斜激波极值规律的边界层影响

采用边界层理论与斜激波/膨胀波精确算法，建立一种结合Eckert参考温度法和Illingworth-Stewartson变换法优势的边界层权重算法，用于研究超声速黏性楔面边界层位移厚度对斜激波极值规律的影响。分别应用层流Navier-Stokes方程和湍流Navier-Stokes方程的CFD解算器对边界层新模型进行了算例精度评估。在来流马赫数为1.2~2.4和楔面角为3°~20°的范围内，压强比的相对误差小于0.1%。计入层流与湍流边界层影响的理论模型研究表明，边界层影响使得最优马赫数增加；对于层流边界层，最优马赫数增量约为0.001 5~0.003 3；对于湍流边界层，最优马赫数增量约为0.002 8~0.006 1。     

涡轮叶栅叶尖间隙流实验研究(英文)

This article describes the effects of some factors on the tip clearance flow in axial linear turbine cascades. The measurements of the total pressure loss coefficient are made at the cascade outlets by using a five-hole probe at exit Mach numbers of 0.10, 0.14 and 0.19. At each exit Mach number, experiments are performed at the tip clearance heights of 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 3.0% of the blade height. The effects of the non-uniform tip clearance height of each blade in the pitchwise direction are also studied. The results show that at a given tip clearance height, generally, total pressure loss rises with exit Mach numbers proportionally. At a fixed exit Mach number, the total pressure loss augments nearly proportionally as the tip clearance height increases. The increased tip clearance heights in the tip regions of two adjacent blades are to be blame for the larger clearance loss of the center blade. Compared to the effects of the tip clearance height, the effects of the exit Mach number and the pitchwise variation of the tip clearance height on the cascade total pressure loss are so less significant to be omitted.     

Self-sustained shock oscillations on airfoils at transonic speeds

Self-sustained shock wave oscillations on airfoils at transonic flow conditions are associated with the phenomenon of buffeting. The physical mechanisms of the periodic shock motion are not yet fully understood even though experiments performed over fifty years ago have demonstrated the presence of oscillatory shock waves on the airfoil surfaces at high subsonic speeds. The unsteady pressure fluctuations generated by the low-frequency large-amplitude shock motions are highly undesirable from the structural integrity and aircraft maneuverability point of view. For modern supercritical wing design with thick profiles, the shock-induced fluctuations are particularly severe and methods to reduce the shock wave amplitudes to lower values or even to delay the oscillations to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles will result in expanding the buffet boundary of the airfoil. This review begins with a recapitulation of the classical work on shock-induced bubble separation and trailing edge separation of a turbulent boundary layer. The characteristics of the unsteady pressure fluctuations are used to classify the types of shock-boundary layer interaction. The various modes of shock wave motion for different flow conditions and airfoil configurations are described. The buffet boundaries obtained using the standard trailing edge pressure divergence technique and an alternative approach of measuring the divergence of normal fluctuating forces are compared to show the equivalence. The mechanisms of self-sustained shock oscillations are discussed for symmetrical circular-arc airfoils at zero incidence and for supercritical airfoils at high incidence angles with fully separated flows. The properties of disturbances in the wake are examined from linear stability analysis of two-dimensional compressible flows. The advances in high-speed computing make predictions of buffeting flows possible. Navier–Stokes solvers and approximate boundary layer-inviscid flow interaction methods are shown to give good correlation of frequencies and other unsteady flow characteristics with experiments. Finally, passive and active methods of shock oscillation control show promising results in delaying buffet onset to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles, thus enhancing the transonic performance of airfoils.     

几何尺寸对高超声速进气道气动性能的影响

为了探索模型缩尺比对高超声速进气道气动性能的影响,对不同缩尺比的二元高超声速进气道开展了数值模拟研究,结果表明：随着缩尺比的增大,进气道流量系数、隔离段出口总压恢复系数和马赫数均逐渐增大,而静压比逐渐减小,且来流马赫数越高,上述参数变化幅度越大。由理论与数值模拟分析可知,上述现象主要是由于不同缩尺比下,进气道当地雷诺数不同,导致进气道附面层相对厚度变化,进而影响进气道气动性能。理论分析了进气道总压恢复系数与缩尺比的定量关系,就进气道而言,进气道进口处附面层相对厚度减小1%,隔离段出口总压恢复系数提高约0.7%。     

零质量射流对开式空腔气动噪声抑制效果分析

高速开式空腔流动,腔内存在较复杂的流场结构,在一定条件下腔内存在较为严重的压力、速度等脉动,诱发强烈噪声,声压级(SPL)甚至可高达170 dB,对腔内的储藏物与空腔自身结构安全构成较大威胁,因此开式空腔噪声抑制方法成为争相研究的热点.为此,对跨、超声速流动条件（马赫数Ma=0.9,1.5）下有、无零质量射流时开式空腔...     

一种前体加宽型高超声速进气道试验方案研究

 根据矩形截面高超声速进气道前体的流动特征,对一种前体加宽型高超声速进气道试验方案开展了数值仿真及高焓风洞试验研究。首先,对不同前体宽度的高超声速进气道开展了三维数值仿真研究,结果显示:随着前体宽度的增加,进气道的流量系数和静压比逐渐增加,而总压恢复系数和隔离段出口马赫数逐渐减小,表现为先急后缓,且当来流马赫数和来流攻角变化时依旧保持上述变化规律。其次,对前体加宽型高超声速进气道试验方案开展了高焓风洞试验研究,结果表明:加宽前体可有效地提高进气道的流量系数,较为真实地反映此类进气道的流动特征,试验结果与数值仿真结果吻合较好。考虑到进气道性能参数随前体宽度变化规律表现为先急后缓,建议在试验条件下前体宽度比取0.5~0.8之间较为适宜。     

来流马赫数对附面层的影响

本文从附面层积分方程出发, 定性地分析了当表面压力系数 C_p分布相同时, 在保证Re数相等的条件下进口 Ma数对附面层发展的影响。并且用数值方法进行了模拟。与此同时用数值方法对由于表面曲率和自由流紊流度所引起的影响作出估计。结果表明; 在表面压力系数分布和 Re相同的情形下, 进口Ma数, 直到临界值附近时, 所引起的附面层的变化量是很小的, 一般在工程允许的误差范围之内。表面曲率所引起的变化同马赫数引起的变化相近, 而进口自由流紊流度引起的变化较之前两者较为明显。      

亚声速无人机S弯进气道的多点多目标优化设计

为提高亚声速无隔道式S弯进气道的整体气动性能,本文以提高总压恢复系数和降低畸变指数为设计目标,结合高精度数值模拟方法与第二代非劣排序遗传算法（NSGA-II）,开展了无隔道式S弯进气道在马赫数0.25和0.7时的多目标优化设计。整个优化流程基于400个样本,最终得到四幅有效Pareto前沿图。从总压畸变Pareto前沿图中选取出优化算例并与原始进气道进行对比,结果表明：优化后的进气道中心线斜率入口段小、出口段大,而横截面面积分布的曲线斜率恰好相反;优化后的进气道低压区缩小、流动分离得到有效的控制;虽然总压恢复系数提高有限,但是总压畸变得到大幅降低,在马赫数为0.25和0.7时,分别降低15.86%和23.61%。优化后的进气道在马赫数0.25~0.7范围内的整体性能得到有效改善。本文把优化设计方法进一步推广应用于3个马赫数下的多点多目标优化设计,并得到了三维Pareto前沿图。     

跨声速压气机动叶平面叶栅实验

对某跨声速压气机动叶根部叶型平面叶栅流场在不同冲角和进口等熵马赫数下进行了详细的测量,得到了冲角特性曲线和叶片表面及端壁静压.结果表明:负冲角及零冲角时,叶栅出口总压损失系数随进口等熵马赫数增加变化不大,而在正冲角时变化较大.相同进口等熵马赫数下,负冲角和零冲角时,叶片负荷较高;正冲角时,由于气流分离严重,叶片负荷下降,叶栅出口总压损失系数升高.随冲角由负冲角向正冲角增加,气流落后角逐渐增大,叶栅出口总压损失系数先减小后增大,最小值为0.034.冲角相同时,随进口等熵马赫数增加,叶栅出口总压损失系数总体呈增加趋势.      

双模态冲压发动机高超进气道的实验研究

设计了侧压角为6°,后掠角45°,斜楔板压缩角分别为4°和8°的两套带隔离段的高超三维侧压式进气道,通过风洞实验研究了来流马赫数、出口反压、斜楔板压缩角以及隔离段等对进气道性能的影响.实验结果表明,在高来流马赫数及较小的斜楔板压缩角时,进气道的流量系数、总压恢复系数较高.总增压比在不同斜楔板压缩角时基本保持不变.     

计算流体动力学在航天飞行器射流逆流中的应用

超声速射流逆流通常用于导弹、航天飞机、卫星和飞船等飞行器运动状态的控制。欠膨胀超声速射流逆流的流场包含有多激波（如弓形激波和马赫盘）、接触间断和剪切层，其结构非常复杂。本文采用激波高分辨率有限差分（ＴＶＤ）格式，对恒定自由流条件，各种不同射流出出口压比的超声速轴对称逆射流进行了数值模拟，且对各种条件下的物理现象给予了分析。计算的马赫盘和弓形激波位置与实验值相吻合，为此类流动问题提供了一种有效的预测     

超音速进气道建模方法研究

对某可调混压进气道在不同攻角、不同马赫数、不同斜板角度下进行了大量的数值计算。给出了设计状态下进气道内外流场特征;分析了攻角变化对进气道流场的影响;以数值仿真结果为基础,利用B样条理论建立了反映攻角、马赫数及可调斜板角度变化的超声速进气道数学模型。根据此数学模型,分析了攻角和进口气流马赫数对进气道性能的影响,同时给出了斜板对进气道性能的影响。      

开启方式对短舱泄压门性能特性影响

对不同开启方式下短舱泄压门性能特性进行了数值模拟,并根据NACA TN4007报告中的试验数据验证了数值计算的正确性,在此基础上,研究了在不同马赫数(Ma=0.5,0.7,0.9)和不同压力比(Rp=1.2,1.4,1.6)下开启方式对泄压门排放性能和受力特性的影响。计算结果表明:在一定马赫数下,泄压门排放系数随压力比的增加而增加;而在一定压力比下,泄压门排放系数随马赫数的升高而减小;在开启方式2下泄压门排放系数略优于开启方式1下,由于开启方式1下泄压门平行于来流,因此开启方式1下泄压门推力系数远小于开启方式2下,而泄压门力矩系数高于开启方式2下,约为开启方式2下的2倍。      

二维超音速进气道性能实验研究

介绍几何喉道上游具有不同进口侧板、不同槽宽的附面层吸除槽和槽腔出口不同放气孔面积的二维超音速进气道,在自由流马赫数:Ma_∞=1.793,2.037,2.292,2.557;攻角:α=0°,3°,6°,10°,-6°条件下的实验研究结果。讨论了零攻角下,有无吸除时进气道的流型、性能和不同侧板、吸除槽宽、放气孔面积对进气道性能的影响。分析了二维超音速进气道的攻角特性;描述了进气道结尾波系随下游反压增高时的波系演变图案,录相显示了具有一定槽宽、一定吸除量的实验模型具有连续的气动特征,如同全外压式进气道那样,结尾波系从超临界连续地通过槽区到达亚临界。     

氢在超音速气流中的燃烧过程

氢燃料超音速燃烧冲压发动机(简称超燃冲压)为主体的吸气式组合动力装置,已被证明是空天飞机推进器的最佳方案[1]。因而研究氢在超音速气流中的燃烧过程是一个重要的课题。国外近年来进行了大量的有关理论与实验研究工作[2、3],但大多数的研究停留在氢处于静止与等压状态下的反应过程。在超燃燃烧室中的实际燃烧过程,由于不同的燃烧室进口气流状态,大体有以下三种基本类型:扩散型燃烧、扩散动力型燃烧、动力型燃烧。      

Shock wave configurations and reflection hysteresis outside a planar Laval nozzle

When the pressure ratio increases from the perfectly expanded condition to the third limited condition in which a normal shock is located on the exit plane, shock wave configurations outside the nozzle can be further assorted as no shock wave on the perfectly expanded condition, weak oblique shock reflection in the regular reflection(RR) pressure ratio condition, shock reflection hysteresis in the dual-solution domain of pressure ratio condition, Mach disk configurations in the Mach reflection(MR) pressure ratio condition, the strong oblique shock wave configurations in the corresponding condition, and a normal shock forms on the exit plane in the third limited condition. Every critical pressure ratio, especially under regular reflection and Mach reflection pressure ratio conditions, is deduced in the paper according to shock wave reflection theory. A hysteresis phenomenon is also theoretically possible in the dual-solution domain. For a planar Laval nozzle with the cross-section area ratio being 5, different critical pressure ratios are counted in these conditions, and numerical simulations are made to demonstrate these various shock wave configurations outside the nozzle. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations are made to get a more detailed understanding about the shock wave structures outside a Laval nozzle and the RRMMR transition in the dual-solution domain.     

超声速气流中凹槽结构煤油喷射和掺混研究

针对凹槽超声速气流中的喷射掺混现象开展了实验和数值计算研究。实验中采用了高速阴影法和PLIF(Plane laser induced fluorescence)方法详细地记录了实验现象。结合高速阴影得到的喷射和掺混随时间的流动变化过程,分析了其流动结构和机理。针对在凹槽内喷射的方案研究了喷射压力(1.0 MPa,3.0 MPa,4.0 MPa)、喷射角度(45°,90°)、来流总压和马赫数对掺混的影响。结果表明:在高速气流中,煤油破碎雾化机理依赖于大速度差、强剪切气流作用。煤油雾化区和来流空气混合边界存在涡结构。对小孔(d=0.4 mm)喷射,即使在高压(4.0 MPa)垂直喷射条件下,煤油射流产生的弓形激波强度也较弱。由于剪切层的存在导致上述参数变化对煤油穿透深度的影响较小。     

Investigation of straightforward impedance eduction method on single-degree-of-freedom acoustic liners

In order to address the current aircraft noise problem, the knowledge of impedance of acoustic liners subjected to high-intensity sound and grazing flow is of crucial importance to the design of high-efficiency acoustic nacelles. To this end, the present study is twofold. Firstly, the StraightForward impedance eduction Method (SFM) is evaluated by the strategy that the impedance of a liner specimen is firstly experimentally educed on a flow duct using the SFM, and then its accuracy is checked by comparing the numerical prediction with the measured wall sound pressure of the flow duct. Secondly, the effects of grazing flow and high-intensity sound on the impedance behavior of two single-layer liners are investigated based on comparisons between educed impedance and predictions by three impedance models. The performance of the SFM is validated by showing that the educed impedance leads to excellent agreement between the simulation and the measured wall sound pressure for different grazing flow Mach numbers and Sound Pressure Levels (SPLs) and over a frequency range from 3000?Hz down to 500?Hz. The grazing flow effect generally has the tendency that the acoustic resistance exhibits a slight decrease before it increases linearly with an increase in Mach, predicted successfully by the sound-vortex interaction theoretical model and the Kooi semi-empirical impedance model. However, the Goodrich semi-empirical impedance model gives only a simple linear relation of acoustic resistance starting from Mach zero. Additionally, when the SPL increases from 110 to 140?dB in the present investigation, the acoustic resistance exhibits a significant increase at all frequencies in the absence of flow; however, the resistance decreases slightly under a grazing flow of Mach 0.117. It indicates that the SPL effect can be greatly inhibited when flow is present, and the grazing flow effect can be reduced partly as well at a relatively high SPL.     

扰流板进气总压畸变试验

在吊舱进气道进口安装扰流板进行试验,研究扰流板进气畸变的影响因素及总压畸变特征。试验得到了进气道出口若干马赫数下进气总压畸变的定量数据,研究了进气道出口压力分布和畸变指数随飞行马赫数、扰流板堵塞比、进气道出口马赫数的变化关系。试验结果表明：进气道出口对应点总压恢复系数随扰流板堵塞比和进气道出口马赫数的减小而增大,几乎不随飞行马赫数发生变化;受扰流板、飞行侧滑角以及发动机低压转子转向影响,进气道出口局部区域存在高压区,高压区域的大小和位置随飞行马赫数、扰流板堵塞比、进气道出口马赫数的变化而变化;各总压畸变指数随扰流板堵塞比和进气道出口马赫数增大而增大,飞行马赫数对畸变指数影响很小。同时,数值计算了不同飞行马赫数下进气道出口总压畸变特征及周向稳态畸变指数,与试验结果结论一致,验证了试验结果的可靠性,也证明了数值计算在总压畸变研究中的有效性。研究工作为进一步的空中逼喘试验奠定了基础。     

跨音压气机叶栅的激波结构模型及损失

在分析讨论激波与附面层相互作用和栅后背压引起激波形状及强度变化的基础上, 给出了考虑激波/附面层相互作用及栅后背压的跨音叶栅激波结构的物理数学模型。应用本文所提出的模型分析了跨音叶栅的激波损失, 其结果和实验结果一致。激波损失的精确得出, 使得将激波与附面层相互作用所引起的流动分离损失从流动总损失中分离出来成为可能, 有助于了解激波与附面层相互作用引起流动分离的机理。