Evaluation of conflict-resolution policies on controller taskload

In an effort to maintain safety while satisfying growing air traffic demand, air navigation service providers are considering the inclusion of advisory systems to identify potential conflicts and propose resolution commands for the air traffic controller to verify and issue to aircraft. To understand the potential workload implications of introducing advisory conflict-detection and resolution tools, this paper examines a metric of controller taskload: how many resolution commands an air traffic controller issues under the guidance of an advisory system. Through a simulation study, the research presented here evaluates how the underlying protocol of a conflict-resolution tool affects the controller taskload (system demands) associated with the conflict-resolution process, and implicitly the controller workload (physical and psychological demands). Ultimately, evidence indicates that there is significant flexibility in the design of conflict-resolution algorithms supporting an advisory system.     

基于交互式多模型滤波算法的航迹预测

航空器航迹预测是空中交通冲突探测与解脱,以及进离场管理等空中交通管制自动化系统的重要组成部分。基于混杂系统理论,描述航空器在水平面的运动模型,并针对航空器运动的多样性和不确定性提出了利用交互式多模型的航空器航迹预测算法。将算法应用于航空器的航迹预测,并与单一模型的卡尔曼滤波、α-β滤波和α-β-γ滤波的仿真预测结果对比,结果表明算法的有效性。     

面向飞机维护应用反馈系统的知识管理研究

提出了在飞机产品服务系统中建立应用反馈系统的需求,论述知识管理在飞机产品全生命周期管理应用反馈子系统中的作用,通过软件实现验证了知识管理在应用反馈系统中的重要性和必要性.     

Technology roll lessons learned on embedded avionics platforms

Open system architectures based on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) building block components offer the ability to leverage the latest technology into fielded products while minimizing the impact to the operational flight software, typically the most costly component of an avionics development or upgrade. Our team has developed a layered hardware and software approach based on industry standard hardware and software interfaces to abstract the application (operational) software developers from the underlying technology rolls to the hardware and operating system software that naturally occur as part of the commercial marketplace, A technology roll is defined as the replacement of a current product with a subsequent generation of a product from the same product family. In this article, we describe the components and the layered architecture of our open system architecture approach. We discuss specific system, hardware, and software technology insertions that incorporate the latest available technology and how these changes have been abstracted from the application software. The article concludes by discussing lessons Learned from the use of these common components and corresponding technology rolls across various platforms     

Broadcasting of a Digitally Coded List of Transponder Equipped Aircraft Scanned by FAA Ground Radars as a Means of Collision Avoidance, Navigation, Air Traffic Structuring, and Airfield Approach

An air traffic control system is proposed in which 1) all aircraft are equipped wit transponders, 2) FAA radar sites broadcast a digitally coded list of the identity, altitude, and coordinates of aircraft scanned, 3) each aircraft on receiving this list converts it into a PPI display with the blip of that aircraft branded and blips of off-altitude aircraft blanked, and 4) superimposed on this display are projected maps of airways appropriate to the particular radar and the aircraft altitude. This system could provide a fairly complete capability for air traffic control, structuring, navigation, and collision avoidance at a cost of about 3000 dollars per aircraft. It would replace most navigational and communication equipment now in use and could be operational in several years.     

Air transport system sensibilities

The growth of air traffic will make it one of the more significant sources of exhaust emissions in the future. This must be countered by the aviation industry with new, environmentally adapted aircraft technology, as well as air traffic management controlled by environmental concern. The issue of the day is to show how to influence the air transport system to make it sustainable. This article describes work intended to develop a broad conceptual framework for evaluating and encouraging appropriate economic, regulatory, operational and technical strategies.     

IMA aircraft improvements

Integrated modular avionics (IMA) is being suggested as the means by which new capabilities can be deployed on aircraft at an affordable cost. RTCA SC-200 is presently considering the guidance document for IMA. All of the functionality that IMA offers can be achieved through a conventional federated architecture; however, the cost, size, and weight penalties of the federated solution make it economically infeasible. IMA is seen as the way forward. It is assuming greater importance as the aircraft industry transitions to commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) technology with its attendant obsolescence and reliability concerns. IMA may be one of the most cost-effective ways by which rapid obsolescence can be managed. Ironically, this move to COTS is also the greatest threat to IMA systems. IMA achieves reductions in size, cost, and weight by providing a set of flexible hardware and software resources that can be statically or dynamically mapped to a set of required avionics functional capabilities. This introduces a number of new complexities such as mixed criticalities and reconfiguration. We do not address these issues herein. Rather we discuss the mechanisms by which electronics degrades and how a classical safety assessment of a reconfigurable IMA system can be ified by this degradation. We argue that, with the advent of COTS, it is no longer justifiable to consider that electronics has an effectively constant failure rate. Physical considerations suggest that electronics failure occurs when environmental and operating stress causes the accumulation of damage to the underlying structures to exceed the threshold strength of the constituent materials and interfaces. Finally, we suggest how finite-life electronics effects may be mitigated.     

终端区飞机排序的规划模型和算法研究

对终端区到达飞机进行排序是终端区交通管理自动化系统的一项主要任务。提出了一种新的终端区规划排序模型，把飞机的排序问题看作等价于带有准备好时间的渐增周游店员问题，并给出了兼顾解的最优性和计算复杂性的快速启发式算法。分析了静态和动态两种情况，并且考虑了实际的运行限制。计算结果表明，所给模型和算法具有良好的规划性能，能较好地解决终端区排序问题，可应用于我国空中战术流量管制系统。     

COTS器件管理要求研究

通过对COTS 器件使用风险和管理现状进行说明,对国内外电子器件管理要求的分析和研究,提出 了针对COTS 器件管理的适航要求建议,期望能达成限制机载设备中COTS 器件使用的风险,提升机载设备可 靠性及民用飞机安全性的目的。     

Open systems architecture solutions for military avionics testing

Raytheon makes extensive use of open systems architecture methods in developing special test equipment (STE) for testing military avionics equipment. Such use has resulted in significant cost and schedule savings in the development of production test equipment for radar and infrared systems. With open systems architectures, a test system can be assembled using COTS products. This brings economies of scale to test equipment, which is normally built in very low quantities. Therefore, the potential cost savings due to COTS usage is proportionately greater in STE than in the higher volume avionics systems that are tested. A second major benefit of using COTS products is that test system development schedule cycle time is greatly reduced. This paper describes the application of Open Systems Architectures (OSA) to avionics testing. The following major architectures are surveyed: VME bus, VXI bus, IEEE GPIB, IEEE 1149.1 JTAG test bus, 1553 Military Bus, Fibre Channel, and COTS Test Applications Software. We describe how the benefits of OSA have been extended at Raytheon into achieving vertical test commonalities. The flexibility of OSA can be exploited to provide an overall optimum test solution, taking all levels of test into account. For example, test systems can be tailored with COTS products to provide integrated methods for avionics tests at the module, unit, and system levels. Test systems can be configured to maximize the reuse of COTS hardware over all test levels. Test software can also be programmed to optimize such reuse over levels of test. Additional test verticality synergies derived from such OSA usage are described, including: test false alarm avoidance; test cones of tolerance optimization; and efficient test of field returns     

民机试飞测试数据处理分析软件设计开发

测试数据是民机试飞过程中的最终产物,是反映飞机系统状态、表明适航符合性的重要依据。随着大量先进航空总线在民机上的应用,测试数据的体量越发庞大、类型也更为复杂,为测试数据的处理和分析带来了巨大的挑战。对民机试飞测试数据的类型、存储特点和常用分析方法进行了研究,深入分析了试飞测试数据的处理和分析需求,立足于WPF(windows presentation foundation)平台,采用MVVM(Model-View-ViewModel)设计模式,使用了内存管理、DataBinding事件模型、反射等关键技术,集成了SciChart、时序数据库等组件,设计开发了民机试飞测试数据处理分析软件。软件实现了试飞测试数据的快速处理、分析及可视化,可完成多个数据文件的同时加载、进行1 Hz～16 kHz不同采样率下数据分析结果的可视化展示,经实际应用,满足了某国产大型客机的试飞需求。     

Department of Transportation Air Traffic Control Advisory Committee, 1968-1969

The Department of Transportation Air Traffic Control Advisory Committee concentrated on control of aircraft through the airspace, from takeoff to landing. Emphasis was placed on major terminal areas and on the denser portions of the enroute airspace where the need for efficient use of scarce resources (principally runways and terminal airspace) and the danger of mid-air collisions make sophisticated air traffic control mandatory if safety is to be assured without sacrifice of capacity. Airports were included in the study insofar as they strongly interact with air traffic control, and then, primarily, the committee's concern was with efficient use of runways. No work was done on airport access. Considerable effort was placed on the subject of noise reduction which may be critical to community acceptance of high-capacity airports.     

近距平行跑道航班着陆调度研究

针对我国航空运输业快速发展导致空中交通拥挤以及航班延误问题,研究了近距平行跑道航班着陆调度问题,以缓解空中交通拥挤和减少航班延误.以配对进近的形式,考虑时间、配对、间隔、排序等因素,建立航班着陆调度模型.针对机场小规模的进场航班流量,采用穷举法求解,并用算例进行仿真验证.结果表明,与先到先服务原则相比,经算法调度的进场航班总的延误时间减少了33%.     

空中交通流量管理仿真系统方案研究

随着中国交通流量的不断增长，如何更有效地实施流量管理的问题日益突出。建立空中交通流量管理仿真系统，可以在计算机网络搭建的平台上全面模拟仿真空中交通流量情况，发现存在的问题，寻找合理有效的管理体制和管理方法，为建设流量管理系统提供有力的技术支持。针对流量管理仿真系统的特点，提出系统开发和建设中的总体技术方案和关键技术。     

从航空市场需求到飞机设计要求

先讨论了确定新研发商用飞机设计要求所需的航空市场信息的统计和分析,然后介绍了把航空市场需求转化为飞机设计要求的方法。     

Continuing challenges in lithium battery development

In these days of emphasizing standardization, Acquisition Reform, Non-Developed Items (NDI) and Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) technologies, we are facing new challenges associated with these trends. Program managers are pressured to use a standard or COTS battery, while simultaneously, the new systems being developed have increasingly complex and demanding power requirements. Hardware must be developed with shorter schedules, and policies of Acquisition Reform limit the amount of control the government has over the development of a given item. In this paper, we review battery development efforts that have resulted in unexpected problems. Relevant data from both current and past test programs are presented. Recommendations are provided concerning how to best avoid duplication of effort, while ensuring that the final product will have the best chances of succeeding     

不同管制方法下空域运行的燃油经济性与仿真分析

为了提高空域运行的燃油经济性,提出了不同管制方案下空域运行的燃油经济性模型,通过仿真实验．对比分析了不同管制方案和飞机群体在空域运行的燃油消耗量。实验结果表明：通过使用该模型可以从管制方法上节省整体空域中飞机群体的燃油消耗,同时证明了该模型的可行性。指出了不同管制方法对空域运行的燃油经济性的影响和空管绩效评估的一项新指标。     

A safety kernel for traffic light control

The success of kernels for enforcing security in software systems has led to proposals to use kernels for enforcing safety. This paper presents a feasibility demonstration of one particular proposal for a safety kernel via the application of traffic light control. The paper begins with the safety properties for traffic light control and specifies a kernel that maintains the safety properties. An implementation sketch of the kernel in Ada is given and use of the kernel is discussed. The contribution of the paper is a demonstration that a kernel is a feasible and desirable technique for software in a realistic, safety-critical application. The paper also illustrates how formal methods aid the software engineer in constructing and reasoning about such software     

进化算法在航路飞机排序中的应用

讨论了空中交通流量管理中在航路交汇点上的飞机排序问题。利用进化思想建立航路交汇点的数学模型,在遵循飞机尾流间隔要求的情况下,找到更合理的飞机通过航路交汇点的次序。算法采用特殊的进化算子和目标函数,以便能够满足空中交通管制实时性的要求。仿真结果表明,该算法排序效果好、效率高,达到了预期目的。     

基于复杂性的六边形扇区驶入问题研究

为解决飞机穿越扇区边界飞行时存在局部复杂性上升的问题，在未来航空统一化管理的前提下，使用六边形的扇区理想化模型，并针对六边形扇区的几何特性及驶入飞机与扇区内飞机的相对位置、速度关系，提出了飞机在驶入六边形扇区时的空中交通复杂性模型。根据构建的空中交通复杂性模型，进行了复杂性分布图的计算，为飞机选择驶入扇区的位置、航向提供了参考依据。