Security applications of computer vision

In an age which bears witness to a proliferation of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras for security and surveillance monitoring, the use of image processing and computer vision techniques which were provided as top end bespoke solutions can now be realised using desktop PC processing. Commercial Video Motion Detection (VMD) and Intelligent Scene Monitoring (ISM) systems are becoming increasingly sophisticated, aided, in no small way, by a technology transfer from previously exclusively military research sectors. Image processing is traditionally concerned with pre-processing operations such as Fourier filtering, edge detection and morphological operations. Computer vision extends the image processing paradigm to include understanding of scene content, tracking and object classification. Examples of computer vision applications include Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR), people and vehicle tracking, crowd analysis and model based vision. Often image processing and computer vision techniques are developed with highly specific applications in mind and the goal of a more global understanding computer vision system remains, at least for now, outside the bounds of present technology. This paper will review some of the most recent developments in computer vision and image processing for challenging outdoor perimeter security applications. It also describes the efforts of development teams to integrate some of these advanced ideas into coherent prototype development systems     

Synthetic vision for enhancing poor visibility flight operations

Visibility is important for the pilot controlling an aircraft in flight conditions close to the ground, particularly when landing. Therefore, poor visibility yields a great restriction for aircraft operations. Restrictions exist for landing sites which are equipped with facilities providing a landing approach aid like ILS since a minimum is required for visibility. For landing sites providing no approach aids, restrictions are much more severe. This holds even if aircraft are equipped with modern instrumentation and navigation devices. The natural view of the pilot is dependent on various meteorological conditions like darkness, dust, fog, rain etc. The degradation in view caused by these conditions can be compensated for partially or even completely by technical means providing artificial vision cues. Such technical means may be based on radar or optical sensor information. Concepts which employ these techniques are known as “Synthetic Visual Systems” or “Enhanced Visual Systems,” . The present paper is concerned with computer generated vision as a further technique providing visual cues for the pilot. Computer generated vision may be used in combination with the aforementioned sensor based techniques. Thus, it is possible to compensate for limitations which sensor based visual systems have in providing sufficient visibility range or in generating a normal looking image. In addition, computer generated imagery has the potential providing additional information to the pilot for controlling the flight path or for warning purposes. This potential can yield improved and/or more information as compared with the natural view when looking out of the cockpit window     

浅析高原机场及航线的飞机性能管理

对位于山地和高原地区的机场，一般净空条件极差、气候复杂多变，高原航线地形复杂、航路安全高度高，飞行性能分析及管理问题尤其突出。针对中国西部地区高原复杂机场及航线的特点，对飞机起飞和着陆性能进行了分析，对航路中一发失效的飘降和客舱释压的供氧提出了分析和管理的策略。     

Passive millimeter wave imaging considerations for tactical aircraft

Air Force, Army, Navy, and NASA Research Laboratories, in addition to major aerospace companies, are considering millimeter wave (MMW) imaging technology as an enhancement to sensor suits on both occupied and unoccupied vehicles. This is a review of the basic technology involved in MMW imaging and some of the programs and products that might benefit from passive day or night imaging through mist, haze, fog, clouds, smoke and/or dust. Potential applications include UAV surveillance of ground vehicles, airborne approach to airfields, tankers, flight leaders, and detection of airborne targets, including stealth aircraft.     

Automatic CCTV surveillance-towards the VIRTUAL GUARD

The VIRTUAL GUARD is a general-purpose computer-based CCTV surveillance system for detecting potential criminal activity in public areas. The system monitors all activity in the surveillance area, the vast majority of which is people innocently going about their normal business. It will alarm when the observed activities of particular pedestrians and vehicles match any of the pre-defined “suspicious behaviour criteria” programmed into the system. At the same time as analysing movement behaviour, the system uses computer-controlled pan tilt zoom cameras to obtain close-up video recordings of any pedestrians and vehicles at the scene. The system can provide automatic surveillance in many different situations, from parking areas and commercial districts, to housing, recreational and transport facilities. It is particularly suited to the protection of government or commercial buildings located on city streets or other public areas where it is not possible to install perimeter fences     

Federal Radionavigation Plan-pie in the sky for civil aviation?

The Federal Radionavigation Plan states that all present navigation and landing guidance facilities will be retired starting in 2005, and full dependence for these functions will be placed on augmented GPS. Once this is implemented, civil aviation will be totally vulnerable to terrorist jamming of the GPS signals over wide earth areas with widespread disruption of air traffic and potential disasters. It has become apparent that the use of GPS/GNSS is complex and expensive for the required civil aviation functions. It is clear that a different system form is needed for civil aviation, a redundant satellite/ground based system that will prevent it from being a jamming target while providing ATC surveillance, area navigation, collision warning/avoidance, high-speed data link and Category I landing guidance globally, plus precision Category III guidance in the terminal areas as needed. Such a system will be described     

虚拟现实技术在军事上的应用

虚拟现实技术汇集了计算机图形学、多媒体技术、人工智能、人机接口技术、计算机仿真技术、传感器技术、计算机视觉和人的行为学研究等多项关键技术,是一门基于多种学科发展起来的计算机领域的高新技术。本文主要介绍了虚拟现实技术在军事领域的应用以及真三维立体显示技术,表明基于虚拟现实技术的军事仿真训练系统在飞行训练、海军潜艇训练、立体三维坦克作战指挥系统、立体三维直升机训练系统、立体三维海军作战指挥系统、立体三维实战演示系统等领域具有非常广阔的应用前景。     

Using natural features for vision based navigation of an indoor-VTOL MAV

The use of natural features for vision based navigation of an indoor Vertical-Take-Off-and-Landing (VTOL) Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) named Air-Quad is presented. Air-Quad is a small four-rotor helicopter developed at the ITE.Such a helicopter needs reliable attitude information. The measurements of the used MEMS gyroscopes and accelerometers are corrupted by strong noise. To be useful, the MEMS sensors have to be part of an integrated navigation system with aiding through complementary sensors like GPS or the computer vision module presented here.In the computer vision module, feature points are detected and tracked through the image sequence. The relative rotation and translation of the camera are estimated using the two-dimensional motion of the feature points.The three-dimensional points in the scene are modeled with the image coordinates of their first sighting and their inverse depths. Only these inverse depths are estimated for the feature points. An efficient sparse bundle adjustment algorithm is used to improve the estimation of the scene structure and the navigation solution.It is shown that the use of the computer vision module greatly improves the navigation solution compared to a solution based only on MEMS sensors.     

摄像机标定研究

目前,摄像机标定是计算机视觉领域中的研究热点之一,其目的是通过摄像机拍摄的单幅或多幅图像来确定摄像机的参数模型,进而获得摄像机的各项参数,在机器人导航、三维重建、生物医疗、虚拟现实、视觉监控、视觉伺服等领域均有广泛的应用前景。本文综述了传统标定方法,自标定方法和基于主动视觉的标定方法的研究现状,对其优缺点作出评价并指出发展方向。     

基于深度学习的小目标检测研究进展

随着深度学习方法的快速发展,目标检测作为计算机视觉领域中最基本、最具有挑战性的任务之一,已取得了令人瞩目的进展。现有的算法大多针对于具有一定尺寸或比例的大中型目标,但由于待测目标尺寸小、特征弱等原因,对小目标的检测性能还远远不能令人满意。小目标检测（SOT）作为一种广泛应用于室外远程拍摄和航空遥感场景的技术,近年来受到了广泛的关注,各种方法层出不穷,但是目前对该问题的全面综述较少。从问题定义、算法分析、应用介绍、方向展望等方面对基于深度学习的小目标检测研究进展进行了综述。首先,给出了小目标检测问题的定义,阐述了其技术难点及在实际应用中面临的挑战;接着,从8个不同角度分析了检测器对小目标检测精度较低的主要原因及相应的改进方法,详细归纳总结了小目标检测在各技术方面的研究工作;然后介绍了几个特定场景下小目标检测算法的典型应用;最后,对小目标检测未来的发展趋势进行展望,提出可行的研究方向,期望为该领域的研究工作提供可借鉴和参考的思路。     

Recent progress in the National Aerospace Plane program

The goal of the NASP (National Aerospace Plane) program is to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of a horizontal take-off and landing aircraft that utilizes conventional airfields, accelerates to hypersonic speeds, achieves orbit in a single stage, delivers useful payloads to space, returns to Earth with propulsive capability, and has the operability, flexibility, supportability, and economic potential of airplanes. The technological requirements of such a craft are examined, and current research efforts are described     

半准备机场及双气室减震器设计

机场在未来战争中必然遭受破坏,其局部地区经修复后,形成了半准备机场。这类机场局部地区属于柔性范畴,而且局部表面很粗糙。带有常规式减震器的起落架,在这类机场上起降会出现高的过载,导致起落架及与飞机相连部位过早的破坏。为了适应这类机场使用的特点,本文探讨了双气室减震器的设计思想,并对它的静、动性能及主要参数选择原则作了较详细的对比分析,对道面粗糙度标准、适用半准备机场使用的其它减震器布置方案作了简单的阐述。     

Telecommunications Technology in Metropolitan Areas

The electronic communication technology available today offers the possibility of changing many patterns of information transfer in urban areas. There are three major trends which are converging to make this change possible. These are: 1) the technology to permit wideband information transfer manifested in the existing 2300/CATV/Cable System and in modification of the Bell network for wideband services; 2) the potential demand for a vast range of new services to persons operating in the urban areas; 3) the increasing demands for meeting mobile information transfer needs in the urban areas through radio systems operating in the 100 to 1000 MHz part of the spectrum. The extent to which these trends are allowed to converge will be a function of the quality of telecommunication policy formulation and execution. In order to formulate policy, it is necessary to have a vision of the future toward which to work. This paper will discuss the types of services possible with the technology presently available, which will have impact on future policy decisions.     

航空发动机试车台附加阻力修正方法

附加阻力(进气冲量阻力和外部冲量阻力)是航空发动机试车台架推力的重要组成部分,准确地确定附加阻力对提高发动机试车台推力测量的准确性有十分重要的意义。本文对发动机总推力和试车台的对比标定进行了介绍,对发动机在露天试车台、室内地面台和高空台上附加阻力的确定方法和修正方法进行了详细地研究,给出了高空台与高空台、高空台与地面台的对比标定试验结果。      

一种基于ADS-B、WAM和雷达的组合监视方法及其架构

978MHz的广播式自动相关监视系统(ADS-B)技术在通用航空空管领域有广泛应用。中国民航飞行学院在我国首次应用ADS-B系统。从2005年至今,中国民航学院的所有5个机场建立了地面基站,150架飞机加装了机载ADS-B系统,系统运转良好,极大地提高了训练飞行的安全性和空域的利用率。为保证系统数据的精度和完整性,本文介绍了一种方法,即实现多种导航覆盖的ADS-B、广域多点相关系统(WAMLAT)和雷达监视的组合方法,以提高空中交通监视的可靠性,满足空中交通监视所需的导航精度、导航完整性和监视完整性要求。这种综合构型监视方法,将有助于推动多监视源的应用。     

图像配准关键技术综述

图像采集设备的快速发展带来了图像种类和数量的迅速增加,图像拼接、融合等视觉系统提高了对图像配准的技术需求。图像配准利用原始图像数据或图像特征信息对输入图像的重叠区域进行变换和对齐,是为后续图像拼接、图像融合等图像处理任务提供操作基准的核心技术,是当前计算机视觉领域的热点研究问题。首先介绍了图像配准技术的主要应用领域及重大发展前景,然后说明了图像配准技术的基本框架和技术难点,详细阐述了基于特征以及基于区域的图像配准技术的实现算法及关键技术,分析了不同配准算法的优缺点及适用性,并对图像配准技术的发展前景进行了讨论和展望。     

UWB Perimeter Surveillance

This program will develop an automated and unmanned ultra-wide band (UWB) perimeter surveillance sensor designed to provide detection and tracking of personnel and vehicles at the perimeter of critical areas such as military installations and other such facilities. This effort describes the work being done for the protection of high value assets using a compact system which incorporates two technologies to enhance the probability of detection in stressing environments     

Concepts in Computer Control for Frequency Surveillance

The computer controlled frequency surveillance system utilizes a small computer in conjunction with a digital interface unit, to act as the controller between the computer and two completely programmable receivers. It operates in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 GHz with a programmed dynamic range of at least 120 dB. The system can, with proper programming, detect, analyze, correlate, and display all of the frequency information which the basic receivers are capable of intercepting. In addition, self-calibrating features are also included as well as the ability to make decisions based on the data received by the receiver. These decision making aspects, or branches in the program allow the frequency surveillance system to perform a multiplicity of functions, which can be predetermined. The basic concepts required in the development of a computer controlled frequency surveillance system are presented. Numerous applications are cited describing the far-reaching potentials inherent in this type of system. The functional operation of the system is discussed in relationship to the receiving systems and the computer programs.     

用于无人直升机着舰控制的计算机视觉技术研究

 通过理论分析和计算机半实物仿真研究了一种应用于无人直升机自主着舰的双目立体计算机视觉系统及相关计算机视觉技术。研究了基于HSV 均匀色标的计算机视觉技术在无人直升机着舰控制中的应用。使用Hough 变换算法检测直线参数,在Hough 变换中利用梯度信息,它的应用打破了Hough 变换的计算瓶颈。整套算法的抗噪声能力很强,达到了无人直升机自主着舰的实时性和实用性要求。     

SVSS: Intelligent video surveillance system for aircraft

Safety and security are the most discussed topics in the aviation field. The latest security initiatives in the field of aviation propose [1I] the aircraft carriers to implement video surveillance within the aircraft at strategic locations. The current proposals allow the video surveillance data to be stored within the aircraft and monitored by one of the flight crew. The monitoring crew will be responsible for identifying the anomaly within the aircraft and take necessary preventive actions. With the introduction of additional technology within the aircraft, mere human perception may not be sufficient to make a decision. In this research work, the authors explore the possibility of implementing a smart video surveillance system (SVSS) within the aircraft that is tuned toward detecting the behavioral anomaly within the aircraft. The SVSS will generate security triggers when it detects an anomaly within the aircraft. These triggers could be combined with other triggers generated by different aircraft components (possible alarms from the flight crew, data traffic anomaly, or alarm generated by one of the avionics components) to provide a better understanding of the situation to the monitoring crew.