Numerical study of test gas vitiation effects on hydrogen-fueled scramjet combustion

The effects of major vitiated species (H₂O and CO₂) and minor vitiated species (H,OH and O radicals) produced by combustion air preheater on ignition and combustion of hydrogen-fueled scramjet were numerically investigated.Firstly,kinetic analyses with CHEMKIN SENKIN code were conducted to evaluate the effects of contamination on the ignition delay times of hydrogen fuel over a range of temperature and pressure variations.Then numerical simulation of a three-dimensional reacting flow in hydrogen-fueled scramjet combustor was performed.The two-equation shear stress transport κ-ω turbulence model was used for modeling turbulence and 33 reactions finite-rate chemistry was used for modeling the H₂/air kinetics.The results show that: free radical species such as H,O,and OH may significantly promote the ignition process of hydrogen-air at relatively low initial temperature and pressure.However,H₂O and CO₂ have inhibition effects on the ignition process.Under the same conditions,H₂O has more effective inhibition effects than CO₂.The temperature and pressure rise due to combustion are lower in the air vitiated with H₂O and CO₂ because of their higher heat capacities and more dissociation.Combustion efficiency and thrust calculated for vitiated air case are lower than clean air case.These results indicate the importance of accounting for vitiation effects when extrapolating performance data from ground test to flight demonstration.      

速度比对气-气喷嘴燃烧性能的影响

为研究应用于全流量补燃循环发动机的气-气喷嘴,开展气氢/气氧为推进剂的同轴剪切喷嘴的热试试验研究。通过测量燃烧室压力和燃烧室壁面温度,研究氢氧速度比变化对燃烧效率和对燃烧室热载荷的影响。结果显示燃烧效率受到速度比和推进剂喷射绝对速度的影响;燃烧室热载荷随速度比增大而增大。气-气喷注器的设计应选择小的氧喷注压降和适合的速度比。     

来流条件对SFRJ燃速及自持燃烧性能的影响

为了研究来流条件对固体燃料燃速以及自持燃烧性能的影响规律,采用3阶单调迎风格式(MUSCL)重构方法,AUSMPW⁺通量分裂格式,k-w剪切应力输运(SST)湍流模型,7组分3反应有限速率化学反应模型以及2阶矩湍流燃烧模型,编制了二维轴对称湍流燃烧仿真程序。仿真结果显示:来流质量流率和总温的增加会提高燃速,温度和质量通量的影响指数大约为0.95~1.00和0.67;来流条件影响燃速的主要机理是壁面附近温度和湍流黏性的变化,其中湍流黏性是主要影响因素;随着质量流率的增加,特征速度逐渐降低,当入口马赫数接近1时,特征速度大约为850 m/s,固体燃料将无法自持燃烧。     

Combustion characterization of hydrazinium nitrate/energetic binder/Alex based model propellants

The hydrazinium nitrate (N₂H₄1HNO₃HN) can be considered as a candidate for using instead of ammonium perchlorate (AP) in eco-friendly solid propellant formulations. In combination with energetic binder it provides reasonably high energetic parameters of solid propellant. In addition, the substitution of AP by HN leads to decrease in the combustion temperature. The combustion of the HN based metallized propellants containing energetic binder has been investigated. The effect of partial substitution of commercial Al powder by Alex on the propellant combustion characteristics has been examined. The burning law was measured in the pressure range 20–80 atm, the ignition delay time and temperature profile were measured at atmospheric pressure. Some qualitative observations on the combustion behavior of the propellants under study have been made by analyzing the video camera and recoil force transducer records.     

结冰翼型表面明冰的压力分布和应力计算

在不同来流速度和攻角下,比较分析了冰型外部压力分布的变化规律,计算分析了外部压力分布对表面冰型的力学特性影响规律,研究了冰型和蒙皮界面间最大剪切应力的变化规律,并结合剪切强度随界面温度变化的实验曲线,分析了最大剪切应力对冰层脱落的贡献.计算结果表明:最大剪切应力是剪切强度的5.48%,因此气动力对冰层的脱落贡献不大;当开启热除冰装置后,由于蒙皮表面温度的不断上升,冰型和蒙皮界面间剪切强度的下降,当表面温度为-2℃时,最大剪切应力超过剪切强度的10%,此位置可能率先产生破裂,从而加速冰层的脱落.      

H2O污染对煤油燃料超燃冲压发动机燃烧室性能影响的数值模拟

在超声速燃烧设备上进行了带凹槽的直连式双模态煤油燃料超燃冲压发动机污染与纯空气来流的对比试验.为了研究来流污染对超燃冲压发动机试验性能的影响,在相同的试验气体参数(马赫数为2,总温约为828K和总压约为800kPa)下,对带凹槽煤油燃料燃烧室进行了一系列对比燃烧试验.采用AHL3D软件对3个试验条件的燃烧室反应流场进行了数值模拟.计算和试验得到的压强分布比较接近且趋势一致.通过数值模拟获得反应流场的细节,探究污染影响的机理.      

液氧/甲烷火焰和燃烧不稳定性试验

为了解液氧/甲烷火焰在外界扰动作用下的表现,增进对燃烧不稳定性的理解,分别对两种喷剪切同轴式喷嘴结构进行了试验,试验采用单喷嘴矩形模型燃烧室,液氧以液态从中心喷嘴喷注,甲烷以气态从同轴的环形腔喷注。试验中,压力调节装置上的齿轮间断性地堵住和打开安装在燃烧室底部和主喷管旁边的辅助喷管出口,分别向燃烧室输入高频扰动。采用高速照相机记录火焰的OH辐射量,并采用阴影和纹影技术记录液氧的喷雾过程。试验成功激发起了燃烧室一阶横向和一阶纵向振型,在高频扰动作用下,还产生了两次强低频振荡。讨论了分离火焰的特征及其液氧射流在外界扰动作用下的表现和影响参数。     

氮气压力对自蔓延燃烧法合成AlN的影响

以铝粉、NH4F为原料,Nb为添加剂,在N2压力小于0.5 MPa条件下,用高温SHS成功地合成了AlN粉体。研究了添加剂和N2压力对燃烧合成的影响,运用TG/DSC考察了粉末原料的氮化过程,采用XRD、SEM对粉体的物相、显微形貌进行观察表征。研究结果表明,当Al/NH4F=4,在添加剂Nb的作用下,合成的AlN粉体颗粒分布均匀、氧含量低且具有良好结晶形态;在反应前、中期,合适N2压力有助于提高粉体的转化率。     

Influences of Mechanical Vibration on Rapidly Solidified Al2O3/YSZ Ceramics Prepared by Combustion Synthesis

Al2O3/YSZ composite ceramics was fabricated with combustion synthesis technology, and the influences of mechanical vibration on its microstructures and properties were investigated. It is found that under the mechanical vibration of ever-increasing frequency, increasing combustion temperature, accelerating ceramics/metal liquid-liquid separation and quickening ceramic solidification could not only reduce the average diameter and the size distribution of aligned ZrO2 nano-micron fibers in rod-shaped Al2O3 matrix grains, but also make the randomly-oriented rod-shaped grains finer and increase their aspect ratios. As a result, a remarkable increase in flexural strength and fracture toughness of the ceramics can be observed.     

Influences of Mechanical Vibration on Rapidly Solidified Al_2O_3/YSZ Ceramics Prepared by Combustion Synthesis

Al2O3/YSZ composite ceramics was fabricated with combustion synthesis technology, and the influences of mechanical vibration on its microstructures and properties were investigated. It is found that under the mechanical vibration of ever-increasing frequency, increasing combustion temperature, accelerating ceramics/metal liquid-liquid separation and quickening ceramic solidification could not only reduce the average diameter and the size distribution of aligned ZrO2 nano-micron fibers in rod-shaped Al2O3 matrix grains, but also make the randomly-oriented rod-shaped grains finer and increase their aspect ratios. As a result, a remarkable increase in flexural strength and fracture toughness of the ceramics can be observed.     

动压气体止推轴承间隙气动热及流动特性分析

以波箔型动压气体止推轴承为研究对象,建立变截面气膜间隙润滑模型,研究了有无黏性耗散时动压气体止推轴承间隙压力场及温度场分布,获得几何参数以及转速对轴承间隙气膜压力和温度的影响规律。结果表明：考虑黏性耗散时,在收敛段末端和平直段外缘形成高温区;无黏性耗散时,轴承气膜高温区位于收敛间隙末端;轴承气膜温升随转速线性增加;考虑黏性耗散时,气膜温升随楔形因子的增加而减小,无黏性耗散热时则与之相反;气膜厚度越大,温升越小,厚度对轴承气膜温度分布无影响。本文参数范围内,黏性耗散产生的温升占比达90%。该研究证实了黏性耗散对动压气体止推轴承热流动物理机制有重要的影响,可为动压气体轴承设计和高效运行提供理论基础。     

RP-3航空煤油层流燃烧特性的实验

为了阐明RP-3航空煤油的燃烧特性,在定容燃烧反应器中实验测量了初始压力分别为0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7MPa、初始温度分别为390,420,450K、当量比范围为0.6~1.6时,RP-3航空煤油的层流燃烧速度与马克斯坦长度,分析了初始温度、压力以及当量比对火焰发展结构、层流燃烧速度及马克斯坦长度的影响.结果表明:随着初始温度的升高或初始压力的降低,RP-3航空煤油的层流燃烧速度逐渐升高;随着当量比由0.6升高至1.6,层流燃烧速度呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当当量比为1.2时,层流燃烧速度最大.随着初始压力或当量比的降低,马克斯坦长度逐渐增大,火焰稳定性增强;初始温度对马克斯坦长度的影响不明显,当当量比为0.9~1.1时,随着初始温度的升高,马克斯坦长度逐渐减小,但当当量比为1.2~1.5时,马克斯坦长度则有所增大.      

Effects of pressure oscillation on aerodynamic characteristics in an aero-engine combustor

The effects of pressure oscillation on aerodynamic characteristics in an aero-engine combustor are investigated. A combustor test rig is designed to simulate the pressure drop characteristics of a practical annular combustor. The pressure drop characteristics are firstly measured under atmosphere condition with non-reacting flow (or cold flow), and the air mass flow proportion of each component (dome/liner) are obtained; these properties are base lines for comparison with combustion state. The combustion tests are then carried out under conditions of inlet temperature 340–450 K, fuel air ratio 0.010–0.028. The stability map and the oscillation frequencies are obtained in the tests, the results show that pressure oscillation amplitude increases with the increase of fuel air ratio. Phase trajectory reconstruction is applied to classify the pressure oscillation motion; there are three motions captured in the tests including: “disk”, “ring” and “cluster”. The pressure drops across the dome under strong pressure oscillation are distinctly divergent from the cold flow, and the changes of pressure drops are mainly affected by pressure oscillation amplitude, but is less influenced by pressure oscillation motion nor oscillation frequencies. Based on the mass flow conservation, the reduction of effective flow area of combustor under strong pressure oscillation is demonstrated. Liner wall temperatures are analyzed through Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) method to estimate the reduction of the air mass flow proportion of the liner cooling under strong pressure oscillation. Finally, the air mass flow proportions of each component under strong pressure oscillation are estimated, the results show that the pressure oscillation motion also has influence on air mass flow proportion.     

带压燃烧场2D温度分布的激光吸收光谱测量初步研究

以实现冲压发动机等高压燃烧流场诊断为目标,采用可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术对带压的燃烧流场温度诊断进行初步研究。使用一种光谱适应的CT重构二维温度方法,以误差平方和和零均值归一化互相关作为评价指标分析CT-TDLAS的重构精度。搭建带压燃烧腔温度分布测量的实验系统,使用压力传感器和CCD相机记录带压点火燃烧过程变化;使用1335-1375nm的宽波段可调节半导体激光器对燃烧腔内带压点火燃烧过程进行了时间分辨的二维温度重建。实验结果表明：CT-TDLAS具有较高的重构精度;燃烧过程的压力变化趋势,火焰变化趋势及时间分辨二维温度分布变化趋势,三者保持一致;在带压条件下,CT-TDLAS可以实现高分辨率的时间分辨温度测量,反应定量的温度分布变化信息,为带压及进一步的高温高压燃烧流场的诊断提供帮助。     

均三甲苯层流燃烧特性实验

为了深入了解均三甲苯的层流燃烧特性及影响因素,利用高速纹影技术和定容燃烧弹开展了相关研究,得到了不同初始条件下的层流燃烧速度和Markstein长度等参数,结合均三甲苯化学反应机理揭示了不同初始条件下导致层流燃烧速度变化的关键基元反应,进而得到了不同初始条件下均三甲苯/空气的层流燃烧速度拟合经验公式,最后对拟合公式进行了验证表明该经验公式能较为准确地预测不同初始条件下均三甲苯/空气的层流燃烧速度。研究结果表明:均三甲苯/空气的层流燃烧速度与预混气体的初始温度呈正相关,与初始压力呈负相关;Markstein长度与预混气体的初始温度和初始压力均呈负相关。      

双燃式冲压发动机中富油燃气射流的超燃研究

在空气流量1.2kg/s左右的地面连管试验台上，研究了双册槽结构的超燃室中多股高温富油燃气射流的超燃特性。试验结果表明，超燃点火可靠，火焰稳定，超燃效率可达0.8以上。因此超燃新方案是可行的。     

驻涡燃烧室蒸发管供油装置的雾化蒸发性能试验

设计了两种适用于驻涡燃烧室的蒸发管供油装置,并通过试验研究了两种蒸发管在不同环境温度、气液比、蒸发管雾化用气温度、流速等条件下的雾化蒸发性能.试验结果表明,这些条件对蒸发管的雾化蒸发性能均有较大影响,而且不同蒸发管出口轴向位置处的雾化性能也有较大差别.比较两种蒸发管的雾化性能后,选择其中较好的一种蒸发管作为涡轮级间驻涡燃烧室的供油装置,燃烧性能试验的结果表明,采用此种蒸发管的驻涡燃烧室具有较高的燃烧效率、较宽的稳定燃烧范围和较低的壁面温度.      

含铝固体燃料冲压发动机工作性能分析

为探究含铝固体燃料冲压发动机的燃烧特性和工作性能，基于纳米铝颗粒和端羟基聚丁二烯（HTPB）的混合固体燃料，采用雷诺转捩模型、颗粒表面反应模型和涡概念耗散模型，建立了二维两相湍流燃烧模型；数值计算分析了含铝固体燃料冲压发动机内流场，以及不同含铝质量分数和粒径下的燃面退移速率、推力与比冲。结果表明：发动机的进气条件对颗粒相的燃烧与运动起主导作用；与纯HTPB推进剂相比，添加质量分数为5%的铝颗粒能够提高补燃室压强和温度，增大燃烧室内高温区面积，可使推进剂平均燃面退移速率提高18.53%，发动机推力提高21.37%，密度比冲提高2.38%，适当增加铝颗粒含量或减小粒径，对提高推进剂燃面退移速率、发动机推力和密度比冲具有积极作用。     

支板火箭引射冲压发动机引射模态燃烧流动 (Ⅱ )二次燃烧及构型的影响

对比研究了两种构型的支板火箭引射冲压发动机引射模态的瞬时掺混燃烧(SMC)三维掺混和反应流场，详细分析了静态海平面零马赫数情况下燃烧及构型对引射流场的影响，发现几何构型和二次燃烧的综合影响决定了引射掺混后流体的速度、总温、总压及引射流量，从而也主要确定了发动机的性能，其中构型因素主要决定了掺混的质量，从而决定了低速模态的性能。     

中心支板式RBCC发动机引射模态流动与燃烧研究

为了深入认识引射模态工作机理,针对中心支板式RBCC发动机,在飞行马赫数2、不同内置火箭流量时的工作情况进行了全流道一体化的数值模拟,并对其内流场特征、火箭射流/引射空气掺混发展特征以及复合型释热规律和火焰结构等开展了详细分析。研究发现:RBCC发动机引射模态下的流动掺混燃烧过程是一个复杂且高度耦合的过程。在即时预混燃烧(SMC)模式下,燃烧过程主要在内置火箭射流与来流空气之间形成的剪切层内进行;流道上游剪切层厚度较薄,温度和组分浓度梯度较大,掺混速率快;高释热区集中分布在流道上游,可分为超声速释热区和亚声速释热区;流道内的燃烧反应以扩散燃烧为主,随着掺混过程的进行逐渐向预混燃烧过渡。提高火箭流量,流道内温度升高,反应持续距离增加,但掺混效率降低。