液体火箭发动机高频燃烧不稳定性预测

本文描述了一种预测液体火箭发动机非线性燃烧不稳定性的数值方法,重点研究非线性燃烧不稳定性的各种现象,包括瞬态的、有限周期压力振荡、稳定和非稳定工况下声学振荡对推进剂液滴雾化和燃烧过程的影响、燃烧过程中的振荡流场、燃料液滴的轨迹、设计参数如入口条件、雾化初始条件和隔板长度等的影响。对几种工况和各种燃烧参数的计算表明该数值方法能成功地预测液体火箭发动机切向燃烧不稳定性。隔板长度及液滴尺寸对发动机的稳定性有明显的影响,数值结果表明隔板能有效抑制压力振荡。     

某缩尺推力室燃烧和传热特性研究

为了研究冷却剂的流动方向和推进剂的质量流量对推力室燃烧和传热过程带来的影响,以某型氢氧火箭发动机的推力室缩比试验件为研究对象,对推力室的燃烧和传热过程进行了数值仿真。改变冷却剂的流动方向,最高壁面温度相差1.04%,最高壁面热流密度相差0.544%,冷却剂温升相差0.233%,出口压力相差3.803%,分析发现,改变冷却剂的流动方向,对推力室内部的燃烧过程和壁面传热效率影响很小,冷却剂的流动方向会影响壁面温度分布。推进剂质量流量提升22.29%,室压提升22.17%,燃烧效率降低0.55%,最高壁温提升9.16%,最高热流密度提升17.48%,冷却剂温升提高13.05%,分析发现,提升推进剂质量流量会导致推力室壁面温度和冷却剂温升的提高,由于缩比发动机反应空间小燃烧不够充分,提升推进剂质量流量会使燃烧效率有所下降。     

挤压式液体火箭发动机水击特性研究

以某四氧化二氮/偏二甲肼挤压式液体火箭发动机为研究对象,建立了包括液路动力学模型、充填动力学模型和气路动力学模型的发动机系统启动过程动态数学模型。仿真计算了发动机系统启动过程中不同节流孔位置和大小时的水击峰压。分析表明,在靠近阀门处设置节流孔可明显减小水击峰压,对氧化剂管路的作用较燃料管路更明显;较小的节流孔利于降低水击峰压,但尺寸须合适,否则会因推进剂流量下降而在节流孔处形成发射。     

加热器燃料对冲压发动机模拟来流的影响

依据冲压发动机典型状态地面试验模拟问题,地面试验系统只能采用加热器直接燃烧化学燃料的方式来提供高温、高压和大流量的热空气。为了研究加热器燃料对发动机试验的模拟来流特性的影响,通过对常用5种加热器燃料进行热力计算,对比分析了补氧和无补氧时加热器燃料对模拟气流成分的影响,结果表明:在补氧和无补氧条件下,常用燃料生成模拟空气的比热比均小于真实值;马赫数2.5～3时选择酒精和异丁烷为燃料生成模拟空气的分子量与真实值较接近,马赫数3.5～4时选择酒精与真实值较接近;补氧的加热器可大幅降低模拟空气中的污染成分。     

冲压空气涡轮泵供应系统方案设计及特性分析

为了把冲压空气为动力的涡轮泵供应系统从亚燃冲压发动机拓展应用至超燃冲压发动机,基于煤油燃料的双燃烧室冲压发动机(DCR)提出了一种冲压空气涡轮泵供应系统方案。供应系统的设计方案中,对涡轮泵选型、系统的调控策略及取气/排气方案进行了初步设计。同时,建立了供应系统的静态模型,通过系统压力、流量及功率平衡组成非线性方程组,使用牛顿迭代法对非线性方程组进行数值求解,得到了冲压空气涡轮泵供应系统在不同工况下的静态特性。最后,分析了飞行Ma范围在3.5~5.5下涡轮泵的性能和调节的变化规律。结果表明,涡轮所需的空气流量约占DCR发动机捕获空气总流量的3%,取气方案对发动机气动性能影响不大;离心泵的特性参数相对稳定,可以一直处于高效率工况下工作,但系统对增压后的燃料利用不足,造成涡轮功率利用率较低。     

RBCC发动机不同构型隔离段流场仿真

为探究椭圆微扩和异形变截面这两种结构隔离段对RBCC发动机推力性能的影响,以某构型RBCC发动机试验件为研究对象,对比了地面试验与数值模拟发动机下壁面中心线上的静压分布,验证了数值模拟结果的准确性。在来流马赫数为3、余气系数为1.5的工况下,通过数值模拟对两种隔离段构型下RBCC发动机燃烧室内的流动燃烧过程及发动机的推力性能进行了对比分析。结果表明:异形变截面隔离段的抗反压性能明显低于椭圆微扩隔离段;当燃料释热较为集中,燃烧室内压升比相对较大时,异形变截面隔离段的下壁面处会产生较大的流动分离区,且一直向下游延伸,进入燃烧室,使得燃烧室入口的流场均匀性较差,从而降低发动机的推力性能。     

燃气喷注条件对中心支板式固体冲压发动机燃烧性能影响研究

固体火箭燃气超燃冲压发动机具有高比冲、结构简单、流量易调节等优点,然而在超声速空气流的燃烧室中,如何让燃料更好地与空气掺混,增加颗粒停留时间,在较短时间内释放出更多的燃烧焓成为目前研究的重点。提出了一种基于中心支板燃气喷注的含硼固体火箭超燃冲压发动机方案,开展了模拟马赫数6.0、高度25 km来流条件下的地面直连试验和数值仿真研究,验证了该方案的合理性和优势,并获取了燃烧室内的燃烧特性,探寻了固体燃气喷注方式对燃烧室性能的影响规律。结果显示,相比于中心支板喷注方案,侧壁喷注存在总压损失大、反压激波串长度大、进气要求严苛等问题,但能够增强掺混,提高燃烧效率,缩短燃烧所需距离;而在中心支板式固体冲压发动机中,在燃烧室侧壁面引入较小流量的一次燃气,可以增大固体颗粒在燃烧室内的穿透深度,提高燃烧效率和燃烧室性能。     

H2O2-PE固液混合火箭发动机试验研究

介绍了挤压式H2O2-PE固液混合火箭发动机试验系统及发动机结构特点。研究了确定固液混合火箭发动机工作点的方法，按照这种方法可以使发动机在最佳的配比附近工作，有利于提高燃烧效率和比冲。分析了固液混合火箭发动机低频耦合振荡机理和现象，利用氧化剂和燃料燃烧时滞的概念，理论上计算模拟了发动机的低频耦合振荡过程，提出了避免这种燃烧振荡的措施和方法。     

同轴喷嘴自发激励高频燃烧不稳定性试验研究

为增进对液氧煤油火箭发动机同轴离心喷嘴燃烧不稳定性过程的理解,在大气环境下进行了同轴离心喷嘴的自发激励燃烧不稳定性试验。试验采用单喷嘴敞口模拟燃烧室,高温的氧气和空气混合物从同轴喷嘴的直流喷嘴喷注,高温的煤油蒸气从同轴喷嘴的离心喷嘴喷注。通过逐步改变氧化剂流量使模拟燃烧室内产生自发激励高频燃烧不稳定性,使用脉动压力传感器和黑白高速相机记录稳定和不稳定燃烧工况下的脉动压力和火焰。研究发现：气气同轴离心喷嘴的自发激励高频燃烧不稳定过程呈现“滞后”现象;不稳定工况下的火焰均为脱口火焰,火焰特征长度约等于喷嘴出口到脱口火焰团上沿的距离;气气同轴离心喷嘴燃烧不稳定性的发生原因可以被认为是因混合特征时间与声学特征时间相关。     

Mg粉/CO2粉末火箭发动机点火试验研究

初步设计了粉末火箭发动机,并以Mg粉作为燃料、CO2作为氧化剂进行了点火试验.研究结果表明,在一定的压强和温度下,利用空气与Mg粉的燃烧放热可成功引燃Mg粉/CO2,且在关闭空气后达到自持燃烧；燃烧室壁面沉积较多,主要以MgO为主,还有一部分未燃烧的Mg；通过该试验验证了Mg粉/CO2粉末火箭发动机方案的可行性.     

Numerical investigation on cavity structure of solid-fuel scramjet combustor

The influences of miscellaneous combustor structures for solid fuel scramjet combustion on the performance are investigated, including a detailed interaction analysis between shocks/waves and combustion. Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene is chosen as the solid fuel with the non-premixed equilibrium probability density function combustion model. The results show combustion enhancement when structure of combustor is modified. The radical emphasis is to examine the sensitivity of the properties due to variations on the length-to-depth ratio of cavity, aft wall angle, and offset ratio. It is noted that there is an appropriate structure of cavity (L/D=4, θ=45°, and D_d/D_u=1.25–1.5) regarding the combustion efficiency, total pressure loss and specific impulse. The observation of function for combustor components provides instructional insight into the design considerations for a combustor of a solid-fuel scramjet.     

固体火箭超燃冲压发动机补燃室构型的影响分析

针对不同补燃室结构参数对固体火箭超燃冲压发动机补燃室掺混燃烧性能的影响进行研究,分析各级燃烧室的长度与扩张角度对补燃室性能的影响。采用基于密度的二阶迎风格式对补燃室掺混燃烧进行模拟,湍流模型和燃烧模型分别采用SST k-ω模型和涡团耗散模型。结果表明,提高燃烧效率与降低总压损失是相互矛盾的;燃烧效率随燃烧室长度的增加而增大,随燃烧室扩张角度的增加而减小;总压恢复系数随燃烧室长度的增加而减小,随燃烧室扩张角度的增加而增大;一级燃烧室的结构参数对燃烧效率与总压恢复系数的影响最大。当补燃室的总长与出口面积一定时,以发动机的总体性能参数作为补燃室构型的优化目标,对一、二级燃烧室长度与一、三级燃烧室扩张角度进行优化。     

Numerical investigation on hydrogen combustion in a scramjet with 3D sidewall compression inlet

Numerical simulations were employed to analyze the flowfield of a scramjet with three-dimensional (3D) sidewall compression inlet, and the effect of inlet distortion on the mixing and combustion process was examined. The numerical approach solved the compressible Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations supplemented with a finite rate chemical reacting model for the combustion of hydrogen fuel and air. Turbulence closure was achieved using Menter shear-stress transport (SST) model. To verify the accuracy of the simulation, the computed wall pressure was compared with the experimental data of the direct-connect combustor test. The metrics employed in the simulations included qualitative assessments related to flow structure as well as quantitative values of fuel mixing efficiency, combustion efficiency and static pressure distribution. Intake sidewalls were found to strongly affect the inlet flow structure, which became more complex in the nonuniform flowfield. The shock train system affected the combustion region located upstream of the injection and led to pairs of asymmetric separation bubbles. Nevertheless, the shock train system dissipated due to the reactions, the combustion patterns of each fuel jets in downstream region were nearly identical, and the degree of improvement of mixing and combustion efficiency near the downstream injectors was less than that near the upstream injectors.     

Experimental study of a flush wall scramjet combustor equipped with strut/wall fuel injection

In this study a flush wall scramjet combustor is tested in a supersonic incoming air flow with the Mach number of 3 which is generated by an air vitiation heater producing the stagnation temperature of 1505 K. Using liquid kerosene as the fuel, the flame is stabilized by means of a centrally mounted O₂ pilot strut after being ignited by a plasma torch. During experimental measurements, the fuel is injected with a constant equivalence ratio of 0.8 according to specified strut/wall injection ratios, i.e., a portion of the fuel amount is injected from the strut while the rest is injected from the wall. The strut and wall injectors are arranged at the same axial position. The combustion performance and wall temperature gradients are evaluated with various fuel feeding ratios between the wall and the strut. Experimental results show, when the equivalence ratio is constant and the axial injection position is fixed, the combustion characteristics vary significantly with the strut/wall fuel feeding ratio, especially when this ratio is close to its lowest and highest limits. Among the four fuel feeding ratios examined, the strut only injection mode and the average distributed strut/wall injection mode show the best combustion performance. However, the strut/wall injection mode produces a smaller wall temperature gradient compared to the strut only injection mode, which is due to the significant film cooling effect caused by the wall injected liquid kerosene.     

Numerical validation and parametric investigation on the cold flow field of a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor

The three-dimensional coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two equation standard k–ε turbulence model has been employed to numerically simulate the cold flow field in a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor. The numerical results show reasonable agreement with the schlieren photograph and the pressure distribution available in the open literature. The pressure distribution after the first pressure rise is under-predicted. There are five shock waves existing in the cold flow field of the referenced combustor. The first and second pressure rises on the upper wall of the combustor are predicted accurately with the medium grid. The other three shock waves occur in the core flow of the combustor. The location of the pressure rise due to these three shock waves could not be predicted accurately due to the presence of recirculation zone downstream of the small step. Further, the effect of length-to-depth ratio of the cavity and the back pressure on the wave structure in the combustor has been investigated. The obtained results show that there is an optimal length-to-depth ratio for the cavity to restrict the movement of the shock wave train in the flow field of the scramjet combustor. The low velocity region in the cavity affects the downstream flow field for low back pressure. The intensity of the shock wave generated at the exit of the isolator depends on the back pressure at the exit of the combustor and this in turn affects the pressure distribution on the upper wall of the combustor.     

Numerical investigation on the shock wave transition in a three-dimensional scramjet isolator

The scramjet isolator, which is used to prevent the hypersonic inlet from disturbances that arise from the pressure rise in the scramjet combustor due to the intense turbulent combustion, is one of the most critical components in hypersonic airbreathing propulsion systems. Any engineering error that is possible in the design and manufacturing procedure of the experimental model, and the intense heat release in the scramjet combustor, may cause the performance of the isolator to decrease, leading to its lack of capability in supporting the back pressure. The coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two-equation standard k?ε turbulent model have been employed to numerically simulate the flow fields in a three-dimensional scramjet isolator. The effects of the divergent angle and the back pressure on the shock wave transition and the location of the leading edge of the shock wave train have been estimated and discussed. The obtained results show that the present numerical results are in very good agreement with the available experimental shadow-pictures, and the numerical method is more suitable for capturing the shock wave train and predicting the location of the leading edge of the shock wave train in the scramjet isolator than the present two-dimensional numerical methods. This is due to the small width-to-height ratio of the isolator and the intense three-dimensional flow structures. On increasing the divergent angle of the scramjet isolator, the static pressure along the central symmetrical line of the isolator decreases sharply. This is due to the strong expansion wave generated at the entrance of the isolator, and when the divergent angle of the isolator is sufficiently large, namely 1.5°, a zone of negative pressure is formed just ahead of the leading edge of the shock wave train. At the same time, the shock wave train varies from being oblique to being normal, and then back to oblique. With an increase in the prescribed back pressure at the exit of the scramjet isolator, the leading edge of the shock wave train moves forward towards the entrance of the isolator, and when the back pressure is sufficiently large, unstart conditions in the hypersonic inlet can take place if the shock train reaches the inlet.     

热力学排气系统中节流效应及其冷量利用分析

为更好地理解热力学排气系统(TVS)的运行机理，优化其运行参数，针对节流装置，建立了热力学模型，讨论了节流过程中状态参数的变化规律，对比了单相气体、单相液体节流的性能特性，进一步揭示了焦汤节流效应的原理，分析了不同节流背压下节流前低温工质(液氢和液氧)压力和温度对节流性能的影响，并结合TVS实际应用，阐述了节流最大制冷量的利用效果，提出了优化的TVS工作区间。研究表明：在节流过程不发生相变情况下单相气体节流制冷效应要比单相液体节流制冷效应更加显著；而在节流过程发生相变情况下液体节流至两相后，由于空化吸热导致流体温度降低，对于液氢，0.5MPa的压降可产生接近3 K的温降。对于液体节流，节流前压力对节流过程影响可忽略，〖JP2〗而节流前温度和节流背压对节流过程起主导作用；对于液氢在在轨运行工况下，考虑到节流制冷量的充分利用，同时保证换热过程体积含气率不高于90%，推荐TVS系统中节流背压范围为75～143 kPa。     

单喷嘴燃烧流场仿真研究

运用CFD技术,采用涡扩散（EDC,eddy dissipation concept）模型对某发动机单喷嘴燃烧的稳态燃烧流场进行了数值模拟,得到了燃烧室内的压力、速度、温度及燃气组分等参数的分布情况,并对其混合程度进行了评估。结构改进前后的计算结果对比表明,适当增加中心喷嘴的壁厚和缩进长度有利于燃烧室火焰的附着和提高燃烧室流场的均匀程度。     

变推力液体火箭发动机中针栓喷注器研究综述

为总结变推力液体火箭发动机中针栓喷注器的研究成果和梳理未来的发展方向,本文综述了该领域的研究进展。首先介绍了针栓喷注器的基本概念和研究意义,然后从设计原理、工程研制、雾化特性和燃烧特性等方面介绍了针栓喷注器的研究历史和现状,最后展望了针栓喷注器的发展趋势及需要研究的一些科学问题。分析表明,液液针栓喷注器、气液针栓喷注器的雾化特性和燃烧特性都还需持续开展研究。雾化特性中特别需要关注的是雾化角、混合特性和下漏率,还要探索针栓喷注器在反压下的雾化特性。燃烧特性中需要深入研究温度分布、火焰结构和燃烧稳定性。     

超声速进气道流场三维数值模拟

超声速进气道是固体火箭冲压发动机至关重要的部件之一,直接影响燃烧室的燃烧及发动机性能。基于N-S方程、标准k-ε双方程湍流模型,利用FLUENT软件对某型固体火箭冲压发动机楔形超声速进气道内外流场进行了三维数值模拟。计算得到了超声速进气道在飞行马赫数为Ma=3.5的情况下的流场性能。并在相同马赫数下,研究了等比压缩和攻角条件下的进气道流场的分布情况。模拟结果表明：进气道的总压恢复系数和流量系数等性能指标受到攻角的影响而发生变化。