Deformation monitoring using GNSS-R technology

GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) has been widely studied in recent years for various applications, such as soil moisture monitoring, biomass analysis, and sea state monitoring. This paper presents the concept of a novel application of using GNSS-R technology for deformation monitoring. Instead of installing GNSS on the deformation body to sense the movement, GNSS-R deformation monitoring system estimates the deformation from receiving GNSS signal reflected by the deformation body remotely. A prototype of GNSS-R deformation monitoring system has been developed based on GNSS software receiver technology. A 3D geometrical model of GNSS signal reflection has been used to reveal the relationship between the change of carrier phase difference and deformation. After compensating the propagation path delay changes caused by satellite movement, the changes in the remaining carrier phase difference are linked to the deformation. Field tests have been carried using the GNSS-R system developed and the results show sub-centimeter level deformation can be observed with the new technology. Unlike other GNSS deformation monitoring methods, GNSS-R receivers are not installed on the slope which makes this new technology more attractive.     

一种用于GPS时差比对数据处理的卡尔曼滤波器设计

介绍了一种用于GPS时差比对数据处理的自适应卡尔曼滤波器,在Matlab环境下编写了离散时间形式的卡尔曼滤波算法程序,利用该算法对GPS信号与铯原子频标的时差比对数据进行了分析处理,最后介绍了该算法的数字芯片FPGA实现。     

星载GNSS-R海面风场观测载荷关键技术设计与验证

目前海面风场观测手段有限,基于全球导航卫星系统反射信号处理(global navigation satellite system reflection,GNSS-R)的天基观测为全球风场信息获取提供了全新的手段.GNSS-R海面风速探测技术具有全天时、全天候、低功耗、宽覆盖、多信号源、低成本等特点,日益获得了广泛的关注...     

GNSS-R open-loop difference phase altimetry: Results from a bridge experiment

The paper explores a method to obtain accurate lake surface heights using measurements of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) carrier phase reflected from the lake surface. The method is referred to as Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflection (GNSS-R) open-loop difference phase altimetry method. It consists of two key technologies: one is the open-loop tracking method to track the GNSS-R signals, where the direct GNSS signal’s frequency is used as a reference frequency to obtain the carrier phases of the GNSS-R signals; the other key technology is time difference phase altimetry method to invert the lake surface heights using two or more carrier phases of GNSS-R signals received simultaneously. A validation experiment is carried out on the SANYING bridge over GUANTING lake using a GNSS-R receiver developed by the Center for Space Science and Applied Research (CSSAR), processing the data with GNSS-R open-loop difference phase altimetry method. The lake surface height results are consistent with the height results of GPS dual-frequency differential positioning altimetry. The results show that we can achieve centimeter level height in one minute average, by using 11 minutes carrier phase data of three GNSS-R signals received simultaneously.     

捕风一号卫星总体设计与技术特点

捕风一号卫星是中国首次实现基于星载导航卫星反射信号测量(global navigation satellite system-reflection,GNSS-R)技术的气象卫星,采用新型L波段海面风场信息探测技术,在风场测量、海面飓风风速反演等方面为国家气象、防灾减灾等行业提供服务.从系统设计角度介绍了捕风一号卫星的总...     

实现非标准信号数字复／分接的一种方法

着重阐述非标准信号数字复／分接系统中,一种用频率合成器实现码速调整的方法。该方法与传统的 “比特调整”技术相比较, 逻辑设计简单, 易实现。由原理样机验证了本方法的可行性。     

数字多用表自动检定系统设计

数字多用表型号多、功能多、检定项目多,每项具有多个量程,且各量程准确度不一,同一量程在不同检定点其技术指标也不尽相同,采用传统手动检定耗时耗力、误差大、错误几率高、工作效率低.在VEE Pro软件开发平台上,设计开发出一套数字多用表自动检定系统.该系统包括仪器信息记录、带接口数字多用表检定、不带接口数字多用表检定及打印输出四个模块,测试过程采用实时测试显示,自动进行数据处理并存档.使用结果表明:该系统操作简便,提高了工作效率及准确度,减小了人为误差,确保了测试数据准确可靠.     

GNSS-Reflectometry: Forest canopies polarization scattering properties and modeling

Nowadays, GNSS-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) can be a new promising remote sensing tool in the ocean, snow/ice and land surfaces, e.g., vegetation biomass monitoring. Although GNSS-R provides a potentially special L-band multi-angular and multi-polarization measurement, the theoretical vegetation scattering properties and mechanisms for GNSS-R are not understood clearly. In this paper, the GNSS-R vegetation polarization scattering properties are studied and modeled at different incidence angles (specular direction). The bistatic scattering model Bi-mimics is employed, which is the first-order radiative transfer equation. As a kind of forest stand, the Aspen’s crown layer is composed of entire leaves, and its parameters in Mimics handbook are used as model input. The specular circular polarizations (co-polarization RR and cross-polarization LR) are simulated. For cross-polarization, the received polarization is assumed as a linear (horizontal and vertical) polarizations and ±45° linear polarizations. Therefore, the HR VR, +45R and −45R polarizations are simulated here. Contributions from different scattering components at RR, LR and VR polarization are also presented. For co-polarization, it is large in the whole specular angles (10–80°). The scattering trends of the other cross polarization (HR, LR, +45R and −45R) are a little similar when compared to the RR and RV. Therefore, the RHCP and V polarizations are more favorable to collect the reflected signals. The trunk heights and crown depths do not affect the scattering trends of RR, RV and RL, while the trunk height has some effect on the scattering amplitude of different polarizations. The azimuth angle has more effects on RR, RL and RV scattering, especially in lower than 50°. The observation angles and polarization combinations are extremely important for GNSS-R remote sensing.     

基于树模型机器学习方法的GNSS-R海面风速反演

GNSS-R是基于GNSS卫星反射信号的一种新技术.GNSS-R技术可以运用到海面风场反演中,传统的GNSS-R技术反演海面风场主要有波形匹配和经验函数两种方法,风速反演精度约为2m·s^-1.波形匹配方法耗时多,计算量大;经验函数方法通常只使用少量物理观测量,会造成信息浪费,损失一定的反演精度.为了提高海面风速的反演精度,引入机器学习领域常用的树模型算法决策树、随机森林、GBDT等对海面风速进行预测.利用GNSS-R与ECMWF数据构成训练集和验证集,训练集用于模型学习,验证集用于检验模型的反演效果.实验结果显示,决策树和随机森林预测误差约为0.6m·s^-1,GBDT等算法的预测误差约为2m·s^-1,满足风速反演要求.与GNSS-R传统反演方法相比,机器学习树模型算法效果更好,在验证集上表现稳定且误差较小.因此,可以将机器学习树模型算法运用到海面风速反演中.     

一种基于北斗三号系统的GNSS-R海面干涉测高技术

GNSS-R干涉测高技术可用于中尺度海面高度观测,具有空间分辨率高、测量精度高等优势。与传统的GNSS-R本地码测高技术相比,GNSS-R干涉测高技术可以有效提升高度测量精度。虽然GNSS-R干涉测高技术已有一些研究,但是基于北斗三号的干涉测高应用还很少。本文根据GNSS-R干涉测高技术优势,针对北斗三号系统在干涉测高技术上的应用,研发了支持北斗三号的GNSS-R干涉测高接收机并描述了整体架构及实现。利用所研发的接收机进行水面干涉测高试验,首次获取了北斗三号B1和B2干涉测高波形,与传统GPS L1和北斗B1本地码测高波形进行对比。对两种方法计算出的水面高度进行对比,结果显示北斗三号干涉测高精度明显优于GPS L1和北斗B1传统本地码测高精度。     

POBI interpolation algorithm for CYGNSS near real time flood detection research: A case study of extreme precipitation events in Henan,China in 2021

In late 2016, NASA launched the first constellation of the global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R) small satellites called the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS). The stable data quality and continuous free availability of CYGNSS scientific data provided a new method for flood monitoring. However, owing to the pseudorandom distribution of CYGNSS data, researchers must always choose between high temporal resolution and high spatial resolution during the performance of flood monitoring based on CYGNSS data. For floods caused by extreme precipitation with sudden and short durations, the current flood mapping based on CYGNSS data cannot be updated in near real time. However, the near real time update of the flood distribution range is meaningful for postdisaster emergency response and rapid rescue. This study aimed to address this problem using a newly proposed spatial interpolation method based on previously observed behaviour (POBI). First, a method for calculating the surface reflectivity of the CYGNSS was introduced, followed by the principle of the POBI spatial interpolation method. The applicability of the POBI method in Henan Province, China, was then analysed, and by using the flood in Henan Province, China, in July 2021 as an example, the feasibility of CYGNSS near real time flood mapping based on the POBI method was evaluated. Based on the results, near real time and 3 km flood distribution monitoring results can be obtained using the proposed new method. The results were evaluated using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) images and compared with the observations of SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) and GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) in the same period. The results show that the flooded areas obtained by CYGNSS correspond to the inundated areas in MODIS images and are also in high agreement with the SMAP. In addition, CYGNSS allows for finer mapping and quantification of inundation areas and flood duration. Moreover, we also discussed the potential of CYGNSS to detect floods in shorter periods of time (a few hours) and did a preliminary evaluation using precipitation data from meteorological stations. The results are also highly consistent.     

FIR数字滤波器的优化设计

针对常系数FIR数字滤波器,采用CSD编码和简化加法器图技术来减少FIR实现过程中乘累运算的加减次数,从而降低了其对硬件资源的消耗;在结构上采用分布式算法和流水线技术进行优化,显著的提高了FIR数字滤波器的工作速度。通过实例对每一种改进方法进行了对比验证,说明达到了节省芯片资源或提高实现频率的目的。     

Medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTID) modeling using a dense German GPS network

The MSTIDs are wave-like perturbations of the ionospheric plasma, which cause the most common ionospheric disturbances in mid-latitude regions. Generally the MSTIDs have velocities of several hundred meters per second and wavelengths of several hundred kilometers. The wave-like effect of the MSTID is one of the main obstacles for accurate interpolation of ionospheric corrections in a medium-scale reference GPS network. In this paper we show a new method of detecting and modeling MSTIDs using dense German GPS network. The between-epoch single difference ionospheric delays from a medium scale dense GPS network are used to estimate the parameter of the MSTID e.g. amplitude, wavelength and velocity. The efficiency of the approach is tested with data from about 320 GPS stations in and near Germany. A MSTID wave moving from east to west across Germany was observed at September 27 in 2009. Its wavelength is about 302 km, with a period of ∼7 min and velocity of about 700 m/s.     

建立示波器校准器的溯源性

示波器校准并不是件新鲜事,而且,示波器本身也已经变得不仅仅是指示设备。尤其是随着数字存储示波器（ＤＳＯ）的流行,其垂直分辨力和时基的准确度都比模拟示波器要高得多,这种情况就更加明显。新一代的仪器,如美国福禄克公司的示波表,在示波器中增加了内置的数字多用表,这样就把精密的测量能力和示波器结合起来。像其他精密电子仪器一样,只有进行周期的检定,这些更精确的测量仪器才能达到它们的功能。为了帮助那些对示波器校准工作生疏的人们,文中对建立示波器校准作了概述并说明示波器校准器的溯源性引发的问题。     

GNSS-R concept extended by a fine orbit tuning

Small changes in semimajor axis of the orbits selected for the GNSS-R [R as Reflectometry] satellites, so-called fine orbit tuning, known from the ESA’s Gravity and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer mission, can dramatically increase the number of nadir and off-nadir reflecting points and, in turn, can enhance the capability of the concept of bistatic altimetry (GNSS Reflectometry) without additional costs. The application of our suggestion is feasible for a satellite which will be equipped by thrusters for the orbit keeping. During the mission lifetime several orbit tunings are feasible, just to transfer from one to another orbit. Then we can study short-periodic or longer-periodic features, according to scientific goals defined for the mission. The shortest cycles (few days), corresponding to the required revisit time (defined by ESA), may be subcycles of much longer cycles (repeat periods).     

精密GPS卫星钟差的改正和应用

分析了 GPS卫星钟差的变化特性,探讨了利用 GPS地面跟踪站的观测数据估算GPS卫星钟差的可行性.建立了相应的算法和软件系统,并把由地面跟踪站的实测数据估算的卫星钟差用于星载 GPS定轨计算,得到优于1m的定轨精度.     

数字计量发展现状及关键技术研究

计量产业为各行各业中数据的测量提供手段并且保障数据的正确性。在当今的数字化浪潮中,为了更好的发挥计量产业的重要作用,需要进行由传统计量向数字时代计量的重大变革,即完成计量产业的数字化转型,简称数字计量。数字计量的核心内涵是应用相应的数字化技术,实现测量数据和测试报告以及校准证书的数字化、检定校准规程规范机器可读、计量标准装置数字孪生、校准检定检测操作自动化和智能化,构建数字化量值传递溯源链,以数字方式传递测量信任和量值统一。在世界范围内,权威机构相继颁布了实现数字计量的指导文件,引领全球数字计量变革的走向。