Impact of mission requirements and constraints on conceptual launch vehicle design

The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of mission requirements and constraints on both the optimum vehicle design and the effects on flight path selection for two types of reusable two-stage-to-orbit launch vehicles. The first vehicle type considered provides horizontal take-off and landing capabilities and is intended to be propelled by an airbreathing propulsion system during stage 1 flight. The second vehicle type assumes a vertical launch and is accelerated by a rocket propulsion system during the booster stage ascent flight. The analysis employs a design tool for simultaneous system and mission optimization. It consists of a CAD-based preliminary vehicle design tool, aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic calculation software, flight simulation programs, and a two-level decomposition optimization algorithm enabling simultaneous system and flight optimization. The results to be presented show that the cruise flight requirement for an European launched mission of the airbreathing vehicle results in a loss of 60 % payload mass as compared to a mere accelerated ascent for a near equatorial mission into the same target orbit assuming constant take-off mass. The strong dependencies of mission requirements on both the optimal vehicle design and the ascent performance are determined for the rocket-powered vehicle type by varying the inclination and altitude of the target orbit.     

Effect of Variable Selection on Multidisciplinary Design Optimization： a Flight Vehicle Example

Different multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) problems are formulated and compared. Two MDO formulations are applied to a sounding rocket in order to optimize the performance of the rocket. In the MDO of the referred vehicle, three disciplines have been considered,which are trajectory, propulsion and aerodynamics. A special design structure matrix is developed to assist data exchange between disciplines. This design process uses response surface method (RSM) for multidisciplinary optimization of the rocket. The RSM is applied to the design in two categories: the propulsion model and the system level. In the propulsion model, RSM deter-mines an approximate mathematical model of the engine output parameters as a function of design variables. In the system level, RSM fits a surface of objective function versus design variables. In the first MDO problem formulation, two design variables are selected to form propulsion discipline. In the second one, three new design variables from geometry are added and finally, an optimization method is applied to the response surface in the system level in order to find the best result. Application of the first developed multidisciplinary design optimization procedure increased accessible altitude (performance index) of the referred sounding rocket by twenty five percents and the second one twenty nine.     

Research on disruptive design pre-identification in the preliminary design phase of aero engine flow pass multidisciplinary optimization

In aero engine design, determining whether the preliminary design will have disruptive effects on the detailed design is the key to multidisciplinary design optimization in the preliminary design stage. In order to adapt to the non-orthogonal parameter value range caused by the selfconstrained parametric modeling method, a non-orthogonal space mapping method that maps the optimal Latin hypercube sampling points of the traditional orthogonal design space to the non-orthogonal design space is prop...     

飞行器栖落机动轨迹可达域分析

飞行器的栖落机动被认为是解决舰载固定翼飞机超短距精确着舰的一种可行方式,已有研究主要集中于栖落过程大迎角气动力建模、标称栖落轨迹优化与轨迹跟踪控制,而鲜有对栖落着舰任务的总体分析。基于飞行器纵向栖落机动动力学模型,引入栖落轨迹可达域的概念,并给出可达域的数学描述;在此基础上,对可达域求解采用计算速度和精度兼具的高斯伪谱法,将可达域问题拆分为三个轨迹优化问题依次求解,首先求解栖落轨迹终端高度上边界,然后求解终端高度一定时的最近轨迹,最后求解终端高度一定时的最远轨迹,并给出相应的轨迹优化数学模型。结果表明：运用该模型及求解方法能快速得到计算结果,无动力飞行器的纵向栖落轨迹可达域为上窄下宽的不对称区域,且左右边界曲线线性度较好。     

临近空间固体动力飞行器发动机与轨迹一体化设计优化

针对临近空间多级固体动力飞行器发动机与轨迹一体化设计优化问题,提出一种基于序列代理优化的高效设计方法。为了准确计算发动机的性能特性,对发动机进行了几何参数化建模,并针对复杂装药的燃面计算,提出了基于移动四面体的燃面计算算法。为了准确评估飞行器的最大航程能力,采用自适应Legendre-Gauss-Radau伪谱法获得给定发动机设计方案下的最大航程。为了提高发动机与轨迹一体化设计优化效率,提出了基于Kriging代理模型的多采样点高效全局代理优化算法,并进行了数值验证。计算结果表明：该优化方法收敛速度快,相比传统参数优化算法可以显著减少耗时目标函数和约束函数的计算次数,并能够有效地实现临近空间多级固体动力飞行器发动机与轨迹一体化设计优化。     

Overview of some optimal control methods adapted to expendable and reusable launch vehicle trajectories

Launcher trajectory optimization is a complex task, especially when considering the specific problems arising in the study of reusable launch vehicles. Part of the difficulty comes from the different characteristics of the trajectory arcs which make up the vehicle's mission (constraints and controls may not be the same). Another difficulty is the necessity, in some cases, of a global optimization between ascent and re-entry phases (branching optimisation). Finally, optimization tools devoted to this task should be polyvalent and robust, as the studies of reusable launch vehicles usually cover many different concepts, and also many different trajectory cases (such as abort scenarios). The purpose of this paper is to present different approaches used in France by CNES and ONERA to solve optimal control problems in the context of launcher trajectory optimization. These approaches, which are powerful implementations of classical optimization methods, were designed to cover the needs for both expendable and reusable launchers trajectory calculation. The first optimization tool presented is OPTAX, which uses an indirect shooting method. The second and third tools presented are CNES's ORAGE and ONERA's FLOP/OLGA, which use two different variants of the gradient method. The paper describes the equations and methodology behind these tools, and also presents their advantages and drawbacks.     

高超声速飞行器周期巡航轨迹设计与优化

针对高超声速飞行器,给出了参数建模方法并分析了其气动特性,建立了乘波体外形高超声速飞行器的纵向平面运动学模型;提出了高超声速飞行器巡航段周期轨迹的方案及相应的轨迹优化方法.采用高斯伪谱法解决周期性轨道优化问题,将原有的连续周期非线性优化问题转化为多段离散优化问题,并采用SQP算法求得最优解.仿真结果表明,在巡航航程相同的情况下,周期轨迹比稳态轨迹更省燃料.     

Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization of Multistage Ground-launched Boost Phase Interceptor Using Hybrid Search Algorithm

This article proposes a multidisciplinary design and optimization (MDO) strategy for the conceptual design of a multistage ground-based interceptor (GBI) using hybrid optimization algorithm, which associates genetic algorithm (GA) as a global optimizer with sequential quadratic programming (SQP) as a local optimizer. The interceptor is comprised of a three-stage solid propulsion system for an exoatmospheric boost phase intercept (BPI). The interceptor's duty is to deliver a kinetic kill vehicle (KKV) to the optimal position in space to accomplish the mission of intercept. The modules for propulsion, aerodynamics, mass properties and flight dynamics are integrated to produce a high fidelity model of the entire vehicle. The propulsion module comprises of solid rocket motor (SRM) grain design, nozzle geometry design and performance prediction analysis. Internal ballistics and performance prediction parameters are calculated by using lumped parameter method. The design objective is to minimize the gross lift off mass (GLOM) of the interceptor under the mission constraints and performance objectives. The proposed design and optimization methodology provide designers with an efficient and powerful approach in computation during designing interceptor systems.     

吸气式空空导弹外形多学科一体化优化设计

针对采用整体式固冲发动机的吸气式空空导弹外形气动与推进耦合的推阻匹配设计难题,引入多学科优化设计方法提出了一种综合考虑气动/推进/质量/弹道的导弹外形多学科一体化优化设计技术。其中,气动性能预测采用代理模型技术,主要基于外形参数化建模、非结构网格技术和流场精细数值计算来自动构建气动数据库,据此建立了包含外形几何信息的气动预测代理模型,并对其预测精度进行了验证;推进性能预测采用推进求解模型,该模型根据固冲发动机理论建立,精度满足工程要求。对所建立的学科预测模型完成一体化集成后,以质点弹道仿真评估的战技指标为优化目标,对一款吸气式空空导弹进气道和翼面外形进行了优化设计,取得了推阻匹配的优化外形,优化后导弹动力射程提高10%。所提出的一体化优化设计技术,有助于吸气式空空导弹外形气动与推进耦合推阻匹配设计和提高导弹动力射程。     

飞机总体优化设计的新进展

回顾飞机总体优化设计的传统方法 ,介绍多学科优化方法在飞机设计中的应用状况和最新发展。重点讨论为解决设计变量过多和计算耗费太大问题提出的试验设计和响应面近似法以及带不确定性多学科优化的鲁棒设计方法。提出飞机总体优化设计的一些关键研究领域 :气动—结构、气动—隐身、结构—主动控制等 ,最后展望多学科优化在飞机总体设计中的应用前景     

组合动力飞行器吸气段轨迹设计方法研究

水平起降组合动力可重复使用运载器是未来航天运输系统的重要发展方向。针对采用空气预冷涡轮火箭发动机的组合动力飞行器在吸气爬升段受多约束条件限制、动力与质量特性变化大的特点,提出了一种基于动压高度剖面的轨迹设计方法。通过推导基于高度的质点运动学方程,得到轨迹参数解算流程,并结合动压、迎角与法向过载的约束边界以及任务窗口确定动压高度剖面形状,从而得到满足要求的吸气段标称轨迹。在此基础上,设计了标称轨迹高度跟踪制导律。仿真结果表明,标称轨迹在吸气段多种不确定性偏差的影响下满足多约束要求,具有较强的鲁棒性。     

高马赫数临近空间无人机主要总体参数设计方法

针对高马赫数临近空间无人机(HSUAV)概念设计的需求,研究一种飞行器主要总体参数设计的改进方法,目的是提高主要总体参数设计的可信度。在现有的约束分析和任务分析方法基础上,通过融入适用性更广、预测精度更高的气动模型和推进系统模型,建立了一种迭代的设计计算流程。应用参数化建模方法建立了气动数值分析模型,应用发动机热力循环分析建立了推进系统模型。应用本文方法完成了高马赫数临近空间无人机主要总体参数设计计算,结果表明:经过若干次迭代设计计算,主要总体参数值收敛;由传统方法确定的主要总体参数与本文方法的结果有明显差别。由于本文方法中使用了可信度更高的气动和推进系统模型,根据本文方法确定的主要总体参数具有更高的可信度。     

飞行器轨迹优化方法综述

飞行器轨迹优化是飞行器总体设计的关键环节,特别是在现代空间飞行器和高超声速飞行器设计过程中发挥着重要作用.在全面调研国内外现有轨迹优化技术的基础上,提出了飞行器轨迹优化新的分类方式,概述了多种飞行器轨迹优化的原理和应用,并详细分析了各自的优缺点和发展趋势.最后介绍了现在实际应用的多种轨迹优化软件.     

多学科设计优化在非常规布局飞机总体设计中的应用

以飞翼布局飞机总体设计为例,展示如何将多学科设计优化(MDO)方法有效地应用于非常规布局飞机总体设计.基于二级优化方法,提出一种飞机总体MDO实施流程.该流程包括系统级优化、子系统级优化(或评估)和多学科模型生成器3个部分.系统级优化的任务是优化全局设计变量,使系统目标最优.子系统级优化涉及的学科包括气动、隐身、结构、...     

基于HP-RPM的高超声速滑翔飞行器轨迹优化

针对含有航路点、禁飞区约束的再入突防轨迹优化问题,提出了基于HP自适应Radau伪谱法(HP-RPM)的分段轨迹优化策略,给出了在含有热流密度、过载、动压、航路点和禁飞区等约束条件下的再入轨迹优化模型;利用HP-RPM对含有再入的最优控制问题进行离散化,将其转为非线性规划问题,并根据航路点所在的位置,对再入轨迹进行分段,以再入滑翔飞行的时间最短为仿真目标函数进行仿真计算。仿真结果表明,此方法可以生成一条满足多种约束条件的高精度优化轨迹,并且用时较短。     

Robust optimization of aircraft weapon delivery trajectory using probability collectives and meta-modeling

 Conventional trajectory optimization techniques have been challenged by their inability to handle threats with irregular shapes and the tendency to be sensitive to control variations of aircraft. Aiming to overcome these difficulties, this paper presents an alternative approach for trajectory optimization, where the problem is formulated into a parametric optimization of the maneuver variables under a tactics template framework. To reduce the size of the problem, global sensitivity analysis (GSA) is performed to identify the less-influential maneuver variables. The probability collectives (PC) algorithm, which is well-suited to discrete and discontinuous optimization, is applied to solve the trajectory optimization problem. The robustness of the trajectory is assessed through multiple sampling around the chosen values of the maneuver variables. Meta-models based on radius basis function (RBF) are created for evaluations of the means and deviations of the problem objectives and constraints. To guarantee the approximation accuracy, the meta-models are adaptively updated during optimization. The proposed approach is demonstrated on a typical airground attack mission scenario. Results reveal that the proposed approach is capable of generating robust and optimal trajectories with both accuracy and efficiency.     

Optimal air-launching rocket design using system trades and a multi-disciplinary optimization approach

Compared with the conventional ground rocket launching, air-launching has many advantages. However, a comprehensive and integrated system design approach is required because the physical geometry of air launch vehicle is quite dependent on the installation limitation of the mother plane. For the selection of the best system alternative, a trade study for the first stage engine type and launching speeds is performed using a sequential optimization technique, confirming the feasibility of the baseline air-launching rocket. Then, a system design has been performed using the multi-disciplinary feasible (MDF) design optimization method. Analysis modules include mission analysis, staging, propulsion analysis, configuration, weight analysis, aerodynamics analysis and trajectory analysis. As a result of multi-disciplinary system optimization, a supersonic air launching rocket with total mass of 1244.9 kg, total length of 6.36 m, outer diameter of 0.60 m has been successfully designed to launch a satellite of 7.5 kg to the 700 km circular orbit.     

Reentry trajectory optimization for hypersonic vehicle satisfying complex constraints

The reentry trajectory optimization for hypersonic vehicle（HV）is a current problem of great interest.Some complex constraints,such as waypoints for reconnaissance and no-fly zones for threat avoidance,are inevitably involved in a global strike mission.Of the many direct methods,Gauss pseudospectral method（GPM）has been demonstrated as an effective tool to solve the trajectory optimization problem with typical constraints.However,a series of diffculties arises for complex constraints,such as the uncertainty of passage time for waypoints and the inaccuracy of approximate trajectory near no-fly zones.The research herein proposes a multi-phase technique based on the GPM to generate an optimal reentry trajectory for HV satisfying waypoint and nofly zone constraints.Three kinds of specifc breaks are introduced to divide the full trajectory into multiple phases.The continuity conditions are presented to ensure a smooth connection between each pair of phases.Numerical examples for reentry trajectory optimization in free-space flight and with complex constraints are used to demonstrate the proposed technique.Simulation results show the feasible application of multi-phase technique in reentry trajectory optimization with waypoint and no-fly zone constraints.     

基于高斯伪谱法的吸气式高超声速飞行器爬升弹道优化研究

吸气式高超声速飞行器爬升弹道设计是其总体设计的一个重要问题。这里提出一种基于高斯伪谱法的弹道优化方法,用于解决该问题。以末端弹道倾角为性能指标,飞行攻角为设计变量,建立了飞行器纵平面弹道优化模型。通过高斯伪谱法对状态变量和控制变量进行离散,将最优控制问题转化为非线性规划问题,再利用序列二次规划算法对其进一步求解。仿真结果表明,该方法收敛域大,对初值不敏感,设计精度高,是吸气式高超声速飞行器方案弹道优化的重要方法。     

任务规划系统机动模型与航线设计

航空兵任务规划系统中飞机空对地攻击航线解算的准确性、航线生成质量和航线解算速度是衡量任务规划系统能力的重要指标。飞机空对地攻击航线设计是飞机航线规划中典型的多约束复杂机动,其在设计与使用过程中受到来自时间、空间及飞机本体的多维约束,对飞行动力学建模与航迹优化提出了较高的要求。本文利用面向对象的思想对飞机无侧滑动力学模型进行建模,通过航线机动动作拼接、分段优化的方式实现复杂机动过程的设计与优化,并进行仿真分析。结果表明：该航线优化设计能够实现飞机多约束航迹设计与规划功能,迭代优化算法具有较好的收敛性,可满足航空兵任务规划使用要求。