Magnetic energy storage devices for small scale applications

The author considers basic principles of magnetic energy storage, structure requirements and limitations, configurations of inductors, attributes of high-T_c superconducting materials including thermal instabilities, a relative comparison with the state-of-the-art high energy density power sources, and refrigeration requirements. A review of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) technology reveals that the advent of high-temperature ceramic superconducting materials and advances in high strength materials and refrigeration technology are likely to facilitate fabrication of smaller SMES units. The design parameters of a micro superconducting magnetic energy unit for Air Force application are presented and discussed     

Magnetically inflatable SPS with energy storage capability

A new approach to superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES) for solar power satellite (SPS) with inherent rigidity is introduced in this paper. The rigidity of this SMES originating from the electromagnetic forces within it, can eliminate the need for mechanical building blocks for support structure. This force can also be used for the deployment of the system in space. In addition, the storage capability of the system allows its use in low Earth orbit (LEO) which reduces the launching and transmission costs. The paper also discusses the basic design and the operation of the proposed SPS system     

High energy density regenerative fuel cell systems for terrestrialapplications

Regenerative Fuel Cell System (RFCS) technology for energy storage has been a NASA power system concept for many years. Compared to battery-based energy storage systems, RFCS has received relatively little attention or resources for development because the energy density and electrical efficiency were not sufficiently attractive relative to advanced battery systems. Even today, RFCS remains at a very low technology readiness level (TRL of about 2 indicating feasibility has been demonstrated). Commercial development of the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells for automobiles and other terrestrial applications and improvements in lightweight pressure vessel design to reduce weight and improve performance make possible a high energy density RFCS energy storage system. The results from this study of a lightweight RFCS energy storage system for a remotely piloted, solar-powered, high altitude aircraft indicate an energy density up to 790 wh/kg with electrical efficiency of 53.4% is attainable. Such an energy storage system would allow a solar-powered aircraft to carry hundreds of kilograms of payload and remain in flight indefinitely for use in atmospheric research, Earth observation, resource mapping, and telecommunications. Future developments in the areas of hydrogen and oxygen storage, pressure vessel design, higher temperature and higher pressure fuel cell operation, unitized regenerative fuel cells, and commercial development of fuel cell technology will improve both the energy density and electrical efficiency of the RFCS     

柔性自供能技术在防护救生领域的应用探讨

柔性自供能技术作为微能源领域新秀,近年来获得长足发展,目前处于实验室向工业技术转化的关键阶段。文中通过对应用场景分析探讨,认为在航空飞行员防护救生领域,柔性自供能技术的主要应用方向是智能穿戴设备的能源供应,具有应用场景广泛、使用方便、可全周期供能等技术优势。文中对柔性自供能技术在防护救生领域实现技术应用面临的问题,给出了对应的解决方案,可以为后续研究工作提供思路：研究制备多效应融合发电器件可实现对环境中多种微能量的广泛收集,可构建全固态柔性超级储能器件,以满足高效储能以及航空环境使用的安全需求,设计充放电并行控制电路以解决全任务场景长时效供能技术难题。     

基于更新法估计空闲时间的Inter-DVS算法的优化与实现

动态电压调整(DVS)技术是软件节能技术的另一种形式。由于CMOS电路的能耗和供电电压的平方及频率成正比关系,所以降低供电电压和频率是减少能耗的最有效方法之一。本文首先对DVS的各种算法作了详细的分类分析。然后,以"使用更新法"估计空闲时间的任务间DVS算法为例,采用嵌入式Linux操作系统对其进行了优化。最后,讨论了实现具有动态电压调解功能的嵌入式Linux操作系统的节能方法。     

基于声发射信号的高速铣削过程监测技术

叙述了如何将声发射技术应用于航空铝合金的高速铣削过程监测,介绍了监测装置硬件系统和信号数据采集平台的构成,最后运用小波分析进行信号分解,计算分解后的各频段能量,并从频段的能量对比中发现,信号能量可以作为刀具磨损的特征参数.     

多脉冲能量控制在战术导弹中的作用

就能量控制的概念和技术在战术导弹中的应用发展作了综述,同时概要评述了以脉冲发动机为动力的导弹最佳能量控制技术的研究成果。最后结合远程多用途反坦克导弹的研究提出了建议。     

Flywheel technology: past, present, and 21st century projections

This paper describes the present status of flywheel energy storage technology, or mechanical batteries, and discusses realistic future projections that are possible based on stronger composite materials and advancing technology. The origins and use of flywheel technology for mechanical energy storage began several hundred years ago and was developed throughout the Industrial Revolution. One of the first “modern” dissertations on the theoretical stress limitations of rotational disks (isotropic only) is the seminal work by A. Stodola whose first translation to English was made in 1917. The next big milestones were during the 1960s and 1970s when NASA sponsored programs proposed energy storage flywheels as possible primary sources for space missions. However, it was not until the 1980's when microelectronics, magnetic bearing systems and high power density motor-generators became enabling technologies. The next decade proved that a mechanical battery could surpass chemical batteries for many applications     

Sensor validation using hardware-based on-line learning neuralnetworks

The objective of this document Is to show the capabilities of parallel hardware-based on-line learning neural networks (NNs). This specific application is related to an on-line estimation problem for sensor validation purposes. Neural-network-based microprocessors are starting to be commercially available. However, most of them feature a learning performed with the classic back-propagation algorithm (BPA). To overcome this lack of flexibility a customized motherboard with transputers was implemented for this investigation, The extended BPA (EBPA), a modified and more effective BPA, was used for the on-line learning, These parallel hardware-based neural architectures were used to implement a sensor failure detection, identification, and accommodation scheme in the model of a night control system assumed to be without physical redundancy in the sensory capabilities. The results of this study demonstrate the potential for these neural schemes for implementation in actual flight control systems of modern high performance aircraft, taking advantage of the characteristics of the extended back-propagation along with the parallel computation capabilities of NN customized hardware     

激光金属沉积技术研究现状与应用进展

增材制造是融合材料科学、机械自动化及信息技术的先进制造技术,在近30年的发展中,发挥着越来越重要的作用。激光金属沉积(Laser metal deposition,LMD)是基于定向能量沉积(Directed energy deposition,DED)的一种增材制造技术,在近年来受到广泛关注和研究。阐述了LMD技术的基本工作原理及系统组成,重点介绍LMD技术国内外研究进展及应用现状,列举了一些基于LMD的工艺技术开发及装备研发制造,指出了LMD技术在成形效率和成形精度、工艺稳定性及性能一致性等方面的不足。最后,总结了LMD技术未来的5个发展趋势:材料体系集约化、工艺参数系统化、成形过程高效化、设备集成智能化和应用领域广泛化。     

A novel approximation of basic probability assignment based on rank-level fusion

Belief functions theory is an important tool in the field of information fusion. However, when the cardinality of the frame of discernment becomes large, the high computational cost of evidence combination will become the bottleneck of belief functions theory in real applications. The basic probability assignment (BPA) approximations, which can reduce the complexity of the BPAs, are always used to reduce the computational cost of evidence combination. In this paper, both the cardinalities and the mass assignment values of focal elements are used as the criteria of reduction. The two criteria are jointly used by using rank-level fusion. Some experiments and related analyses are provided to illustrate and justify the proposed new BPA approximation approach.     

CFD评估框架的进展及其最佳实践: QNET-CFD知识库

QNET—CFD是欧盟R＆D项目开发的一个主题网络，该网络讨论了计算流体力学（CFD）供工业应用应具有的品质和可信度，其主要目的是以系统和质量控制的方式收集CFD和实验数据，建立两者相容的知识库（KB），以此为基础，支持对CFD进行指导和评估。QNET—CFD围绕覆盖下述工业部门的6个主题（TA）组成：外流空气动力学；燃烧和传热；化学过程、热水力学和核安全：土木建筑和HVAC；环境；涡轮机内流。其主要成果是建立了具有面向用户界面及丰富的实验和CFD数据的知识库，这些数据来自于大量实验数据，分为53种应用挑战（AC）和43种基本流动状态（UFR）。除对上述6个主题领域中每一个的科学发展动态给出述评外，KB还包含了对大多数应用挑战如何利用CFD的最实际的建议，这被视为QNET—CFD最有意义的贡献，CFD的可信度和质量水平将因此得以进一步提高。     

Combined heat and power: how much carbon and energy canmanufacturers save?

In this paper we analyze the potential for CHP in US manufacturing. We use typical efficiencies of today's available CHP technologies to estimate the technical potential for the frozen technology case. We find that if manufacturers in 1994 had self-generated all their steam and electric needs with existing cost-effective CHP technologies, they could have reduced carbon equivalent (=12/44 carbon dioxide) emissions by up to 30 million metric tons of carbon (MtC) or nearly 20 percent, and energy use by nearly an Exajoule (EJ). With growth in manufacturing and expected improvements in CHP technologies, this technical potential could be much larger. However, without environmental regulatory reform and innovation-oriented utility restructuring policies, actual CHP installed by US manufacturers could fall far short     

COTS based open systems for military avionics

The DoD has many acquisition programs that are aggressively implementing open architecture principles in new avionics systems. Since “open” is an unclear attribute, projects eventually give in to a point solution that has no flexibility to cost effectively keep up with rapid changes in technology. The Open Systems Development Initiative (OSDI) project utilized COTS products to study the feasibility of building an open system that has plug-and-play capabilities. Lessons learned from the AV-8B Open Systems Core Avionics Requirements (OSCAR) and the F/A-18 Advanced Mission Computers and Displays (AMC&D) programs clearly indicated that understanding the underlying interfaces is crucial to keeping the system as open as possible to take advantage of the rapid changes in technology. A matrix of Key Open Standard Interfaces (KOSI), called the KOSI matrix, was developed and an applicable standard was identified for each interface. A list of non-conforming interfaces was also identified and the use of extensions or wrappers was investigated in an attempt to comply with standards. Standardization, rather than optimization of such interfaces, was considered more beneficial. It became evident that, with the exception of ruggedization, there is no difference in the use of COTS products for either commercial or military systems. Performing a KOSI analysis helped identify the key interfaces and standards, thus enabling the OSDI system to be scalable, portable and interoperable. A good KOSI matrix provides a vehicle for clear communication and helps systems integration and technology insertion to be less painful than what it is today. It helps reduce time-to-market and provides guidance to systems engineers and vendors to keep the system open     

Prismatic lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have demonstrated the ability to fulfill the energy storage needs of many new technologies. The most significant drawbacks of currently available technologies, such as LiCoO ₂ based Li-ion cells, is their high cost and significant environmental hazards. Li-ion cells which use a lithium manganese oxide (LiMn₂O₄) spinel based cathode material should be much less costly and safer than LiCoO₂ based cells. Performance data from prismatic design cells which use a LiMn₂O₄ based cathode material is presented and shown to meet many military performance criteria. The most significant drawback of this technology is the short cycle life     

聚焦变换在MIMO阵列方位估计中的应用

MIMO阵列是近年来信号处理领域提出的一种新体制阵列技术,可有效避免常规阵列中的相干源问题。为解决多载波造成的方位模糊,提出了一种基于聚焦变换的MIMO阵列目标方位估计方法。该方法将MIMO阵列接收信号分解为多个频率分量的信号,并通过聚焦算法将多个频率信号聚焦到同一信号子空间,然后对聚焦后的信号进行方位估计。仿真结果表明:与直接对MIMO阵列接收信号进行方位估计相比,该方法利用了MIMO阵列的回波不相干性和宽带信号能量,具有更好的分辨能力和更高的方位估计精度。     

用于航空高压直流电源系统的笼型异步发电机控制策略的研究

 现代电力电子技术的发展使得笼型异步发电机能够适用于航空高压直流系统中。着重对笼型异步电机与电力电子变换器结合构成的发电系统进行了研究,说明了采用直接转矩控制策略可使这种发电系统具有很好的动态特性。介绍了异步发电机直接转矩控制的原理与实现方法,并给出了仿真与实验结果。     

Artificial intelligence in test

This paper discusses the subject of applying artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to automatic test. It has been the experience of the author that AI is not a “magic bullet”, and that its successful use requires an understanding of both the technology and the repair process to which it is being applied     

基于声学黑洞的盒式结构全频带振动控制

声学黑洞（ABH）作为一种新型高效的波动控制技术,被广泛应用于梁板结构的振动控制中。传统声学黑洞结构存在局部强度和刚度较弱、特征尺寸较大、有效作用频率较高等问题,限制了声学黑洞技术的进一步应用和推广。针对盒式结构振动控制问题,设计了一种新型的声学黑洞阻尼（ABHD）振子。运用有限元仿真方法研究了附加ABHD振子的盒式结构的动态特性,结果表明附加声学黑洞阻尼振子的盒式结构具有高效的能量聚集和耗散能力。通过对盒式结构上下主梁中间不同位置处振子参数的优化,在不改变原有主结构强度和刚度的前提下,实现了对主梁全频带的减振效果。实验结果表明,传统盒式结构在附加多个ABHD振子后全频带的共振峰均有5~30 dB的削减,且附加振子的质量占系统总质量的7.8 %。