电极指向覆盖电极,由电极的布置方式决定,与接线方式无关;当来流速度为25m／s,雷诺数为2．03×10^5时,等离子体气动激励可以有效地抑制翼型吸力面的流动分离,翼型最大升力系数增大约为9．7％,翼型l临界失速迎角由17．5°增大到20．5°;翼型失速延迟的真正原因并非单纯的气流加速;等离子体激励器的作用效果随着来流速度的提高而减弱,研究非定常激励或等离子体激励器与流场之间的耦合效应,也许更加具有潜力。     

翼型分离流动的等离子体控制数值分析方法研究

利用等离子体进行流动控制是当前的研究热点之一.本文研究通过数值方法模拟等离子体对流场作用的实现方法,及利用数值模拟方法研究翼型大迎角分离流动的等离子体控制.利用CFD软件Fluent中的自定义函数接口,通过C语言编程在软件中引入DBD等离子体激励模型外加体积力源项,对NACA0015翼型大迎角下的等离子体控制进行数值模拟.验证DBD等离子体激励在抑制流动分离与增升减阻方面的作用.结果表明：流动控制效果与DBD激励器布置位置有直接关系;激励器的数量与激励强度均会影响流动控制作用.     

激励器结构对三电极等离子体高能合成射流流场及其冲量特性的影响

等离子体激励器以其结构简单、响应速度快、环境适应性强等优势,已成为主动流动控制技术和流体力学研究的前沿与热点。相比于传统两电极激励器,三电极等离子体高能合成射流激励器具有更高的能量效率,形成射流冲量更大,有望成为新型快响应直接力产生装置。为揭示激励器结构对射流流场和冲量特性的影响规律,进而优化激励器结构参数,利用电参数测量装置、高速阴影系统及自主设计的单丝扭摆式微冲量测量系统对不同射流孔径、腔体体积和电极间距的三电极激励器放电特性、射流流场及其冲量进行了实验研究。为对比激励器在不同工况条件下的工作特性,定义无量纲能量沉积ε和无量纲射流冲量 I *,并分析了激励器结构参数对ε和 I *的影响。结果表明对于给定无量纲能量沉积ε,激励器存在最优射流孔径;激励器无量纲能量沉积ε和无量纲射流冲量I *随腔体体积增加而减小,随激励器电极间距增加而增加;射流强度及其流场影响区域随腔体体积增加而减小,随激励器电极间距增加而增加。对比不同腔体体积和电极间距工况条件下 I *随ε的变化可知,为设计具有较好射流冲量水平的激励器,在相同无量纲能量沉积ε条件下,应尽量增大激励器无量纲射流冲量 I *。当设计激励器无量纲能量沉积ε小于初始工况时,应增大初始工况激励器腔体体积使无量纲能量沉积ε降低至设计值;当设计激励器无量纲能量沉积ε大于初始工况时,应增大初始工况激励器电极间距使无量纲能量沉积ε增加至设计值,使设计激励器具有较好的射流冲量水平。     

不同类型多级等离子体激励器诱导气流的力学特性研究

等离子体激励器通过产生的等离子加速气流,可以实现对流动的控制。单级等离子体激励器由于受到等离子体放电的物理限制,其控制作用较小;为了提高等离子体流动控制的效果,关于多级等离子体激励器的研究得到发展。采用图像采集和粒子示踪测速系统(PIV),对传统多级等离子体激励器和多级双极性等离子体激励器的放电现象以及气流加速进行研究,并通过流场速度分布计算等离子体激励器对空气产生的推力和吸力。结果表明:随着电压的升高,传统多级等离子体激励器产生的推力和吸力会逐渐减弱;而多级双极性等离子体激励器产生的推力和吸力均呈逐渐增强的趋势。     

大功率合成射流激励器设计及其流场特性研究

为探寻新型高效的主动流动技术型式,对一种大功率合成射流激励器流场进行了详细的二维非定常数值模拟,并在此基础上进行优化设计研究,以期提高其作功能力和作功效率。结果表明,在激励器模型和有关参数不变的情况下,转速越大,激励器作用效果越明显;随着活塞位移增大,出口平均速度和最大速度都增加;在进行激励器设计时孔口段长度需要优化;激励器出口缝宽并不是越小越好。     

AC和NS等离子体激励对细长前体分离涡流场的控制

为了在更高的风速下实现圆锥前体分离涡的控制,了解AC-DBD和NS-DBD激励器的激励特性,应用交流(AC)放电和纳秒脉冲(NS)放电等离子体激励对20°顶角的圆锥-圆柱组合体圆锥段前体非对称流场进行主动流动控制实验。实验在低速开口风洞中进行,迎角45°,风速5～22m/s,流动控制方式为等离子激励器关闭、左舷或右舷等离子体激励器开启三种模式。结果表明:风速5m/s时,通过AC-DBD的左、右舷激励可控制圆锥前体的非对称流场实现镜像对称,NS-DBD则无明显作用效果;随着风速的提高,AC-DBD对非对称载荷的控制作用逐渐减小,与此同时NS-DBD的控制作用逐渐增加;风速22m/s时,NS-DBD可实现圆锥前体非对称流场的镜像对称控制,而AC-DBD则无明显作用效果;相对于AC-DBD等离子体激励,NS-DBD对于更高速度下的分离涡流场控制是有效的。     

双极性等离子体激励器圆柱绕流控制实验研究

在低速风洞中利用多级双极性等离子体激励器控制圆柱绕流的流动分离。实验风速U∞=10m/s,基于圆柱直径的雷诺数Re=2.8×10^4,在实验中将两组三级双极性等离子体激励器布置在圆柱模型肩部,利用粒子图像测速技术测量圆柱的尾流场。实验结果表明,采用定常和非定常激励均能抑制圆柱尾迹区,等离子体激励强度是影响激励器对圆柱绕流控制能力的重要因素;非定常脉冲激励耗电少,对流动控制能力强,效率明显高于定常激励,脉冲激励频率影响等离子体激励器对流动的控制能力。在实验风速为10m/s时,脉冲激励频率与圆柱涡脱落频率一致,流动控制效果较好。     

Flow separation control on swept wing with nanosecond pulse driven DBD plasma actuators

A 15° swept wing with dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator is designed.Experimental study of flow separation control with nanosecond pulsed plasma actuation is performed at flow velocity up to 40 m/s. The effects of the actuation frequency and voltage on the aerodynamic performance of the swept wing are evaluated by the balanced force and pressure measurements in the wind tunnel. At last, the performances on separation flow control of the three types of actuators with plane and saw-toothed exposed electrodes are compared. The optimal actuation frequency for the flow separation control on the swept wing is detected, namely the reduced frequency is 0.775, which is different from 2-D airfoil separation control. There exists a threshold voltage for the low swept wing flow control. Before the threshold voltage, as the actuation voltage increases, the control effects become better. The maximum lift is increased by 23.1% with the drag decreased by 22.4% at 14°, compared with the base line. However, the best effects are obtained on actuator with plane exposed electrode in the low-speed experiment and the abilities of saw-toothed actuators are expected to be verified under high-speed conditions.     

Experimental study of an anti-icing method over an airfoil based on pulsed dielectric barrier discharge plasma

Aircraft icing has long been a plague to aviation for its serious threat to flight safety. Even though lots of methods for anti-icing have been in use or studied for quite a long time, new methods are still in great demand for both civil and military aircraft. The current study in this paper uses widely used Dielectric Barrier Discharge(DBD) plasma actuation to anti-ice on a NACA0012 airfoil model with a chord length of 53.5 cm in a closed-circuit icing wind tunnel. An actuator was installed at the leading edge of the airfoil model, and actuated by a pulsed low-temperature plasma power source. The actuator has two types of layout, a striped electrode layout and a meshy electrode layout.The ice accretion process or anti-icing process was recorded by a CCD camera and an infrared camera. Instantaneous pictures and infrared contours show that both types of DBD plasma actuators have the ability for anti-ice under a freestream velocity of 90 m/s, a static temperature of -7℃,an Median Volume droplet Diameter(MVD) of 20 lm, and an Liquid Water Content(LWC) of 0.5 g/m~3. The detected variations of temperatures with time at specific locations reveal that the temperatures oscillate for some time after spraying at first, and then tend to be nearly constant values.This shows that the key point of the anti-icing mechanism with DBD plasma actuation is to achieve a thermal equilibrium on the model surface. Besides, the power consumption in the anti-icing process was estimated in this paper by Lissajous figures measured by an oscilloscope, and it is lower than those of existing anti-icing methods. The experimental results presented in this paper indicate that the DBD plasma anti-icing method is a promising technique in the future.     

三角翼DBD等离子体流动控制研究进展

现代战机采用较多的三角翼，在大迎角绕流时存在前缘涡破裂等气动问题。作为新型主动流动控制技术，等离子体激励频带宽、响应快、结构简单、便于闭环控制，在解决三角翼气动问题上具有潜力。回顾了介质阻挡放电（DBD）等离子体气动激励的基本原理，及其用于三角翼前缘涡控制的研究进展。从来流条件、几何构型、激励参数等方面分析了DBD等离子体激励对流动控制效果的影响规律；结合不同激励频率下流场演化特性，分析了流动控制机理。最后，从理论研究和工程应用的角度，对三角翼前缘涡控制的发展进行总结展望。     

Turbulent boundary layer separation control using plasma actuator at Reynolds number 2000000

An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of symmetrical plasma actuators on turbulent boundary layer separation control at high Reynolds number. Compared with the traditional control method of plasma actuator, the whole test model was made of aluminum and acted as a covered electrode of the symmetrical plasma actuator. The experimental study of plasma actuators' effect on surrounding air, a canonical zero-pressure gradient turbulent boundary, was carried out using particle image velocimetry(PIV) and laser Doppler velocimetry(LDV) in the 0.75 m × 0.75 m low speed wind tunnel to reveal the symmetrical plasma actuator characterization in an external flow. A half model of wing-body configuration was experimentally investigated in the  3.2 m low speed wind tunnel with a six-component strain gauge balance and PIV. The results show that the turbulent boundary layer separation of wing can be obviously suppressed and the maximum lift coefficient is improved at high Reynolds number with the symmetrical plasma actuator. It turns out that the maximum lift coefficient increased by approximately 8.98% and the stall angle of attack was delayed by approximately 2° at Reynolds number2 ×10~6. The effective mechanism for the turbulent separation control by the symmetrical plasma actuators is to induce the vortex near the wing surface which could create the relatively largescale disturbance and promote momentum mixing between low speed flow and main flow regions.     

圆锥脉冲等离子体诱导流场特性分析

对等离子体诱导流场特性进行研究,有利于解决双稳态非对称分离涡带来的连续比例控制困难的问题。在封闭光学玻璃箱体内,应用介质阻挡放电等离子体对20°顶角圆锥附近静止大气进行了定常和脉冲循环控制,对等离子体诱导的圆锥截面绕流速度场进行了二维PIV测量,对定常控制和脉冲循环控制下最大绕流速度及最大轴向涡量进行了比较分析。实验结果表明：相对于定常控制模式,脉冲循环控制下沿垂直于圆锥截面对称面径线分布的时间平均切向速度和轴向涡量范围较广;在脉冲循环控制下,动量传递的主要表现在离散涡的形成而不是气流的加速。     

不同压力下微秒脉冲表面介质阻挡放电流场实验

采用粒子图像测速（PIV）技术,在不同空气压力条件下,测量了微秒脉冲等离子体气动激励诱导流场的演化过程,分析了不同压力下的流场启动涡、流场结构和壁面射流.根据实验数据计算研究了诱导力随压力变化的空间分布趋势.实验结果表明:常压下和5500Pa压力下产生一个启动涡,19000Pa和11700Pa压力下产生两个启动涡.稳定流场结构随压力减少分别为L型、∽型和V型.压力减小,诱导流场对等离子体气动激励的响应时间减少,射流切向距离变短,距壁面法向距离增加.最大诱导力随压力降低减小,x坐标逐渐向表面介质阻挡放电（SDBD）激励器靠近.      

Leading-edge flow separation control over an airfoil using a symmetrical dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator

In order to promote an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of leading-edge flow separation control over an airfoil using a symmetrical Dielectric Barrier Discharge(DBD) plasma actuator excited by a steady-mode excitation, an experimental investigation of an SC(2)-0714 supercritical airfoil with a symmetrical DBD plasma actuator was performed in a closed chamber and a low-speed wind tunnel. The plasma actuator was mounted at the leading edge of the airfoil.Time-resolved Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) results of the near-wall region in quiescent air suggested that the symmetrical DBD plasma actuator could induce some coherent structures in the separated shear layer, and these structures were linked to a dominant frequency of f0= 39 Hz when the peak-to-peak voltage of the plasma actuator was 9.8 kV. In addition, an analysis of flow structures without and with plasma actuation around the upper side of the airfoil at an angle of attack of18° for a wind speed of 3 m/s(Reynolds number Re = 20000) indicated that the dynamic process of leading-edge flow separation control over an airfoil could be divided into three stages. Initially, this plasma actuator could reinforce the shedding vortices in the separated shear layer. Then, these vortical structures could deflect the separated flow towards the wall by promoting the mixing between the outside flow with a high kinetic energy and the flow near the surface. After that, the plasma actuator induced a series of rolling vortices in the vicinity of the suction side of the airfoil, and these vortical structures could transfer momentum from the leading edge of the airfoil to the separated region, resulting in a reattachment of the separated flow around the airfoil.