Developments in high resolution imaging satellites for the military

The military authorities in 10 countries now operate high resolution imaging satellites either autonomously or as joint civil-military systems. At least 15 other countries operate civil imaging satellites whose image quality is comparable to that of the military variety, and more countries join the list every year. The proliferation of these satellites is described, the link to similarly proliferating civilian systems presented and the mostly positive implications for international relations of their spread discussed.     

资源卫星光学遥感器发展近况

以美国、法国、印度和日本为例 ,文章介绍了 2 0 0 0年以后各国已发射的及计划发射的资源卫星及其光学遥感器     

Satellite vulnerability: a post-Cold War issue?

The widely discussed use of US reconnaissance satellites during the Gulf War will strongly motivate future regional adversaries to seek ways of countering US space-based assets. The presumption that reconnaissance satellites can operate covertly is obsolete. Tracking US reconnaissance satellites can provide valuable support to a hostile country's concealment and deception programs. Iraq's ability to conceal both major weapons programs and many SCUD launchers is a warning of the serious consequences such programs can have. Space surveillance systems of the type likely to be acquired by Third World countries are inconspicuous and may well go undetected, while direct ascent ASAT rockets are within the reach of many countries. This article argues that fundamental reexamination of the functions and architecture of US overhead reconnaissance is needed, and should be done outside the traditional Cold War bureaucratic structures.     

我国“风云”气象卫星及其应用的回顾与展望

气象卫星和卫星气象是气象现代化的重要标志。自1988年至今,我国已先后成功发射了4颗风云-1极轨气象卫星和4颗风云-2静止气象卫星,顺利完成了极轨和静止两个系列气象卫星从试验到业务卫星的跨越。由“风云”气象卫星获取的地球大气和地表信息已广泛应用于天气预报、气候预测、环境和自然灾害监测与分析等多个领域。文章介绍了我国“风云”系列气象卫星的发展历程、地面应用系统组成、“风云”卫星产品及应用,最后展望了“风云”系列气象卫星的发展。     

我国小卫星、微小卫星有效载荷的发展

文章简要介绍了国内外小卫星、微小卫星的发展历史,分析了适用于小卫星、微小卫星的有效载荷的发展趋势,简单介绍了我国光学有效载荷的研究现状,通过归纳分析,就有效栽荷实现体积小型化、功能单一化、接口标准化提出了解决方法。     

中国返回式卫星发展与成就

文章概述了返回式卫星技术在世界各国发展的情况;介绍了中国返回式卫星发展历程及其取得的成就;总结了取得的科学技术成果及其在中国空间技术方面的贡献;最后面对中国航天事业的发展提出中国返回式卫星发展远景设想.     

国外侦察卫星最新进展

介绍了各国和地区的在轨侦察能力、在研的卫星系统,以及未来的发展规划,最后总结了各国侦察卫星发展概况。     

空间环境研究的现状与展望

空间环境研究的内容包括空间环境模式研究、空间环境效应研究和空间环境实验研究。当前国外空间环境研究注重对大型软件组织多学科、多单位长期合作研究;模式研究与实验研究紧密结合;注意开发对工程适用的模式;工作重点是太阳帆板带电和低轨卫星表面带电。建议我国在今后的空间环境研究中加强联合,集中攻克急需的大型软件;加强对材料特性的实验研究;着手发射环境效应卫星;开拓空间环境研究的新领域;在空间环境效应研究中加强卫星研制单位、卫星操作部门与环境效应研究单位的合作。     

Tropical Earth Resources Satellite: is the investment warranted?

All existing and planned Earth observation satellites have near-polar orbits (hence global coverage), but the Tropical Earth Resources Satellite (TERS) will have a true equatorial orbit at 1681 km. The TERS, conceived for the equatorial countries and Indonesia in particular, complements the existing and planned remote sensing satellites and will enable the monitoring of critical processes, such as food production, conservation of the national environment and land usage. The swath-width of the high resolution multispectral instrument can be pointed anywhere between latitude 10°N and 10°S, offering the tropical countries an opportunity to observe any part of their territory four times a day during daylight. A forward looking cloud sensor detects which areas are free of clouds and the pushbroom optical instrument will be pointed to specific clear areas. It is expected that the benefits of the monitoring capability warrant the investment in TERS.     

Developing countries, the GEO and the WARC-ORB 85 conference

This article considers the problems to be discussed at the WARC-ORB 85 Conference from the perspective of the developing countries. Two main concerns have been expressed by developing countries: access to the geostationary orbit and the technical and financial burdens imposed by technical standards for satellites and earth stations. It is argued that cooperation in outer space particularly in the field of telecommunications is essential, and that programmes such as the UN technical assistance programmes offer the basis for such cooperation.     

Remote sensing of Earth resources: emerging opportunities for developing countries

Land information from remote sensing satellites contributes substantially to the quality of decision making in development activities. However, participation in space-related activities by developing countries has historically been low in part due to the high costs and advanced technology inputs required. The paper discusses several technological and socio-political trends which now offer increasingly affordable opportunities for developing countries to increase their level of participation in activities related to satellite remote sensing of earth resources. Benefiting from these opportunities requires appropriate encouragement and support from national governments.     

Space technology in developing nations: an assessment

Space technology can make an immense contribution to solving the problems of the world as a whole, and the developing nations in particular. This report summarizes the use of satellites by developing countries in the fields of communications, remote sensing, disaster management and space science. India and China, in particular, have built up impressive capabilities in several of these areas, but the great majority of developing countries still do not have access to this technology. The author addresses a number of proposals to the international community for bringing the satellite revolution to the developing world.     

The progress of astronautics in China

China now has thirty years of experience in space. This article traces the development of China's space efforts and the successes China has achieved in space technology, particularly satellites and launchers. China's future plans for space activities are examined, including plans for cooperation with friendly countries, manned space flight, facilities to launch larger space vehicles, and participation in a permanent space station.     

霍尔电推进技术的发展与应用

霍尔电推进具有推力密度大、推力功率比大、比冲高及系统可靠等优点,在20世纪60~70年代突破关键技术、完成空间试验后,在俄、美、欧等航天器上获得大量应用,执行位置保持、轨道转移、轨道调整和深空探测主推进等任务。目前,100 W级到5 k W级功率的霍尔推力器已经实现在轨应用,100 k W功率的霍尔推力器已在研制中。针对未来载人深空探测、GEO卫星、低轨和超低轨卫星及轨道机动飞行器等任务需求,霍尔电推进朝着更大功率包络,更强多模式调节能力,更高性能,更长寿命及推进剂多样化等方向发展。在分析霍尔电推进技术特点和适用任务后,对国内外霍尔电推进技术的发展现状、任务应用等进行了综述,最后对霍尔电推进的发展趋势进行了展望。     

反卫星武器发展的相关问题研究

随着卫星在现代战争中的作用日益增强,空间已成为各国新的战略制高点.介绍了反卫星武器系统的概念及结构,并对未来反卫星武器的发展建设从技术角度进行了分析与研究,最后对当前发展反卫星武器面临的问题进行了深入的剖析.     

Commercial spaceports — a window of opportunity?

The feasibility of building commercial spaceports is being actively investigated in several countries. Potential benefits include boosting economic development and assisting the commercial launch industry. This report finds, however, that commercial spaceport development will probably not be capable of generating a large enough return on investment to attract private sector involvement without significant government assistance. It is also unlikely that the market for large launch vehicles will support spaceport development; however, small satellites may offer better prospects.     

Species and temperature exchange in the atmosphere of “BION-M” spacecraft

On going flights of Foton satellites allow to carry out research in the following domains: effect of space flight and outer space factors such as microgravity, artificial gravity and space radiation on physical processes and biological organisms. Experts from many Russian and foreign scientific institutions participated in the research. Over a period of time from 1973 to 1997 there were launched 11 BION satellites designed by the Central Specialized Design Bureau for carrying out fundamental and applied research in the field of space biology, medicine, radio physics and radiobiology with participation of specialists from the foreign countries.The goal of the present investigation was in developing a numerical simulator aimed at determining gas concentration and temperature fields established inside the scientific module of the spacecraft “Bion-M” and to perform optimization studies, which could meet strong requirements for air quality and temperature range allowable for operation of different biological experiments.     

Rethinking national and global security: The role of space-based observations

In 1955 US President Eisenhower made his Open Skies proposal to the USSR, suggesting an exchange of blueprints showing the location of military installations in the two countries. The proposal was rejected at the time, but today the proliferation of remote sensing technology, along with interrelated security concerns, suggests that the time has come to rethink and update the concept. In this paper the author explains his recent proposal to the US Congress that a national commission be established to explore how information gathered by civilian remote sensing satellites could increase international security and stability without jeopardizing national defence.     

星座设计中的安全性问题研究

如何避免星座中卫星之间发生碰撞是星座安全性设计需要考虑的重要问题,给出了预测星座中卫星发生碰撞的一种方法,提出保证星座安全性需要考虑的三个问题并研究了如何避免星座中工作卫星、备份卫星和寿命终止卫星与工作卫星发生碰撞的措施。