操纵面对跨声速机翼气动弹性特性的影响

 运用基于非定常CFD的气动力辨识技术,得到跨声速非定常气动力降阶模型。耦合结构动力学方程,建立了基于状态空间的跨声速气动弹性分析模型。分析了典型三自由度二元机翼的颤振边界,分析结果与CFD/CSD直接耦合方法吻合。然后研究了操纵面结构参数（固有频率和重心位置）对跨声速气动弹性特性的影响。研究发现,一些传统的结构设计准则和颤振排除技术未必适用于跨声速状态;操纵面偏转模态常常成为诱发跨声速颤振的主要模态;经典的质量平衡技术可能会降低跨声速气动弹性系统的稳定性。     

两种跨声速气动弹性问题分析研究

在非结构运动网格基础上,采用中心有限体积法进行空间离散和双时间方法进行时间推进求解非定常欧拉方程.通过与气动力方程的联立求解,在时域内用四步龙格-库塔方法求解结构运动方程.分析和研究了二维嗡鸣和三维机翼颤振这两种跨声速非线性气动弹性问题.二维嗡鸣问题的研究考虑了翼面-舵面系统的缝隙间网格运动、缝隙对嗡鸣的影响和扰流片对嗡鸣的抑制.耦合多自由度Lagrange结构运动方程数值模拟了三维机翼的颤振问题.通过跨声速标模算例AGARD445.6机翼的颤振计算,计算的颤振临界速度与实验值有5%左右的误差,验证本方法的正确性.由于本方法是在对外形具有良好普适性的非结构动网格基础上完成的,具有良好的工程实践价值.     

飞行器跨声速区俯仰力矩系数建模方法研究

飞行器气动力建模的准确性对其飞控系统设计、仿真和飞行性能分析有显著影响.在跨声速区马赫数变化对飞行器气动力影响显著,并且呈严重非线性,而在通常的气动力建模方法中却很少考虑马赫数的影响.本文对此问题进行了研究,根据某空空导弹和某返回舱俯仰力矩系数在跨声速区体现出来的特点,提出并建立了俯仰力矩系数随马赫数变化的概率函数模型.采用遗传算法辨识得到了某空空导弹和某返回舱的俯仰力矩系数建模结果,与风洞试验数据的比较表明,本文提出的概率函数模型确实比较好地描述了这些飞行器俯仰力矩系数在跨声速区随马赫数的变化规律.     

Review of unsteady transonic aerodynamics: Theory and applications

Unsteady transonic flow theory is reviewed and classical results from the nonlinear asymptotic theory are combined with new results from computational fluid dynamics. The emphasis is on applications to the field of aeroelasticity and on clarifying the limitations of linearized theories in problems involving mixed subsonic-supersonic flows. The inherent differences between nonlinear transonic aerodynamics and linear subsonic and supersonic aerodynamics are considered from a theoretical and computational standpoint, and the practical implications of these differences in formulating suitable aerodynamic models for aeroelastic stability calculations are discussed. Transonic similarity principles are reviewed and their relevance in understanding flutter, divergence, and control reversal phenomena of transonic aircraft is illustrated through practical examples.     

基于高精度模态气动力的跨声速静弹高效分析方法

跨声速静弹分析一直是工程设计中的难点问题,以模态坐标系下的线性静弹方程为基础,提出了基于高精度模态气动力的跨声速静弹高效分析方法,该方法仍需求解线性静弹方程,但对于其中关键的模态变形引起的弹性气动力增量,采用由结构变形到气动力的单向计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)/计算结构动力学(Computational Structural Dynamics,CSD)耦合方法获得,实现了高效线性方法与高精度CFD/CSD耦合方法的有效融合。以某小展弦比机翼基本状态、舵偏状态以及某型战斗机跨声速副翼效率的静弹分析为例,对比分析了本文方法、经典线性方法、CFD/CSD耦合方法的计算结果以及某型机的试飞辨识结果。分析结果表明,所提出的方法在计算效率、精度和鲁棒性方面具备综合优势,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

旁路放气循环高速单轴涡喷发动机安装性能模拟

针对Ma3.5旁路放气循环单轴涡喷发动机,提出一种压气机旁路放气计算方法,建立基于进/排气系统特性数据库的涡轮发动机安装性能计算模型,分析压气机旁路放气对压气机共同工作线和发动机高空高速推力性能的影响,给出压气机旁路放气量的调节原则,计算发动机安装性能、进/排气安装阻力沿飞行轨迹的变化规律。计算结果表明:当飞行马赫数大于2.3后需打开压气机旁路放气,旁路放气阀门面积和放气流量均随着飞行马赫数的增大基本呈线性增大趋势;通过压气机旁路放气,可显著改善单轴涡喷发动机在高空高速飞行条件下的稳定性和安装推力性能,在飞行马赫数3.0附近,可实现安装推力提高30%以上;在跨声速至飞行马赫数2.0区间内,推力安装损失最大,约为非安装推力的25%～30%。     

CFD/CSD-based flutter prediction method for experimental models in a transonic wind tunnel with porous wall

To predict the flutter dynamic pressure of a wind tunnel model before flutter test, an accurate Computational Fluid Dynamics/Computational Structural Dynamics (CFD/CSD)-based flutter prediction method is proposed under the conditions of a 2.4 m × 2.4 m transonic wind tunnel with porous wall. From the CFD simulations of the flows through an inclined hole of this wind tunnel, the Nambu’s linear porous wall model between the flow rate and the differential pressure is extended to the porous wall with inclined holes, so that the porous wall can be conveniently modeled as a boundary condition. According to the flutter testing approach for the current wind tunnel, the steady CFD calculation is conducted to achieve the required inlet Mach number. A time-domain CFD/CSD method is then employed to evaluate the structural response of the experimental model, and the critical flutter point is obtained by increasing the dynamic pressure step by step at a fixed Mach number. The present method is applied to the flutter calculations for a vertical tail model and an aircraft model tested in the current transonic wind tunnel. For both models, the computed flutter characteristics agree well with the experimental results.     

Aeroelastic response of a 2-D airfoil in a compressible flow field and exposed to blast loading

This paper deals with the generation and use of proper aerodynamic indicial functions toward the aeroelastic formulation of two-dimensional lifting surfaces in the subsonic compressible, linearized transonic, supersonic and hypersonic flight speed regimes. The indicial function approach enables one to treat in an unified way (i.e. in the time and frequency domains) the subcritical aeroelastic response and the flutter instability of lifting surfaces. Validations of the aerodynamic model are documented and excellent agreements are reported. In addition, closed form solutions and aerodynamic derivatives for different flight speed regimes are obtained; comparisons, and results displaying the aeroelastic response to blast loads are presented, and pertinent conclusions are outlined.     

Coupled simulation of flow-structure interaction in turbomachinery

The aeroelastic behaviour of vibrating blade assemblies is usually investigated in the frequency domain where the determination of aeroelastic stability boundaries is separated from the computation of linearized unsteady aerodynamic forces. However, nonlinear fluid-structure interaction caused by oscillating shocks or strong flow separation may significantly influence the aerodynamic damping and hence effect a shift of stability boundaries. In order to investigate such aeroelastic phenomena, the governing equations of structural and fluid motion have to be simultaneously integrated in time.In this paper a technique is presented which analyses the flutter behaviour of turbomachinery bladings in the time domain. The structural part of the governing aeroelastic equations is time-integrated according to the algorithm of Newmark, while the unsteady airloads are computed at every time step by a Navier–Stokes code. The link between the two time integrations is an automatic grid generation in which the used mesh is dynamically deformed so that it conforms with the deflected blades at every time step.The computed time series of the aeroelastic simulation of an assembly of highly loaded compressor blades vibrating freely in transonic flow are presented. The energy transfer between fluid and structure is here dominated by vibrating shocks and shock-boundary layer interaction. It is investigated if the predicted aeroelastic stability boundaries differ from those of a linearised method.     

先进战斗机气动弹性设计综述

中国新一代战斗机的研发引领了飞机设计领域各项技术的创新和发展。针对研制总要求和任务特殊性，中国航空工业成都飞机设计研究所气动弹性专业建立了精益气动弹性设计与验证技术体系。基于多学科优化设计流程，开展了旨在提高飞机气动弹性品质的关键技术攻关、气弹优化设计和分析工作。完成了考虑含全动翼面结构非线性的全机动力学特性地面试验、亚跨超声速颤振模型风洞试验和气动弹性飞行试验验证。在较短的研发周期内，成功实现气动弹性设计目标，为新一代战斗机的成功研制提供了技术保障。描述了该飞机气动弹性设计历程、主要技术工作以及在此基础上取得的技术进步、能力提升以及具有研究所特色的气动弹性设计知识工程建设。     

基于非线性试验气动力的飞机静气动弹性响应分析

分别使用线性和非线性静气动弹性分析方法,对某飞机纵向静气动弹性响应特性随飞行动压、攻角、平尾偏度和纵向过载变化的趋势进行了分析,并将分析结果和飞行试验进行了比较。线性方法的气动力计算使用亚音速偶极子格网法。非线性方法由风洞试验提供刚体气动力,并使用线性气动力影响系数矩阵对其进行弹性化处理。通过对两种方法的计算结果进行对比分析可以看出:①使用刚体试验气动力的非线性分析方法能够获得和飞行试验比较一致的结果;②在线性方法所提供的结果中,翼面的弯曲变形及剪力、弯矩和扭矩等部分参数能为初步设计提供大致参考,但气动力系数的弹性增量、翼面的扭转变形、翼面的剪力、弯矩和扭矩的弹性部分可能不能为型号设计提供正确的指导;③不论刚体气动力为线性还是非线性,气动力系数随动压变化的趋势均呈线性。     

Numerical studies of a non-linear aeroelastic system with plunging and pitching freeplays in supersonic/hypersonic regimes

The flutter and post flutter of a two-dimensional double-wedge lifting surface with combined freeplay and cubic stiffness nonlinearities in both plunging and pitching degrees-of-freedom operating in supersonic/hypersonic flight speed regimes have been analyzed. In addition to the structural nonlinearities, the third-order piston theory aerodynamics is used to evaluate the unsteady non-linear aerodynamic force and moment. Such model accounts for stiffness and damping contributions produced by the aerodynamic loads. Responses involving limit cycle oscillation and chaotic motion are observed over a large number of parameters that characterizes the aeroelastic system. Results of the present study show that the freeplay in the pitching degree-of-freedom and soft/hard cubic stiffness in the pitching and plunging degrees-of-freedom have significant effects on the LCOs exhibited by the aeroelastic system in the supersonic/hypersonic flight speed regimes. The simulations also show that the aeroelastic system behavior is greatly affected by physical structural parameters, such as the radius of gyration and the frequency ratio, especially in post-flutter regimes, when accounting for all system nonlinearities. It has been shown that at high Mach numbers the non-linear aerodynamic stiffness yields detrimental effects from the aeroelastic point of view, while the damping one do not.     

颤振边界高效精确预测分析

高效精确地确定多种飞机构型的颤振边界在飞机设计过程中具有重要意义。为了提高计算效率和计算结果的准确性,针对亚声速和跨声速两种马赫数区域,提出分别采用线性和非线性方法进行非定常气动力分析。非线性分析在引入精确的定常气动力的基础上,采用高效率跨声速小扰动方程进行求解;颤振求解统一采用g 法。对大型飞机的梁架—减缩刚度组合模型的空机及三种典型燃油构型进行涵盖飞行包线的全马赫数变高度颤振分析,结果表明：四种构型的颤振边界与颤振试飞边界一致,与其他分析方法相比,效率有明显提高,尤其是对多种飞机构型能够高效地获得准确的颤振边界,即说明本文采用的方法是目前适用于工程上的一种高效精确的预测大型飞机颤振边界的方法。     

基于能量法的跨声速风扇叶片气弹稳定性研究

基于能量法原理,采用弱耦合的方法对跨声速风扇叶片进行气弹稳定性分析;采用3维线性插值算法编程实现CSD/CFD数据交换。利用有限元法计算叶片的模态振型和固有振动频率;应用FLUENT动网格技术,对NASA R 67风扇叶片在不同模态振动下的非定常流场进行数值模拟,给出在前3阶模态振动下叶片表面的周期累积气动功和气动阻尼,并探讨了激波对跨声速风扇叶片气弹稳定性的影响。     

面对称重复使用运载器尾部喷流风洞试验

研究面对称重复使用运载器尾部发动机的喷流干扰特性对于飞行器设计具有重要意义。在中国航天空气动力技术研究院的FD-12风洞中开展了亚/跨声速飞行条件下的喷流试验。试验使用常温压缩空气作为喷流介质模拟发动机的高温燃气,采用的相似参数包括：飞行器的几何外形尺寸、飞行器的飞行马赫数、发动机喷管的出口马赫数、发动机喷流与自由来流静压比。试验结果表明了发动机喷流对全飞行器气动特性和体襟翼铰链力矩的影响随来流马赫数、喷管、体襟翼偏角等因素的变化规律。     

航空螺旋桨的气动弹性稳定性分析

在当代航空螺旋桨的工程设计体系中,气动弹性稳定性分析子系统是一个重要组成部分。我国近年来所发展的螺桨工程设计体系中已包括这个组成部分。本文中对于近年所发展的螺旋桨气动弹性稳定性分析子系统作一摘述。      

Partition method for improvement of piecewise linear model with full envelope covered

Since ambient conditions vary in a wide range within the full flight envelope, the existing piecewise linear model (PLM), which is based on sea-level static condition with use of corrected parameters for other points in the flight envelope, cannot meet the accuracy for replacing the nonlinear model. To obtain more accurate linear models, a method of partitioning the flight envelope over a grid of Mach number and altitude boxes was suggested. Then, a set of linear models for a given operating condition was selected by picking the nearest (Mach number, altitude) box in the flight envelope. Through the selected set of linear models, interpolating for power level based on a weighted sum of corrected rotor speeds can obtain a linear model with acceptable accuracy. Simulation results of different points within the full flight envelope showed that the maximum error between nonlinear model and the existing PLM was more than 50%, while the maximum error between nonlinear model and the improved PLM was within 8%. It is concluded that the improved PLM performs accurately, especially under the non-standard conditions. In addition, the improved PLM can satisfy the real-time requirement better than the existing PLM.      

跨音速运输机机身后体对航向静稳定性影响研究

采用课题组开发的CFD数值计算软件分别研究了跨音速上单翼布局运输飞机机身后体对航向静稳定导数的影响。研究过程中选择了两种后体构型型面：圆型面和立椭圆型面．分别对其气动力特性进行了计算分析。结果表明：圆型面后体的机身提供的航向静不稳定导数比立椭圆型面后体的机身提供的航向静不稳定导数大17．5％。     

机翼颤振的鲁棒自适应切换控制

将机翼颤振问题对应的气动伺服弹性系统动态,看做沿飞行轨迹或特定飞行动作的若干模型的连续切换,引入切换系统描述其包线内的动态特性。进而,基于多Lyapunov函数方法和模型参考自适应控制(MRAC)理论,提出一种机翼颤振鲁棒自适应切换控制方案。该方案允许不同速度设计点的模型及对应控制器进行快速切换,以全面覆盖飞行包线内的系统动态,获得良好的机翼颤振主动抑制效果,有效规避自适应控制需要参数缓慢变化的缺陷。同时,构建Lure-Postnikov形式的Lyapunov函数,采用多Lyapunov函数方法,以线性矩阵不等式的形式,推导闭环切换系统为有界MRAC系统的充分条件,确保飞行包线内颤振抑制的全局稳定性。