压气机叶片复合疲劳试验系统的设计及疲劳寿命分析

为了模拟航空发动机工作典型状况,研究高低周复合疲劳对某型一级压气机叶片疲劳性能的影响,设计了高低周复合疲劳试验系统,进行了复合疲劳试验,振动试验及仿真分析;确定了叶片一阶振动频率为1530Hz,得出复合疲劳试验较纯低周加载缩短叶片寿命的作用高达586%。通过分析中值S N曲线和P S N曲线, S N曲线拟合系数高达099。通过对复合疲劳试验后的叶片断口进行分析,叶片断口的宏观和微观性状均出现了明显的疲劳源、高周扩展区、低周扩展区以及瞬断区,找到了叶片的断裂经历了高低周复合疲劳作用形成的明显特征区,最后说明了复合疲劳试验系统设计的合理性和可行性。      

基于对数正态分布的多部位疲劳结构的疲劳寿命预测方法

以实现多部位疲劳结构的寿命预测为目的,基于概率累积损伤法则,推导了基于寿命服从对数正态分布的概率疲劳寿命预测方法。根据损伤临界值与应力水平无关这一前提条件,将损伤临界值由传统确定性的值1转换为随机变量,累积损伤由确定性的中值损伤计算,建立了"中值累积损伤-概率损伤临界值"干涉模型。当对数寿命标准差恒定时,对比了所提出模型和基于Monte Carlo仿真的Miner累积损伤方法的寿命预测结果,验证了模型的准确性以及其方便快捷的优点;当对数寿命标准差变化时,损伤临界值由满足损伤等效的应力基准决定,此时亦可得到高精度的偏于安全的寿命预测结果。     

低周疲劳预损伤对TA11合金高周疲劳强度的影响

试验研究了预先经历一定次数的低周疲劳(low cycle fatigue, LCF)对TA11合金高周疲劳(high cycle fatigue,HCF)强度的影响.考虑了LCF试验中循环最大应力、应力比和寿命比例等主要参数,根据步进法,利用旋转弯曲疲劳试验,研究了LCF预损伤对标准试件HCF强度的影响规律.结果表明:当循环最大应力为900MPa时,LCF载荷中靠前的循环产生的塑性应变大,因此加载较少的LCF预损伤也会降低该合金HCF强度;不同应力比的LCF预损伤都会降低HCF强度;当LCF预损伤的最大应力远小于材料的屈服强度时,LCF预损伤对HCF强度的影响较小,而当LCF预损伤的最大应力接近或大于材料的屈服强度时,则必须考虑LCF预损伤对TA11合金HCF强度的影响.      

基于材料疲劳特性的零部件低周疲劳试验载荷修正

航空发动机零部件低周疲劳试验时,由于试验温度与发动机实际工作环境温度不一致,需要对载荷进行修正。基于材料疲劳特性数据,给出了一种疲劳试验的载荷修正方法。该方法可综合考虑循环次数、循环类型、应力集中、循环硬化/软化等材料特性的影响,相比以往依据极限强度进行载荷修正的方法更为全面、合理。同时,给出了基于材料疲劳特性进行载荷修正的流程图,通过实例介绍了该方法在低周疲劳试验载荷修正中的应用。     

基于试片超高周疲劳试验的叶片高周疲劳寿命估算方法

依据梁的振动理论,推导了叶尖振幅a与叶片自振频率f乘积af值,来表征叶片振动应力;基于某型航空发动机压气机叶片材料试片超高周疲劳试验结果,结合af值理论,推断该叶片高周疲劳寿命.对该叶片进行1阶弯曲高周疲劳试验,结果显示:af值为1 700,1 800,1 900mm/s时,超高周试验疲劳试片和实际叶片的疲劳寿命均在1×107,0.7×107,0.5×107周次附近,即超高周疲劳试验试片和实际叶片的疲劳寿命基本一致.     

Prediction of fatigue crack growth rate for small-sized CIET specimens based on low cycle fatigue properties

Based on experiments of low cycle fatigue for 5083-H112 aluminum alloy, two energy-based predictive models have been introduced to predict the fatigue crack growth behaviors of traditional Compact Tension (CT) and small-sized C-shaped Inside Edge-notched Tension (CIET) specimens with different thicknesses and load ratios. Different values of the effective stress ratio U are employed in the theoretical fatigue crack growth models to correct the effect of crack closure. Results indicate that the two predictive models show different capacities of predicting the fatigue crack growth behaviors of CIET and CT specimens with different thicknesses and load ratios. The accuracy of predicted results of the two models is strongly affected by the method for determination of the effective stress ratio U. Finally, the energy-based Shi&Cai model with crack closure correction by means of Newman’s method is highly recommended in prediction of fatigue crack growth of CIET specimens via low cycle fatigue properties.     

低周载荷对高周裂纹裂尖塑性区的影响

为探明高低周复合疲劳裂纹扩展中高低周载荷交互作用机理,采用弹塑性有限元模型模拟了含中心裂纹试件在高低周载荷交互作用下裂尖塑性区的变化.结果表明:低周载荷的卸载作用导致高周载荷对应的裂尖反向塑性区明显减小,裂纹闭合水平也因此降低,进而加速裂纹扩展,致使高低周复合疲劳裂纹扩展寿命降低.在此基础上,对比研究了低周载荷应力比、高周载荷应力比、高低周载荷循环比对裂尖反向塑性区的影响.结果表明:随着低周载荷应力比降低、高周载荷应力比增加,循环比的减少,均导致低周载荷的卸载作用增加.      

Combating fatigue to enhance safety

Methods of fighting fatigue in airline pilots are reviewed. Recommendations include maintaining home base time, monitoring sleep, and time adjustments on extended layovers. Disorders related to the circadian rhythm include sleep disturbances, altered biological rhythms, and weakened mental performance. Drug therapy includes the use of stimulants such as coffee, tea, and cola; sleep pills; and oral administration of melatonin.     

基于塑性应变能的中低周疲劳概率寿命模型

由于材料、尺寸以及载荷等的分散性,涡轮盘疲劳寿命存在较大的分散性。在充分考虑材料加卸载应力、应变及应力比对疲劳寿命影响的基础上,提出了一种适用于中低周疲劳的塑性应变能概率寿命模型。该模型在考虑材料、尺寸和载荷等导致寿命分散的因素的基础上,重点考虑了循环应力应变曲线的分散性,结合根据应力比的二次插值,获得了插值范围内任意应力比下的塑性应变能损伤参量与疲劳寿命的关系。运用所提概率寿命模型结合响应面法与蒙特卡洛法对某涡轮盘螺栓孔模拟试件进行了概率寿命分析。结果显示,模拟试件的计算结果与试验结果的中位寿命仅相差022%,寿命分散系数相差581%,说明本概率寿命模型概率寿命预估精度高。      

微动疲劳寿命可靠性分析方法

针对结构的微动疲劳问题,发展了一种寿命可靠性分析方法.在微动条件下,接触区域处于多轴应力状态,采用基于临界平面法的多轴疲劳参数对结构的微动疲劳寿命进行预测.在确定性寿命计算的基础上,考虑弹性模量、摩擦系数以及寿命预测模型中材料常数的随机性,利用响应面方法,结合Monte-Carlo模拟技术获得结构微动疲劳寿命可靠性模型.最后将此方法用于燕尾榫结构的微动疲劳寿命可靠性分析,验证了所提出方法的可行性和有效性.      

Multiaxial fatigue life prediction of composite laminates

A study of composite laminates under tension–torsion biaxial loading is presented. The focus is placed on fatigue lives of composite laminates under different tension–torsion biaxial fatigue loading paths. A macro-meso model used to predict multiaxial fatigue life of composite laminates is also presented in this paper. Firstly, a macro-scale 3D RVE corresponding to composite laminates is established to determine strain components in the material principal direction of each layer for each biaxial stress ratio. Secondly, a meso-scale 3D RVE corresponding to each layer with fibers distributed randomly is established, with progressive damage prediction method, biaxial strength of composite laminates can be predicted, and the final failure layer can be confirmed. Thirdly, select any one of fatigue loading path at which the final failure of composite laminates is fiber failure (matrix failure) to establish the reference curve for fiber (matrix). Finally, with reference curve, fatigue life of composite laminates under any biaxial loading path can be predicted. And numerical results show good agreements with experimental data.     

一种寿命设计曲线构建方法

针对现有建立寿命设计曲线方法的不足,采用容限法建立寿命设计曲线,对比并分析了各种方法的差异.对于大样本的疲劳试验数据,试验结果表明在不同应力水平材料寿命的分散性不同.为此在近似Owen容限法基础上提出了一种包含应力水平的分散性模型建立设计曲线,使其能够满足材料寿命在高应力分散性较小,低应力分散性较大的特点.根据Ti-6246疲劳试验结果,利用该方法计算得到的设计寿命在疲劳载荷为925MPa时提高了146%,在820MPa时减小了60.2%.从而提高了设计的经济性和可靠性.      

干涉配合弹性强化机理分析

鉴于基于支撑效应（SE）的干涉配合疲劳强化理论具有内在的局限性,通过引入弹簧模型（SM）研究了干涉配合的强化机理,以期获得更全面的认识并促进干涉配合技术的应用。首先,分析了支撑效应理论的不足之处,提出了经典理论难以解释的多个问题;然后,介绍了弹簧模型的基本思想及其求解结果,从弹性变形的角度对以上疑难问题作出了解释;最后,借助弹簧模型给出了干涉量的优化方法,并得到了最佳干涉量的解析表达式。弹簧模型的计算结果表明：干涉配合存在一种动态的弹性强化机制,在交变外载作用下结构组件的弹性变形及接触的自动调节作用,是被连接件传载幅值得以降低的原因;干涉量的选取不仅要考虑结构尺寸和材料,同时还应结合实际的载荷条件。     

Multiaxial fatigue life prediction of composite materials

In order to analyze the stress and strain fields in the fibers and the matrix in composite materials,a fiber-scale unit cell model is established and the corresponding periodical boundary conditions are introduced.Assuming matrix cracking as the failure mode of composite materials,an energy-based fatigue damage parameter and a multiaxial fatigue life prediction method are established.This method only needs the material properties of the fibers and the matrix to be known.After the relationship between the fatigue damage parameter and the fatigue life under any arbitrary test condition is established,the multiaxial fatigue life under any other load condition can be predicted.The proposed method has been verified using two different kinds of load forms.One is unidirectional laminates subjected to cyclic off-axis loading,and the other is filament wound composites subjected to cyclic tension-torsion loading.The fatigue lives predicted using the proposed model are in good agreements with the experimental results for both kinds of load forms.     

疲劳应力变幅的断口反推研究

通过对18Cr2Ni4WA钢在不同应力比和不同载荷下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验,拟合得Paris关系式,然后对试验断口进行疲劳条带宽度S(微观裂纹扩展速率)测量,将疲劳条带宽度值代入拟合的Paris关系式中,反推计算断口试样的疲劳应力变幅.结果表明,疲劳条带宽度只在疲劳裂纹扩展的一定阶段与宏观裂纹扩展速率相等,选择该阶段的数据点进行疲劳应力变幅反推计算,相对误差在10%以下;数据点是否位于宏、微观裂纹扩展速率相等的阶段,可由S～yπa双对数座标S形曲线判定,并发现由于裂纹扩展速率的误差传递系数小于0.5,计算结果对裂纹扩展速率测量的相对误差不敏感.     

A fatigue damage-cumulative model in peridynamics

While the present structural integrity evaluation method is based on the philosophy of assumed similitude, Fatigue and Damage Tolerance (F&DT) evaluations for next generation of air-vehicles require high-fidelity physical models within cyberspace. To serve the needs of F&DT evaluation in digital twin paradigm, a fatigue damage-cumulative model within peridynamic framework is proposed in this paper. Based on the concept of fatigue element block and damage accumulation law in form of Coffin-Manson relationship, the proposed model applies to both fatigue crack initiation and fatigue crack growth; fatigue crack growth rates under constant-amplitude and simple variable-amplitude block loading cases can be well predicted for three common structural materials without inputs of Paris law parameters. Additionally, the proposed model can also be easily extended to a probabilistic version; for verification, multiple-site-damage problems are simulated and the statistic nature of fatigue process in experiments can be well captured. In the end, main features of the proposed model are summarized, and distinctions from the other models are discussed. There may be a potential for the peridynamic damage-cumulative model proposed in this work to numerically predict fatigue problems in digital twin paradigm for future generations of aerospace vehicles.     

螺旋桨桨毂疲劳试验加载方法

为解决螺旋桨桨毂疲劳试验中气动载荷、离心载荷的干涉问题,基于对桨毂所受载荷及其可测试性的分析,设计了加载方法.灵活运用全桥电路试验原理,通过载荷的动、静态标定等流程环节,形成以控制应变输出为基础的加载方法.对载荷标定过程中非标定载荷与标定载荷的相关性及其引起的加载误差进行了分析,采用应变线性叠加法减小了两种载荷的相互影响,从而实现气动载荷和离心载荷的准确施加,加载系统的误差在5%以内.      

各向异性材料微动疲劳寿命研究

设计和制造了一套采用液压加载方式来施加法向载荷的微动疲劳试验装置,并且在该装置上进行了各向异性材料DD3与粉末高温合金FGH95以及DZ125与FGH95配对接触的微动疲劳试验,研究其微动疲劳的损伤过程.各向异性材料微动疲劳试验的完成证明了该装置的性能良好.将微动综合损伤参量应用于各向异性材料微动损伤的表征,并建立了DD3和DZ125相应的微动疲劳寿命预测模型.通过微动综合损伤参量的计算分析与试验验证,表明所建立的各向异性材料微动疲劳寿命模型其预测结果误差分散带均在2.8倍因子以内.      

飞行疲劳的成因及应对措施

飞行安全是各航空公司运行的重要基础。伴随着现代科学技术的进步,航空器在设计、制造、维护等方面取得了长足发展,飞机的可靠性和安全性有了显著的提高。近年来,飞行事故总体呈下降趋势,但人为因素导致的飞行事故的比例却居高不下。根据国际民航组织的统计,机组人为因素已经占到飞行事故的75%左右(如图1所示)。     

影响微动疲劳行为的材料因素研究

实验对比研究了两种结构不同的钛合金 [Ti6Al4V (α +β型 )和Ti5Al2 .5Sn(α型 ) ]和两种结构相同 (马氏体 )但强度与硬度差别较大的耐热不锈钢 (lCr11Ni2W 2MoV和Cr17Ni2 )的微动疲劳 (FF)抗力及微动垫材料的影响 ,以进一步探讨材料因素对FF抗力的作用规律和机制。在本文实验条件下 ,具有较高强度和疲劳极限的Ti6Al4V钛合金和Cr17Ni2耐热不锈钢的FF抗力分别高于Ti5Al2 .5Sn钛合金和 1Cr11Ni2W2MoV钢 ,即在材料组织结构相同或相近的条件下 ,屈服强度和疲劳极限决定FF抗力 ;当材料与高硬度配副接触时 ,FF裂纹易于萌生 ,FF损伤倾向增大 ,此时喷丸形变强化可更有效地提高材料的FF抗力。