Predicted performance of a rotating modulation collimator for locating celestial x-ray sources

A method of determining the position of celestial X-ray sources which utilizes a modulation collimator rotating about a fixed axis is presented. The signal from each source in the field of view is modulated by a frequency which is fixed by the radial distance from the intersection of the rotation axis and the celestial sphere. The phase of the modulation is determined by the angular distance of the source from a reference line on the celestial sphere. Thus, the modulation function for each source is unique. The data are reduced by the technique of Fourier analysis. Synthesized experimental data for the cases of a single source and for five sources in the field of view are analysed. The ability to distinguish and accurately locate each source in a multiple source field is a major achievement of this method. Sources can be located with an accuracy which is competitive with other methods. An experiment based on this method can be lifted on an Aerobee 150 system.This work was supported by grant NsG-386 from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.     

Hard X-ray structure of the Crab Nebula

Two-dimensional maps of the Crab Nebula have been synthesized in 22–64 keV range through the modulation collimator experiment. The effective angular resolution is about 15. The result indicates that the Crab morphology is strictly controlled by the pulsar.     

Prospects for space stellar astrometry

Astrometry is the major astronomical technique to measure distances, masses and motions of stars. Dividing astrometric techniques into five types according to the size of the field in which a single instrument can produce measurements, the present achievements of the Earth-based astrometry are described. The astrometric activities such as measurements of star diameters, double star relative positioning or stellar parallaxes, search for invisible companions, photographic plate reduction, visual and photoelectric meridian and astrolable astrometry are reviewed. Then, the methods used to construct a quasi-inertial celestial reference frame and to materialize it by a fundamental catalogue are presented and discussed. A much better definition of an absolute reference frame is made possible by VLBI, but the problem of extending it to stellar positions is not yet satisfactorily resolved.The limitations of the ground based astrometry are: the atmospheric turbulence and refraction, Earth's motions and the impossibility to view the entire sky with a single instrument. These limitations are discussed and it is shown how astrometry from space can overcome them. A priori, a gain of two orders of magnitudes in accuracy for all types of astrometry is expected, but at this new level of precision, new effects and limitations will appear, as already shown in the studies of the approved programs.Then, the ESA astrometric satellite HIPPARCOS presently under development is presented. The satellite and the payload are described as well as the observing procedures. Several limitations, specific to space borne instrumentation and to the milliarc second accuracy expected have been identified. However the main limitation in precision remains the photon noise. The data reduction methods are sketched. The data downlinked at a rate of 20 kilobits per second have to be used with an equal weight all over the 21/2 years of observation. They are expected to yield a mean accuracy of 2 milliarc seconds in position and parallax and 2 m.a.s. per year in proper motion for most of the 100000 stars of the program (M _b < 9). Stars to be observed by HIPPARCOS have to be carefully selected. The main fields in which the results of HIPPARCOS will be used are listed from the proposals made by the scientific community. The task of constructing the HIPPARCOS input catalogue from these proposals is presented.Another feature of the ESA astrometric satellite is the use of the HIPPARCOS star-mapper as a photometric and position survey of the sky. This experiment, called TYCHO, should give at least 400000 star positions with accuracies of the order of 0.03 to 0.15 depending upon the magnitudes. Two colour instantaneous magnitudes should also be obtained to 0.1–0.4 mag. precision.Several Space-Telescope on-board instruments are also capable to make small field astrometric observations. Accurate imaging is possible with the Wide Field and the Faint Object cameras. Lunar occultations will be performed with the High Speed photometer. But the main astrometric mode of the Space Telescope will be the use of the Fine Guidance Sensors to measure the relative positions of stars to ±0.002. It is described together with its main scientific applications.The establishment of an absolute reference frame is subsequently discussed. Plans using simultaneously VLBI, HIPPARCOS, and Space Telescope observations are described. They consist in linking the HIPPARCOS stellar system to quasars via radio-stars or stars in the vicinity of optical quasars.Finally, several space astrometry proposals are described: long focus space astrometry and two versions of space interferometry.     

Solar physics assessment of future high-resolution observations in the Grazing-Incidence domain

The project for a Grazing Incidence Solar Telescope (GRIST) offers, for the first time, the combinations of high spatial (1) and spectral resolution in the extreme-ultraviolet wavelength range. The 3-dimensional electron density and temperature structure of the transition region and corona will be determined. The dynamics of the structures which make up the corona will be studied. GRIST can be expected to provide definitive improvement in the understanding of the coronal heating problem.Proceedings of the Conference Solar Physics from Space, held at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), 11–14 November 1980.     

High-resolution ultraviolet solar observations from sounding rockets and spacelab

High spatial (1) and temporal (20 s) resolution UV spectroscopy of the Sun has been carried out with a new instrument flown on sounding rockets. These observations reveal a multitude of new highly energetic phenomena in the outer solar atmosphere which may play a decisive rôle in the mechanical energy balance of the chromosphere, transition zone and corona.Proceedings of the Conference Solar Physics from Space, held at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), 11–14 November 1980.     

UVCS/SOHO Ion Kinetics in Coronal Streamers

We made streamer observations with the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) during the early part of 1998, which was a time of moderate solar activity. We present an empirical study of coronal ion kinetics using the line profiles from these observations. Our first and most striking result is that the mid-latitude (ML) streamers have much narrower O VI 1032 Å line profiles than the solar minimum equatorial (SME) streamers. Our second result is that the line profiles from a small collection of ions in ML streamers do not seem to be consistent with the ions having a single temperature and turbulent velocity. We discuss several interpretations, including line of sight (LOS) effects. This work is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant NAG-3192 to the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.     

A new view of the galactic plane with EXOSAT

A new X-ray image of the galactic plane has been produced using the 45 arcmin square field of view of the Medium Energy Instrument on EXOSAT. This image shows a total of 64 sources including 18 new ones which include the first observation of persistent emission from the globular cluster bursters Terzan 1 and Terzan 5. The most important discovery from this image is a 2° wide ridge of diffuse emission symmetrical about the plane and extending from the galactic centre to 1=±40°. The spectrum of this emission appears to be hard ( 1.2) with no significant absorption.     

The use of diamond turned & replicated wolter 1 telescopes for high sensitivity X-ray astronomy

Following the success of Einstein, it is clear that telescopes of very large area (10 cm) with angular resolution (20) are needed for deep X-ray surveys and other observations. After a discussion of these objectives, which form the basis of the NASA LAMAR mission, the design & performance of a five mirror telescope is described. The system was studied for possible flight on Spacelab to undertake observations & to act as a prototype module for LAMAR. Both diamond turning & replication methods of mirror production are discussed. The performance of a single Wolter I telescope with diamond turned mirrors will be described.     

载人月球探测深空站布局体系

针对载人月球探测,在我国现有深空测控资源的基础上,结合其他航天组织,如NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration,美国国家航空航天局)、ESA(European Space Agency,欧空局)等分布在全球的深空测控资源,提出了全球深空站布局体系.该体系包括我国深空站在内的8个地面站,大体形成“南四北四,均匀分布”的格局.并以美国“重返月球”计划深空站布局为参照,对比分析了布局体系的测控覆盖、三向测量和干涉测量共视弧段,讨论了布局干涉测量不同观测站三角的测角精度,可以为后续载人月球探测任务提供支持和参考.     

多孔氧化锆陶瓷光固化工艺及压缩性能研究

在传统陶瓷成型工艺中,制备具有复杂多孔结构的高性能陶瓷样件向来是一大难点,随着增材制造技术的引入,对于所成型样件结构的限制大大减少,但如何利用增材技术实现多孔样件的稳定制备是关键问题。针对光固化陶瓷增材成型这一制备工艺,进行了成型以及烧结过程工艺参数的研究与优化,结果表明,对于面投影式光固化陶瓷成型适用的曝光时间为5s、成型层厚为30μm、烧结温度为1480℃,利用该参数可成型具有规则多孔单元的氧化锆结构,其显微硬度及致密度分别为13.91GPa以及95%。利用工业CT模型重建,并与理论模型比对,发现多孔样件在宏观尺度上均匀;而利用压缩测试与有限元仿真对照,静态应力分布、弹性阶段动态压缩结果以及断口微观形貌均表明多孔样件在压缩性能上已达到其理论强度。通过光固化成型高性能多孔氧化锆样件,可为航空领域中轻量化设计提供新的选择。     

Techniques in balloon X-ray astronomy

The first balloon observation of a cosmic X-ray source, the Crab Nebula, was made in 1965, only three years after the initial discovery of such sources by rocket observations. Since then balloon data has provided much information on the positions, spectra, time variability and pulsed nature of localized sources, and on the spectrum and isotropy of diffuse galactic and universal components. Measurements are limited to energies above about 20 keV by atmospheric attenuation at 2–3 g cm ^–2 depth and to below several hundred keV by detector sensitivity. Detectors usually consist of large area NaI or CsI scintillation counters with anticoincidence collimators for rejection of charged particles and scattered X-rays. Proportional counters are occasionally used at lower energies and solid state detectors are used where extreme energy resolution is important. The instruments require a pointing capability on the order of 1.0 to 0.1°, depending on the collimator aperture. Digital data is either recorded on board or telemetered using a PCM technique. Exploratory work in the 0.2–10 MeV -ray range is starting now, and balloon observations may be expected to make important contributions in the near future.     

一种跨声速轴流压气机性能预测的数值方法

采用二维流线曲率法数学方法,考虑到不同因素对落后角和损失的影响,发展了一种适应于跨声速轴流压气机的落后角和损失模型.对轴流跨声速压气机NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration)Stage 37进行了数值计算,得到了设计点与非设计点的特性曲线,并与试验数据进行了...     

Flight Safety Issues of an All-Electric Aircraft

Flight safety issues of an all-electric aircraft include flight control system reliability, protection from electromagnetic interference and lightning, and protection from design errors (primarily in software) and handling qualities when failures occur if the all-electric aircraft does not have traditional aerodynamic stability. Some of these questions already have partial answers, but others remain open. The Federal Aviation Administration expects that discussions with experts in the aviation industry, the military services, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and foreign regulatory authorities for civil aircraft will be necessary to resolve these issues.     

The capabilities of a gas scintillation camera for cosmic X-ray astronomy

The capabilities of a gas scintillator camera for use in X-ray astronomy are investigated. Detailed experimental results are presented on both the position and energy resolution over the energy range 0.28 to 6 keV. The energy resolution varies from 38% to 9.5% for 0.28 keV C-K and 6 keV X-rays respectively. Position resolutions of 1.8 mm and 3.5 mm for 6 keV and 1.5 keV Al-K X-rays were obtained. Image quality and uniformity over the camera aperture are also discussed, whilst further techniques leading to improvements in position resolution are outlined. Finally applications of these cameras in conjunction with grazing incidence and coded mask X-ray optics are discussed.     

二元保形非对称膨胀喷管流场特性

利用数值模拟方法对一种与无人飞行器后体一体化设计的二元保形大宽高比非对称膨胀喷管在地面状态的流场特性进行了研究,获得了尾喷管推力性能和三维流动特征随落压比的变化趋势.结果表明:虽然二元保形非对称膨胀喷管沿横向存在非等强度膨胀,但在研究范围内最佳落压比仍主要取决于上方短膨胀面结束位置面积与喉道面积之比;沿横向不等强度膨胀...     

美国下一代深空网发展计划探析

为适应未来美国深空探测的任务,此前美国NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,国家航空航天局)对它的深空网发展的技术现状与能力进行了评估,梳理出了它们在未来深空任务中上下行通信速率需求,从而制定了美国下一代深空网的发展战略.针对此战略,梳理分析了美国深空网近年在深空通信导航领域开展的多项重大技术革新与演示验证试验,并从中剖析总结出了它的下一步的技术发展路线,期冀为我国深空测控网技术发展策略的制定提供参考.     

A strategy for investigation of the outer solar system

The requirements of systematic exploration of the outer solar system have been intensively studied by a Science Advisory Group (SAG) of consulting scientists for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Comets and Asteroids were excluded from this study, as a separate group is planning missions to these bodies. This paper and accompanying articles on specific related scientific subjects written by members of the SAG, summarize the findings and recommendations of this group. These recommendations should not be interpreted as official NASA policy. Following some general introductory remarks, a brief sketch is given of the development and current status of scientific missions to the inner planets by the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. With this perspective, the development of the U.S. program for investigation of the outer solar system is described. The scientific focus of outer solar system exploration has been studied in detail. The relationship of the outer planetary bodies to one another and to the inner planets, as parts in a unified solar system evolved from a primitive solar nebula, is emphasized. Deductions from outer solar system investigations regarding the conditions of the solar nebula at the time of planetary formation have been considered. Investigations have been proposed that are relevant to studies of the atmospheric structure and dynamics, internal structure of the planets, satellite composition and morphology, and planetary and interplanetary fields and energetic particles. The mission type and sequence required to conduct a systematic exploration of the outer solar system has been developed. Technological rationales for the suggested missions are discussed in general terms. The existing NASA program for outer solar system exploration is comprised of four missions:

1. Pioneer 10 fly-by mission to Jupiter and beyond, currently underway, with launch on 3 March 1972;
2. Pioneer G, intended for a similar mission with planned launch 2–22 April 1973; and
3. Two Mariner Jupiter/Saturn fly-bys in 1977, with experiment selection scheduled for late 1972 and detailed engineering design during 1972–74.

The Science Advisory Group advocates that detailed mission planning be undertaken on the following additional missions for launches during the late 1970's and early 1980's. Together with existing plans, these would provide a balanced, effective exploration program.

1. 1976 Pioneer Jupiter/Out-of-Ecliptic (One Mission)
2. 1979 Mariner Jupiter/Uranus Fly-bys (Two Missions)
3. 1979 Pioneer Entry Probe to Saturn 1980 Pioneer Entry Probe to Uranus via Saturn Fly-by (Three Missions)
4. 1981/1982 Mariner Jupiter Orbiter (Two Missions).

     

The gravitational fields of the major planets

The constraints placed on models of the interiors of the major planets by the non-spherical components of their gravitational fields are explained, and several methods of determining these non-spherical components are described and evaluated.Research supported in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant NGR 05-010-062.This is one of the publications by the Science Advisory Group.     

Recent observations of the Moon by spacecraft

Lunar flyby, orbiting, and landing spacecraft in the last ten years have provided an excellent definition of the nature of the lunar surface, and important information about the lunar interior. Some of the major controversies concerning the Moon appear now to be resolved.This work was sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the U.S.A. under contract NAS7-100.