基于压电传感网络的结构健康监测扫查系统的设计及实验研究(英文)

基于主动Lamb波和压电传感器网络的结构健康监测技术是一种评估航空结构健康状态的有效方法。在实际应用中,监测大型结构需要使用压电传感器网络。扫查这些压电传感器网络中的压电激励-传感通道以达到在线的结构健康监测是非常重要的。基于PXI(PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation)平台,研发了一套基于主动Lamb波和压电传感器网络的集成多通道扫查系统,该系统结构紧凑、便于携带,能大规模自动扫查激励-传感通道并进行损伤评估。提出和讨论了该系统中:4通道PXI程控增益电荷放大器的实现、支持276个激励-传感通道的外部扫查模块和集成的结构健康监测软件的实现。最后,主要讨论了系统在某型无人机碳纤维复合材料机翼盒段上的功能验证实验,包括:压电贴层的设计、激励信号频率的选择方法、损伤成像的功能性测试、系统稳定性测试和载荷对信号的影响。实验结果验证了该系统的稳定性和损伤监测功能。     

复合材料共固化T型加筋界面脱粘的压电监测技术研究

利用多通道结构健康监测扫查系统,监测了T700／BA9916复合材料共固化T加筋在拉脱载荷作用下界面脱粘的起始、扩展到破坏的全过程。设计了不同突缘长度、厚度和不同面板厚度的几种刚度搭配的T加筋。结合实验观测,提取了与界面脱粘相关的信号能量和峰值等特征信号,探索并建立了能量损伤指数（EDI）和峰值损伤指数（ADI）等脱粘判据,提出了监测复合材料损伤需要重点突破的压电传感技术。     

基于光纤光栅与BP神经网络的孔边裂纹监测研究

含孔金属结构的孔边裂纹监测对于保障飞行安全,增强飞机结构可靠性具有重要意义。为实现对孔边裂纹扩展的监测,进行含有孔边角裂纹的含孔铝合金板疲劳加载试验,得到含孔铝合金板试验件的a-N 曲线以及孔边裂纹扩展过程中光纤光栅应变传感器中心波长偏移量;利用包络分析法、BP 神经网络等损伤识别算法对试验数据进行处理与分析;建立能够以光纤光栅应变传感器中心波长偏移量识别孔边裂纹扩展的监测模型,并通过试验对监测模型进行验证。结果表明：此监测模型可有效识别出孔边角裂纹的扩展与穿透,对孔边角裂纹扩展长度监测的准确度达到了97.2%,未来可应用于全机地面疲劳试验、飞机结构健康监测等多种场景。     

小标距光纤光栅监测孔边应变场技术研究

主要研究了小标距光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）在应力集中部位的应变场监测。通过对光纤光栅反射光谱的分析来获得应力集中部位的应变值,实现了对光纤光栅粘贴区域中应力集中最严重点的应变及应力集中系数的测量,试验结果与理论结果一致性较好,为应用小标距FBG监测结构应力集中部位应变场及塑性应变奠定技术基础。     

光纤布拉格光栅应变传感特性研究

利用铝合金标准梁和复合材料标准梁的纯弯实验,标定了光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）的应变灵敏度系数,与理论灵敏度系数进行了对比,检验了布拉格光栅中心波长的变化与应变的线性关系及重复性。研究结果表明：布拉格光栅监测金属和复合材料的应变具有良好的重复性和线性关系,可以用于结构关键部位的应变监测。     

复合材料飞机结构健康监测系统的若干问题探讨

针对飞机复合材料结构状态监测技术,从结构健康监测系统、结构健康监测研究对象和损伤识别方法,以及复合材料飞机的结构设计和结构健康监测系统三方面之间的关系进行阐述。分析了复合材料飞机结构健康监测系统的发展趋势,并讨论了制约该技术发展的因素。     

基于光纤光栅传感的复合材料蒙皮结构修补监测研究

复合材料结构粘接修补是一项被广泛应用的工程技术。采用光纤光栅对复合材料蒙皮结构的损伤和粘接修补结构的全过程进行了实时监测,通过理论分析与试验相结合,发现光纤光栅传感器可对结构损伤进行识别,可对修补结构进行监测,并可评估修补结构的性能。基于光纤光栅传感的修补结构监测对飞机结构的修补评估、保障安全具有实际的工程价值。     

植入FBG的碳纤维复合材料全寿命周期结构状态研究

将光纤光栅传感器与碳纤维复合材料进行一体化集成设计,在碳纤维复合材料内部植入光纤光栅传感器,验证了埋置工艺的可行性,确认了其可实时监测环境温度值,研究了植入光纤光栅传感器后碳纤维复合材料的结构强度变化及光纤光栅的信号传递率。试验结果表明:碳纤维复合材料埋入光纤光栅传感器前后结构强度变化率小于10%,光纤应变信号传递率高于90%,光纤光栅传感器可以作为碳纤维复合材料结构进行从加工固化、使用过程直至破坏的全寿命周期的结构强度监测的有效手段。     

基于逆向有限元法的变形机翼鱼骨的变形重构

变形监测技术能够为自适应变形机翼的变形控制系统提供参考信息，是保证结构安全性以及优化结构的运行性能的重要手段。传统的基于光学成像的变形测量方法已经不能满足自适应智能结构的实时变形监测的要求。由于变形机翼表面受气动载荷影响，不便于直接在变形机翼蒙皮表面布置应变传感系统，目前还没有针对鱼骨结构这种真实复杂机翼结构的变形重构研究，大多针对机翼翼型的变形重构研究是将整个机翼简化成简单的翼形板、梁结构。针对上述问题，本文首次以真实复杂变形机翼主承力结构——鱼骨为研究对象，提出了一种基于逆向有限元（iFEM）算法与位移分段叠加思想结合的变形监测方法，根据Mindlin板变形理论建立四节点逆向壳单元，采用应变传感系统测得鱼骨结构表面应变分布作为算法输入，然后基于最小二乘变分方程求解结构应变场和位移场之间的传递函数，重构鱼骨结构的变形形状，为反演机翼翼型的变形形状提供方法。针对真实自适应变形机翼的主要承力构件开展了变形实验，实验结果表明，机翼鱼骨在分别偏转5°、10°、15°的情况下，逆向有限元法能准确重构鱼骨变形形状，验证了基于逆向有限元法的变形重构方法在真实自适应变形机翼结构变形重构研究中的有效性和准确性。     

光纤布拉格光栅的应变／温度传感、封装、标定及补偿技术研究

研究了光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）的应变／温度传感特性、封装和补偿综合技术及FBG应变／温度灵敏度的标定方法及标定结果并推荐了工程实用的封装方法及相应的灵敏度系数;研究了FBG应变／温度交叉敏感分离技术及空分／波分混合复用技术并研制了适用于地面验证试验的FBG温度传感器,为大型结构应变场的实时监测提供了工程实用技术。     

Improving accuracy of damage quantification based on two-level consistency control of PZT layers

Structural health monitoring-based quantitative damage diagnosis technique plays a key role in real-time condition monitoring. Among the current research, piezoelectric (PZT) sensor and Guided Wave (GW) based damage quantification methods are promising, which normally establish a calibration model between GW feature and damage degree by experiments on batch specimens, and then conduct the calibration model on the monitored specimen. However, the accuracy of PZT and GW based damage quantification is affected by dispersion introduced by sensor network performance, structural material, and damage propagation among the adopted batch specimens. For improving the accuracy of damage quantification, this paper adopts PZT layer as sensor network and creatively implements theoretical and experimental research on batch PZT layers consistency control. On one hand, a two-level consistency control method based on multidimensional features-Euclidean distance is proposed to ensure the performance consistency of PZT layers placed on different specimens. On the other hand, experimental research on typical aircraft lug structures is also carried out to evaluate the requirement on performance consistency of PZT layers when performing quantitative damage diagnosis, and further verify the proposed two-level consistency control method. Experimental results show that the accuracy of damage quantification raises by 38% when the dispersion of different PZT layers is controlled within 5%.     

航天器密封舱加筋壁板碎片撞击监测技术研究

航天器密封结构在轨长期运行期间会受到空间碎片撞击,使密封结构出现不同程度的损伤。如果这些损伤不能被及时检测出来并采取相应措施,可能会带来灾难性的后果。对碎片撞击进行监测可以为航天员采用正确修复方案提供依据。本文利用基于超声导波的结构健康监测技术感知空间碎片对航天器密封结构的撞击。首先,在 Abaqus 有限元仿真软件中,用不同速度的钢球冲击模拟真实的冲击形式。具体分析了超声导波在该壁板结构中的传播特性。用小波变换的方法进行信号处理,据此提取了合适的冲击监测所需的信号频率。其次,设计了一种基于信号互相关分析的冲击成像算法确定撞击位置。比较了不同压电传感器网络定位准确度以及监测效率,选择了一种可靠的组网形式进行监测。最后针对航天器壁板,在实验室环境中验证了该算法的有效性。实验结果表明,该监测系统具有良好的准确性与可靠性。     

主动Lamb波结构健康监测中信号增强与损伤成像方法

 主动Lamb波结构健康监测技术研究中,损伤散射信号的信噪比是正确稳定地监测出损伤的关键。针对真实工程结构,尤其是针对复合材料板结构健康监测时存在的信号信噪比低下问题,提出了基于时间反转聚焦原理的信号增强与损伤成像方法。根据Lamb波信号传播自身的特性,通过聚焦的方法使损伤散射信号能量叠加放大,从而提高信号的信噪比;利用时间反转法对波源的自适应聚焦能力,重建信号传播波动图,通过信号聚焦显示损伤位置和区域。在碳纤维复合材料板上的实验结果表明,该方法能有效提高有用信号的能量,较为准确地监测出损伤的位置、范围等特征。     

复合材料结构健康监测技术在飞机中的应用

结构健康监测(SHM)实现了工程结构设计与使用上的技术性跨越.将SHM应用于复合材料中,使得智能结构的设计与制造成为了现实.文章重点阐述了飞机复合材料结构SHM技术所面临的技术问题.SHM使飞机复合材料结构得视情维修以及降低其使用周期内成本成为可能,可以促使复合材料结构设计与制造的优化,最后指出了为实现复合材料SHMS所需要重点研究的理论与技术.     

Improved Wavelet-based Spatial Filter of Damage Imaging Method on Composite Structures

Piezoelectric sensor array-based spatial filter technology is a new promising method presented in research area of structural health monitoring (SHM) in the recent years. To apply this method to composite structures and give the actual position of dam-age, this paper proposes a spatial filter-based damage imaging method improved by complex Shannon wavelet transform. The basic principle of spatial filter is analyzed first. Then, this paper proposes a method of using complex Shannon wavelet transform to construct analytic signals of time domain signals of PZT sensors array. The analytic signals are synthesized depending on the principle of the spatial filter to give a damage imaging in the form of angle-time. A method of converting the damage imaging to the form of angle-distance is discussed. Finally, an aircraft composite oil tank is adopted to validate the damage imaging method. The validating results show that this method can recognize angle and distance of damage successfully.     

基于结构健康监测的飞机结构 MSG-3 分析

结构健康监测(SHM)技术被广泛引入到了飞机设计与维护,本文依据现阶段SHM技术的发展现状,将SHM技术与MSG-3分析思想融合,制定了一种针对采用SHM技术飞机结构的计划维修分析流程。     

Variable structure control and active vibration suppression of flexible spacecraft during attitude maneuver

This paper presents a new approach to vibration reduction of flexible spacecraft during attitude maneuver by using the theory of variable structure control (VSC) to design switching logic for thruster firing and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) as sensor and actuator for active vibration suppression. The spacecraft to be investigated is a hub with a cantilever flexible beam appendage, which can undergo a single axis rotation. The proposed control system includes the attitude controller acting on the rigid hub, designed by variable structure control technique, and the surface-bonded PZT patches for active vibration suppression of flexible appendages, designed by the positive position feedback (PPF) control technique. To avoid chattering, pulse-width pulse-frequency (PWPF) modulation is adopted for the thruster control, which makes the thrusters to be operated in a close to linear manner and also can suppress the relatively large amplitude vibrations excited by, for example, rapid maneuver. However, some residual micro-vibrations still exist due to the switching actions. Upon that, the technique of active vibration control using PZT is turned on to provide further vibration suppression of the residual micro-vibrations and fine tuning of the system performance. By combining the advantages of both these control strategies, an improved performance for vibration control in both the macro-and micro-senses can result. Both analytical and numerical results are presented to show the theoretical and practical merit of this approach.     

A cost driven predictive maintenance policy for structural airframe maintenance

Airframe maintenance is traditionally performed at scheduled maintenance stops.The decision to repair a fuselage panel is based on a fixed crack size threshold,which allows to ensure the aircraft safety until the next scheduled maintenance stop.With progress in sensor technology and data processing techniques,structural health monitoring (SHM) systems are increasingly being considered in the aviation industry.SHM systems track the aircraft health state continuously,lead ing to the possibility of planning maintenance based on an actual state of aircraft rather than on a fixed schedule.This paper builds upon a model-based prognostics framework that the authors developed in their previous work,which couples the Extended Kalman filter (EKF) with a first order perturbation (FOP) method.By using the information given by this prognostics method,a novel cost driven predictive maintenance (CDPM) policy is proposed,which ensures the aircraft safety while minimizing the maintenance cost.The proposed policy is formally derived based on the trade-off between probabilities of occurrence of scheduled and unscheduled maintenance.A numerical case study simulating the maintenance process of an entire fleet of aircrafts is imple mented.Under the condition of assuring the same safety level,the CDPM is compared in terms of cost with two other maintenance policies:scheduled maintenance and threshold based SHM maintenance.The comparison results show CDPM could lead to significant cost savings.     

无参考主动Lamb波结构损伤时反成像监测方法

主动Lamb波损伤监测中的差信号方法获取损伤散射信号容易受到结构和环境等外界因素的影响。针对该问题,提出了无参考信号的损伤成像定位和监测方法;研究了回波式压电阵列的布置方法,并设计采用时间反转窗函数,清除Lamb波监测信号中的直接传播信息和边界反射信号,以截取出内部散射信号;通过控制压电阵列布局、设置窗函数等技术条件,基于时间反转理论中对波源的自适应聚焦原理,直接利用当前状态下的传感信号实现对结构损伤的实时成像、定位与评估,不再需要健康信号作为参考。在玻璃纤维复合材料板上的实验结果表明,该方法能较为准确地实时监测出损伤的位置、范围等特征。