含铝复合推进剂燃速计算研究

本文专门探讨了利用 PEM模型计算含铝复合推进剂的燃速和压强指数。文中提出一种确定假想推进剂配方的新方法 ,并以此为基础建立了一个扩展和改进的 PEM模型 ,利用该模型计算了含铝推进剂的燃速和压强指数     

AP/HTPB推进剂凝聚相反应对燃速的影响

W.G.Schmidt[1]和K.Kishore等人[2、3]从推进剂实际燃烧过程发生在气相,而推进剂组分相对又不挥发的观点出发,得出在固相中必定要先发生一系列产生气态产物的凝聚相反应的结论。由于气相反应比凝聚相反应快得多,因而得出凝聚相反应是推进剂燃烧过程的主要控制步骤。      

含铝复合固体推进剂液体喷射熄火研究

本文对含铝 18.5%、 16%的 PU和 HTPB推进剂进行了液体喷射熄火研究。结果表明:可靠熄火用液量随推进剂能量增加而增加;随着射流压降的增加,熄火速率和用液量分别增加和减少;燃烧室压强升高,用液量增加;除熄火用液量外,存在一个无因次参数,它综合反映了推进剂能量和燃速特性、喷射工况、液体性质、燃烧压强等对熄火过程的作用。      

过渡金属氧化物催化作用的表征

本文系统地研究了TMO(过渡金属氧化物)对AP热分解性能和AP/AI/HTPB推进剂燃速的催化作用.结果发现,TMO对AP热分解反应和AP/AI/HTPB推进剂燃速的催化作用是一致的.文中指出了与AP热分解反应和AP/AI/HTPB推进剂燃速同时有关的表征参数,为采用热分析实验预估含铝推进剂的燃速奠定了基础.     

含铝复合推进剂在加速度场中燃烧的试验研究

本文简要介绍了含铝复合推进剂在加速度场中燃烧的一些研究结果,其中包括很难得到的一些图片资料.根据试验结果,论述了燃速增加率与燃烧历程的关系,提出和探讨了燃烧物理模型问题.     

喷管碳基喉衬的烧蚀

一、计算方法和结果 喷管材料的烧蚀主要是热和化学作用的结果。热量来自碳与燃气中的氧化元素之间的异相化学反应,以及对流和幅射传热。本文中的解析模型用来预测喷管温度分布及烧蚀率。在处理联结核心流及喷管壁面的边界层流动时,把传热传质数值作为壁内导热计算的输入数据。边界层的边界条件是由一维无粘定常流的解来确定的。在材料响应的分析中介入了幅射边界条件,在UTC数据上引入了一个有效辐射系数。用有限元计算方法求解瞬态热传导方程来确定喷管壁内温度分布随时间的变化关系。     

Solar Wind Turbulence and the Role of Ion Instabilities

Solar wind is probably the best laboratory to study turbulence in astrophysical plasmas. In addition to the presence of magnetic field, the differences with neutral fluid isotropic turbulence are: (i) weakness of collisional dissipation and (ii) presence of several characteristic space and time scales. In this paper we discuss observational properties of solar wind turbulence in a large range from the MHD to the electron scales. At MHD scales, within the inertial range, turbulence cascade of magnetic fluctuations develops mostly in the plane perpendicular to the mean field, with the Kolmogorov scaling $k_{\perp}^{-5/3}$ for the perpendicular cascade and $k_{\|}^{-2}$ for the parallel one. Solar wind turbulence is compressible in nature: density fluctuations at MHD scales have the Kolmogorov spectrum. Velocity fluctuations do not follow magnetic field ones: their spectrum is a power-law with a ?3/2 spectral index. Probability distribution functions of different plasma parameters are not Gaussian, indicating presence of intermittency. At the moment there is no global model taking into account all these observed properties of the inertial range. At ion scales, turbulent spectra have a break, compressibility increases and the density fluctuation spectrum has a local flattening. Around ion scales, magnetic spectra are variable and ion instabilities occur as a function of the local plasma parameters. Between ion and electron scales, a small scale turbulent cascade seems to be established. It is characterized by a well defined power-law spectrum in magnetic and density fluctuations with a spectral index close to ?2.8. Approaching electron scales, the fluctuations are no more self-similar: an exponential cut-off is usually observed (for time intervals without quasi-parallel whistlers) indicating an onset of dissipation. The small scale inertial range between ion and electron scales and the electron dissipation range can be together described by $\sim k_{\perp}^{-\alpha}\exp(-k_{\perp}\ell_{d})$ , with α?8/3 and the dissipation scale ? _d close to the electron Larmor radius ? _d ?ρ _e . The nature of this small scale cascade and a possible dissipation mechanism are still under debate.     

Experimental correction of combustion gas properties of AN-based composite solid propellants used for turbo-pump starter

Solid propellant gas generators play a role as a turbo-pump starter in liquid propellant propulsion systems by supplying pressurized gas to power turbines for engine start. Among the required combustion gas properties provided by solid propellant gas generators, the combustion gas temperature should not exceed a certain temperature which may damage the turbine blades. For such purposes, phase stabilized ammonium nitrate (AN)-based propellants have been widely used with a low combustion temperature. However, gas generator propellants with ammonium nitrate have historically exhibited incomplete combustion resulting in increased flame temperatures differing significantly from equilibrium values. In consideration of design requirements, an engineering model of solid propellant gas generator was manufactured using the combustion gas properties calculated by a chemical equilibrium code and then hot-fire tests were performed. Procedures for the correction of $T_0$, k and $M_w$ of the combustion gas from the experimental results are introduced and the following effects on the design of the solid propellant gas generator are presented. From the experimental correction of the combustion gas properties, it is found that the amount of the propellant could be reduced while providing the same amount of available power to the turbines and consequently, the size of the gas generator could also be decreased.     

Stratosphere NO y Species Measured by MIPAS and GOMOS Onboard ENVISAT During 2002–2010: Influence of Plasma Processes onto the Observed Distribution and Variability

We present observations of stratosphere NO _y species from 2002 to 2010 taken by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) and by the Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) instruments on board ENVISAT. We jointly used observations of MIPAS NO₂, HNO₃, N₂O₅, ClONO₂ and N₂O, and GOMOS NO₂ and NO₃. MIPAS results are part of the MIPAS2D database retrieved adopting a full 2D tomographic approach. We describe the mean distribution and variability of NO _y species in the stratosphere, identifying changes induced by plasma processes. Beside enhancements due to sporadic solar proton events, we show that winter polar NO₂ has an almost linear relationship with the geomagnetic activity index Ap down to about 10?hPa. This indicates a dominant role of energetic precipitating particles in the production of upper atmosphere NO _y . The correlation has clear signatures extending to mid latitudes. Partitioning of the NO _y reservoir species are also traced, with HNO₃ and N₂O₅ showing a correlation with Ap extending to lower altitude within the polar regions. We found no large signatures of an impact of thunderstorm-induced plasma processes onto monthly means of NO _y species in the stratosphere.     

Combustion characterization of hydrazinium nitrate/energetic binder/Alex based model propellants

The hydrazinium nitrate (N₂H₄1HNO₃HN) can be considered as a candidate for using instead of ammonium perchlorate (AP) in eco-friendly solid propellant formulations. In combination with energetic binder it provides reasonably high energetic parameters of solid propellant. In addition, the substitution of AP by HN leads to decrease in the combustion temperature. The combustion of the HN based metallized propellants containing energetic binder has been investigated. The effect of partial substitution of commercial Al powder by Alex on the propellant combustion characteristics has been examined. The burning law was measured in the pressure range 20–80 atm, the ignition delay time and temperature profile were measured at atmospheric pressure. Some qualitative observations on the combustion behavior of the propellants under study have been made by analyzing the video camera and recoil force transducer records.     

RANS simulations on combustion and emission characteristics of a premixed NH3/H2 swirling flame with reduced chemical kinetic model

Ammonia (NH₃) is considered as a potential alternative carbon free fuel to reduce greenhouse gas emission to meet the increasingly stringent emission requirements. Co-burning NH₃ and H₂ is an effective way to overcome ammonia’s relative low burning velocity. In this work, 3D Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) numerical simulations are conducted on a premixed NH₃/H₂ swirling flame with reduced chemical kinetic mechanism. The effects of (A) overall equivalence ratio Φ and (B) hydrogen blended molar fraction X_H2 on combustion and emission characteristics are examined. The present results show that when 100%NH₃-0%H₂-air are burnt, the NO emission and unburned NH₃ of at the swirling combustor outlet has the opposite varying trends. With the increase of Φ, NO emission is found to be decreased, while the unburnt ammonia emission is increased. NH₂ → HNO, NH → HNO and HNO → NO sub-paths are found to play a critical role in NO formation. Normalized reaction rate of all these three sub-paths is shown to be decreased with increased Φ. Hydrogen addition is shown to significantly increase the laminar burning velocity of the mixed fuel. However, adding H₂ does not affect the critical equivalence ratio corresponding to the maximum burning velocity. The emission trend of NO and unburnt NH₃ with increased Φ is unchanged by blending H₂. NO emission with increased X_H2 is increased slightly less at a larger Φ than that at a smaller Φ. In addition, reaction rates of NH₂ → HNO and HNO → NO sub-paths are decreased with increased X_H2, when Φ is larger. Under all tested cases, blending H₂ with NH₃ reduces the unburned NH₃ emission, especially for rich combustion conditions. In summary, the present work provides research finding on supporting applying ammonia with hydrogen blended in low-emission gas turbine engines.     

Constraining Fundamental Constants of Physics with Quasar Absorption Line Systems

We summarize the attempts by our group and others to derive constraints on variations of fundamental constants over cosmic time using quasar absorption lines. Most upper limits reside in the range 0.5–1.5×10^?5 at the 3σ level over a redshift range of approximately 0.5–2.5 for the fine-structure constant, α, the proton-to-electron mass ratio, μ and a combination of the proton gyromagnetic factor and the two previous constants, g _p(α ²/μ) ^ν , for only one claimed variation of α. It is therefore very important to perform new measurements to improve the sensitivity of the numerous methods to at least <0.1×10^?5 which should be possible in the next few years. Future instrumentations on ELTs in the optical and/or ALMA, EVLA and SKA pathfinders in the radio will undoutedly boost this field by allowing to reach much better signal-to-noise ratios at higher spectral resolution and to perform measurements on molecules in the ISM of high redshift galaxies.     

Effect of scavenge port angles on flow distribution and performance of swirl-loop scavenging in 2-stroke aircraft diesel engine

Swirl-Loop Scavenging (SLS) improves the performance of 2-stroke aircraft diesel engine because the involved swirl may not only benefit the scavenging process, but also facilitate the fuel atomization and combustion. The arrangement of scavenge port angles greatly influences in-cylinder flow distribution and swirl intensity, as well as the performance of the SLS engine. However, the mechanism of the effect and visualization experiment are rarely mentioned in the literature. To further investigate the SLS, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) experiment and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation are adopted to obtain its swirl distribution characteristics, and the effect of port angles on scavenging performance is discussed based on engine fired cycle simulation. The results illustrate that Reynolds Stress Turbulence model is accurate enough for in-cylinder flow simulation. Tangential and axial velocity distribution of the flow, as well as the scavenging performance, are mainly determined by geometric scavenge port angles α_geom and β_geom. For reinforcement of scavenging on cross-sections and meridian planes, α_geom value of 27° and β_geom value of 60° are preferred, under which the scavenging efficiency reaches as high as 73.7%. Excessive swirl intensity has a negative effect on SLS performance, which should be controlled to a proper extent.     

固体火箭燃烧室内微粒分布的实验研究

介绍一种实时脉冲取样器用于测定固体火箭燃烧室内凝相微粒尺寸分布技术，实验结果表明，含铝推进剂微粒呈二模态或三模分布，燃烧室内压力大，微粒趋大，燃烧室压力很小，微粒亦趋大，有一最小尺寸的压力值，残渣影响微粒尺寸测量，而推进剂燃烧特性将直接影响着微粒尺寸分布。     

固体推进剂铝团聚模型

综述了固体推进剂铝团聚研究进展,对现有研究中存在的局限性进行了讨论,并分析了未来团聚模型的趋势.铝团聚物理过程可抽象为堆积、聚集和团聚3个阶段.现有团聚模型可分为5类,分别是经验模型、口袋模型、物理模型、随机装填模型和凝相边界层模型.目前缺乏高精度、宽适用性的模型来准确预测铝的团聚过程.团聚模型未来发展的趋势应具备能够预测团聚物粒度分布和计算量小两大优势.由于能描述团聚过程的本质,物理模型具有很好的研究前景.开展了5MPa下含铝推进剂燃烧实验,采用高速显微拍摄技术获得推进剂燃面处铝颗粒的团聚直径,与Hermsen模型和Salita模型预测数据进行了比较,对于燃速分别为5.1mm/s和8.0mm/s的推进剂,Salita模型对于团聚直径的预示误差分别为8.7%和9.6%,而Hermsen模型对于高燃速推进剂的预示误差为19.2%.总体看来,Salita模型预示精度更为合理.      

Regularities between kinematic and aerodynamic characteristics of flexible membrane wing

The kinematic characteristics of flexible membrane wing have vital influences on its aerodynamic characteristics. To deeply explore the regularities between them, time-resolved aerodynamic forces and deformations at different aeroelastic parameters and angles of attack(α) were measured synchronously by wind tunnel experiments. The membrane motion can be mainly divided into two states at α > 0° with various lift-enhancement regularities: Deformed-Steady State(DSS)at pre-stall, and Dynamic Bala...     

Direct correlations between coronal transients and interplanetary disturbances

Major interplanetary shock waves have often been successfully associated with major solar flares. The interplanetary response to weaker solar events, e.g., eruptive prominences (EP) and slow coronal transients, is far less pronounced. Recently, progress has been made by combining the newly-available data of white-light-coronagraph measurements from the earth-orbiting satellite P78/1 (these data show the development of coronal transients between 2.5 and 10 R _bd, in-situ plasma measurements from the HELIOS solar probes positioned mostly above the Sun's limb at solar distances between 60 and 200 R _bd (showing the reactions of the interplanetary plasma), ground based Hα-coronagraphs (showing in a few cases the evolution of EP's from the Sun's limb up to 1.5 A_bd). In the years 1979 to 1981 about 25 uniquely associated events were identified, 19 of which allow some detailed analysis. The events can be sorted into three main categories:

The ‘flare-type’: 13 events, probably all of them flare-related, transient speeds v _t from 560 to 1460 km s^?1, no evidence for post-acceleration of the transient (indicating impulsive injection), all transients followed by drastic interplanetary shock waves, some of them probably involving magnetic clouds.

The ‘EP-type’: 4 events, none of them flare-related, at least one was observed as an Hα-EP, transient speed from 200 to 410 km s^-1, all post-accelerated (indicating ‘driven’ injection), all followed by shocks with at least one magnetic cloud, one showing presence of He⁺ and O²⁺ behind the shock.

The ‘NCDE-type’: 2 events, one observed as an Hα-EP, the other without known solar source, v _t , = 130 and 470 km s^?1, one post-accelerated, the other one not, considerable density increase in interplanetary plasma (however, in pressure equilibrium with surroundings), one event including shock, the other not. These two events may not belong to the same category.

Our results are not completely consistent with previous work which is mainly based on data from the Skylab era, 1973/74. This could be due to the different phase in the solar cycle. The study is being continued.     

螺旋管内超临界航空煤油流动阻力特性

研究了系统压力、质量流速及螺旋管结构形式对超临界压力下航空煤油RP-3在螺旋管内的流动阻力特性.实验结果表明:螺旋管局部阻力系数变化曲线由螺旋管内流体临界雷诺数、拟临界温度分为明显的3个部分:工质温度低于拟临界温度且管内雷诺数小于螺旋管临界雷诺数时,局部损失系 数与雷诺数和螺旋直径与管径比D/d_in相关;流体温度低于拟临界温度且雷诺数大于临界雷诺数时,局部阻力系数只与D/d_in相关; 流体温度大于拟临界温度时,局部阻力系数除与雷诺数和D/d_in相关外,同时还与密度、黏性的大幅变化相关.另外,基于实验结果,提出了一种用压力、温度和螺旋直径与管径比进行修正的局部阻力系数关联式,拟合结果与实验结果相比,具有较好的一致性.      

固体推进剂瞬态燃烧模型及其在液体喷射熄火研究中的应用

本文提出了一种固体推进剂瞬态燃烧模型。它考虑了凝相分布化学反应和辐射热流的深层吸收。以及燃面上的能量损失 ;在气相发展了空间分布厚火焰模型以求得有蒸汽掺混情况下的火焰热反馈。运用该模型能统一揭示快速降压、降热辐射和液体喷射等多种外界扰动下 ,推进剂的瞬变燃烧行为和熄火所需的临界参数。对液体喷射工况下进行的理论预示与实验结果相一致。     

Springback prediction of thick-walled high-strength titanium tube bending

Significant springback occurs after tube rotary-draw-bending （RDB）, especially for a high-strength Ti-3A1-2.5V tube （HSTT） due to its high ratio of yield strength to Young＇s modulus. The combination scheme of explicit and implicit is preferred to predict the springback. This simulation strategy includes several numerical parameters, such as element type, number of elements through thickness （NEL）, element size, etc. However, the influences of these parameters on spring- back prediction accuracy are not fully understood. Thus, taking the geometrical specification 9.525 mm × 0.508 mm ofa HSTT as the objective, the effects of numerical parameters on prediction accuracy and computation efficiency of springback simulation of HSTT RDB are investigated. The simulated springback results are compared with experimental ones. The main results are： （1） solid and continuum-shell elements predict the experimental results well; （2） for C3DSR elements, NEL of at least 3 is required to obtain reliable results and a relative error of 29% can occur as NEL is varied in the range of 1-3; （3） specifying damping factor typically works well in Abaqus/Emplicit simulation of springback and the springback results are sensitive to the magnitude of damping factor. In addition, the explanations of the effect rules are given and a guideline is added.