罗兰-C导航系统地面台站信号模拟器设计

针对罗兰-C远程导航系统机载设备在机务内场利用ATE系统进行定检测试时无信号模拟器的状况,研制了一种罗兰-C系统地面台站信号模拟器。该模拟器具有较强的使用环境适应性,既可通过GPIB接口进行程控操作,又可通过控制面板进行手动操作。本文分析了该罗兰-C系统地面台站信号模拟器的设计思路、电路工作原理和操作使用特性。     

脉冲干扰对软件接收机的影响分析

卫星信号经过长距离传播,信号能量损耗严重,到达地面的功率很弱,容易受到各种干扰的影响。脉冲干扰为常见的干扰类型,所以针对不同功率、不同周期,以及不同占空比的脉冲干扰信号,通过接收前端采集受脉冲干扰的GPS L1信号,利用软件接收机及多相关器生成技术,详细分析了脉冲干扰对接收机信号捕获与跟踪性能的影响。分析结果表明,周期为1ms的脉冲干扰信号,能对接收机产生强烈的干扰效果,捕获图中的噪声明显增大;跟踪过程中,载噪比和相关值突发性减小,造成跟踪数据异常。而长周期的脉冲信号仅在脉冲到达时影响接收机的捕获和跟踪,但由于信号跟踪不能连续进行,导致伪距观测量的不连续与导航数据不能正常解码,从而干扰接收机。     

LORAN-C in the 21st Century

LORAN, which stands for long range navigation, was first brought into service during World War II. Its earliest form, LORAN-A, served us well up to the time the last station was taken off the air in December 1980. It was succeeded by LORAN-C as part of the Department of Defense's program to develop a new generation of radionavigation aids. LORAN-C not only has a greater range than LORAN-A but also provides better accuracy. With the declining cost of integrated circuits, LORAN-C receivers are becoming more affordable. This, along with good repeatable accuracy and excellent coverage, is increasing the worldwide popularity of navigation with LORAN-C. Fishermen, recreational boaters and the general aviation community make up a good percentage of this dramatic increase (an additional 75,000 marine and 10,000 aviation users the past year alone).     

GPS软件接收机的捕获与跟踪算法

研究了GPS软件接收机的捕获与跟踪算法。分析了时域串行滑动相关捕获算法和频域基于FFT的并行相关捕获算法,设计了适合GPS软件接收机的并行算法,实现了对空中可见卫星的捕获。针对GPS信号的特点,设计了基于DLL与PLL相结合方法的GPS跟踪算法。利用实测中频信号对上述捕获与跟踪算法进行了验证分析,测试结果表明,基于FFT的并行相关捕获算法能够有效增强软件接收机的捕获能力,采用DLL与PLL相结合的方法能够实现对GPS信号的有效跟踪。     

Subspace array processing for the suppression of FM jamming in GPS receivers

The mitigation of FM interference in GPS receivers is considered. In difference to commonly assumed wideband and narrowband interferers, the FM interferers are wideband, but instantaneously narrowband, and as such, have clear time-frequency (TF) signatures that are distinct from the GPS coarse acquisition (C/A) spread spectrum code. In the proposed technique, the estimate of the FM interference instantaneous frequency (IF) and the interference spatial signature are used to construct the spatiotemporal interference subspace. The IF estimates can be provided using existing effective linear or bilinear TF methods. The undesired signal arrival is suppressed by projecting the input data on the interference orthogonal subspace. With a multisensor receiver, the distinctions in both the spatial and TF signatures of signal arrivals allow effective interference suppressions. The deterministic nature of the signal model is considered and the known underlying structure of the GPS C/A code is utilized. We derive the receiver signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) under exact and perturbed IF values. The effect of IF estimation errors on both pseudorange measurements and navigation data recovery is analyzed. Simulation results comparing the receiver performances under IF errors in single and multiantenna GPS receivers are provided.     

一种盲多波束形成GNSS天线阵抗干扰算法

天线阵抗干扰是现代卫星导航接收机抗干扰的重要手段。传统的天线阵波束形成类算法能够在抑制干扰的同时提升抗干扰后输出信噪比,但是在信号捕获阶段,由于缺少先验信息的支持,该类算法无法在信号方向形成增益。因此,提出了一种盲多波束形成的天线阵抗干扰算法,通过形成多个波束覆盖天线阵上半球面,可在无先验信息的条件下对卫星信号形成增益,从而提升信号捕获阶段信噪比,使得接收机在干扰环境中具备更强的信号捕获能力。仿真结果表明:与传统的天线阵抗干扰算法相比,提出的算法能够在有效抑制干扰的同时显著提升接收机信号捕获成功率。     

Mid-Continent LORAN-C Expansion

The Coast Guard is extending the Continental United States (CONUS) LORAN-C coverage as part of the Federal Aviation Administration project to incorporate LORAN-C into the National Airspace System. The increased coverage will expand the number of airports approved for LORAN-C non-precision instrument approaches and enable direct Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR) routing by suitably equipped aircraft in and through the mid-continent region of the United States. The project will involve construction of a new LORAN-C chain which will be linked to the existing CONUS chains. In addition to the aviation benefits, the Mid-Continent LORAN-C Expansion will broaden the availability of LORAN-C positioning to a growing number of terrestrial users such as resource management, emergency response and fleet management.     

High-efficiency Loran-C interference identification by synchronous sampling

A new technique is proposed for estimating the frequencies within carrier-wave interference (CWI) affecting Loran-C receivers. Its novelty lies in that interference samples are taken synchronously with the Loran-C pulses and ensemble-averaged in the time domain prior to conventional spectrum analysis. Each interferer is thus automatically weighted according to its effect on the phase tracking operation of the receiver. The new method substantially increases the efficiency with which the most insidious interferers may be pinpointed. It requires little additional computational power or memory in the receiver.     

Algorithms for Spatial Laser Beacon Acquisition

The pointing system for optical data transmission over unguided channels uses a return beacon from the receiver back to the transmitter to aid the reciprocal alignment of the two stations. We concentrate on CW or pulsed-beacon acquisition with array detectors in the presence of extended clutter in addition to background and receiver noises. Acquisition in the presence of a single interferer (jammer) is also considered. A maximum likelihood (ML) approach is used when preliminary scene information is available. In the case of unknown scenario, a picture-picture subtraction algorithm is considered for the pulsed laser. Performance is evaluated in terms of probability of an acquisition error for Poisson statistics of the photodetector output.     

Blind GPS receiver with a modified despreader for interference suppression

The global positioning system (GPS) was designed to provide location estimates for various civilian and military applications using at least four satellites. Since GPS signals have a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), they also have a low signal-to-jammer ratio so that the accuracy of location estimates is influenced by cochannel interference and intentional jammers. We propose a low-complexity blind adaptive receiver that is based on a novel modified despreader and the constant modulus (CM) array. This system is capable of ing directional interference and capturing the GPS signal of interest without requiring explicit angle-of-arrival (AOA) information. We also consider the multiple satellite problem and extend the proposed receiver to capture several GPS signals of interest. Representative computer simulation examples are presented to illustrate the performance of the multicomponent system for the suppression of different jammer types.     

Rapid Aquisition Signal Design in a Multiple-Access Environment

Acquisition in a communication receiver is the operation of determining the arrival time of a transmitted periodic timing marker. This is generally accomplished by sending a known acquisition waveform to aid in the arrival time measurement. Certain classes of waveforms are called rapid acquisition waveforms and are advantageous for reducing the time to acquire when sequential methods are used. A multiple-access acquisition environment occurs when a multiplicity of transmitter-receivers are attempting to each individually perform an acquisition operation, each pair interfering with all others. In this paper, a study is made of the interference effects when rapid acquisition techniques are used in a multiple-access environment. The prime object is to determine the manner in which the actual acquisition waveform structure effects the overall system performance. When interference variance is used as a criterion, it is shown that rapid acquisition waveforms made up of component waveforms having disjoint, flat, wideband spectra produce minimal interference. The result suggests the use of coded tone acquisition waveforms. The results have primary application to ranging, surveillance, or navigation operations performed in a many-user situation.     

干扰环境下直扩系统中DMF捕获性能研究

基于数字匹配滤波器(DMF)的捕获电路具有较快的捕获速度,因此它在直扩系统(DSSS)中得到了广泛的应用。为了在干扰环境下进一步提高其捕获性能,本文对影响捕获性能的检测概率和虚警概率进行了分析;并对直扩系统中基于DMF的平均捕获时间进行了计算机仿真,从而找到了在平均捕获时间较小时应该满足的信干比、干噪比和判决门限,为改善直扩系统的捕获性能提供了理论依据。     

量化对GPS接收机捕获性能影响的研究

由于接收机输入端的信噪比对接收机的捕获性能具有很重要的意义,所以要尽量减少接收机输入端信噪比的损失。本文首先给出了含高斯白噪声的GPS信号经过不同量化位数和量化电平的量化器后的输出信噪比计算公式;然后,在此基础上分析其对接收机捕获性能的影响;最后,仿真实验表明,接收机可以在不影响捕获性能的情况下,尽量选择合适的量化位数和量化门限。实验结果也为量化器的设计提供了重要的技术参考。     

基于分布式地面站天线的空间功率合成

卫星导航系统(GNSS)地面站天线对卫星进行上行注入时,信号到达卫星时较弱,容易受到干扰,故地面站注入天线需同时具备平时多目标注入和干扰时单目标功率增强的能力。利用卫星导航系统中地面站之间能够实现精密时间同步的特点,提出了一种基于分布式卫星导航地面站抛物面天线的空间功率合成方法,使用相位预补偿实现分布式天线阵到达目标卫星信号的相位粗同步;分析了相位误差、辐射功率误差对空间功率合成效率的影响,得到了阵元初始相位标定精度与相对定位精度的约束关系;并对合成信号的抗干扰能力和信号质量进行了研究。理论和仿真结果表明,当相位精度因子小于0.2时,4个等辐射功率天线在10°仰角以上波束扫描范围内的功率合成效率均在75%以上,且可以通过控制初始相位标定精度与相对定位精度实现更高的合成效率;而在合成效率要求75%以上时,天线辐射功率误差对合成效率的影响基本可以忽略。采用分布式波束扫描天线能够对地面站上行注入进行功率增强,可实现注入波束和功率的灵活配置,有效解决制约机动式和小型化地面站功率提升的瓶颈问题。     

基于预估-反馈联合处理的射频噪声干扰抑制算法

针对强射频（RF）噪声干扰下脉压雷达目标检测概率较低的问题,提出了一种基于预估-反馈联合处理的射频噪声干扰抑制算法。首先,对回波信号进行盲源分离预处理,并利用分数阶傅里叶变换（FRFT）的特性对目标回波信号进行参数估计以及窄带滤波处理,滤除大部分干扰和噪声的能量;然后,在数据层运用M/N逻辑法进行点迹处理,并结合径向速度方向判决,实现对目标航迹的预估检测;最后,利用数据层对航迹状态的反馈实时修正滤波器参数,从而在信号层更好地滤除干扰能量,并对中断航迹进行剔除,完成射频噪声干扰的抑制。仿真结果表明：与现有射频噪声干扰抑制技术相比,所提算法具有更优的干扰抑制效果。     

Multipath-adaptive GPS/INS receiver

Multipath interference is one of the contributing sources of errors in precise global positioning system (GPS) position determination. This paper identifies key parameters of a multipath signal, focusing on estimating them accurately in order to mitigate multipath effects. Multiple model adaptive estimation (MMAE) techniques are applied to an inertial navigation system (INS)-coupled GPS receiver, based on a federated (distributed) Kalman filter design, to estimate the desired multipath parameters. The system configuration is one in which a GPS receiver and an INS are integrated together at the level of the in-phase and quadrature phase (I and Q) signals, rather than at the level of pseudo-range signals or navigation solutions. The system model of the MMAE is presented and the elemental Kalman filter design is examined. Different parameter search spaces are examined for accurate multipath parameter identification. The resulting GPS/INS receiver designs are validated through computer simulation of a user receiving signals from GPS satellites with multipath signal interference present The designed adaptive receiver provides pseudo-range estimates that are corrected for the effects of multipath interference, resulting in an integrated system that performs well with or without multipath interference present.     

一种改进双块补零北斗导航接收机弱信号捕获方法

利用卫星导航系统对高轨航天器进行自主导航与高精度定轨,对接收机的捕获灵敏度要求极高,双块补零(DBZP)算法是无辅助下卫星导航弱信号捕获的理想方案,然而受限于数据处理量大,DBZP实际应用难度大。在深入分析双块补零机理的基础上,结合矩阵重构的思想,提出了一种改进双块补零北斗导航接收机弱信号捕获方法。该方法对参与块内相关运算的基带信号和本地测距码分别进行重构,解决了块内点数与快速傅里叶变换输入点数之间的矛盾,提高了北斗导航接收机弱信号捕获性能。仿真实验结果分析表明,改进双块补零算法对信噪比没有损失,可以保证对低至15dB·Hz的弱信号进行有效捕获,能够满足高轨航天器定轨、室内外无缝导航等对接收机高灵敏度的需求。本方法是在块内运算层面对DBZP进行优化,具备良好的通用性和可移植性,与优化相干积分策略的各种改进DBZP算法可以无缝对接,进一步提高北斗导航接收机信号处理的效能。同时,重构的思想也适用于其他采用码分多址信号的卫星导航系统的弱信号检测和捕获,对提升多星座卫星导航系统的基带信号处理性能具有参考意义。     

差分码偏差对PPP授时精度影响的研究

论文分析了不同机构差分码偏差(DCB)产品的天稳性.选取了2个外接氢原子钟的测站进行实验,以国际GNSS服务组织(IGS)发布的接收机钟差为参考值,分析了不同机构DCB产品对2个测站PPP授时精度的影响.实验结果表明:1)不同机构DCB产品的天稳性差异不大,中国科学院天稳性略优于德国宇航中心;2)2个测站使用不同机构的DCB产品估计钟差的均方差(RMS)和时间偏差(Bias)均优于0.4ns,其中中国科学院产品精度最高,RMS和Bias均优于0.2ns;德国宇航中心和欧洲定轨中心精度略差,但也能够达到亚纳秒级,可为下一步推广PPP授时应用提供一定的参考.     

机载相控阵雷达中抑制杂波的线性预测法

从一个多通道自回归过程拟合杂波信号的概念出发 ,提出了用线性预测法实现机载相控阵雷达的时空二维自适应信号处理。研究表明 ,杂波过程可以用一个低阶的多通道自回归过程很好地拟合 ,从而使用一个低阶的线性预测处理器以较低的代价实现准最优的处理。同时 ,这种低阶的线性预测处理器还具备冗余的自由度以对付除杂波外的其他有色噪声和干扰     

Application of successive interference cancellation to the GPS pseudolite near-far problem

Ground-based transmitters called pseudolites have been proposed to augment the basic Global Positioning System (GPS) in environments where satellite visibility is limited. One difficulty in their use is the so-called near-far problem, where in close proximity to the ground transmitter, the pseudolite signal can be orders of magnitude stronger than the satellite signals. This large range of signal levels prevents a conventional receiver from simultaneously detecting both types of signals. This paper describes the application of a signal processing technique, known as successive interference cancellation (SIC), to the acquisition and tracking of weak satellite signals in the presence of a nearby pseudolite and possible multipath reflections of this pseudolite signal. The SIC architecture is implemented on simulated and experimental near-far data sets. The results are compared with a conventional detector and improvements in acquisition and tracking performance are illustrated.