针对海南文昌发射场的载人航天器盐雾效应试验及防护方法

空间站工程大吨位载人航天器均在海南文昌发射场发射,面临盐雾效应这个新的环境要素。文章针对海南文昌发射场盐雾环境对载人航天器的影响开展分析和验证工作,研究文昌发射场盐雾水平,分析盐雾效应产生机理和常规盐雾模拟试验方法,针对载人航天器测发流程特点提出主动盐雾防护与盐雾效应摸底试验相结合的工程方法。基于盐雾效应机理总结提出的盐雾效应筛查表格可指导开展沿海地区发射航天器的盐雾防护设计和敏感因素筛查。     

A proposed Comet Nucleus Penetrator for the Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby mission

Among the major objectives of NASA's program of space exploration is a better understanding of the origin and evolution of the solar system. Crucial to this objective is the study of comets, which are thought to be the most primitive, pristine bodies remaining in the solar system. The importance of the study of comets has led NASA to plan a mission to rendezvous with comet Tempel 2 in 1997. Critical to the understanding of comets will be measurements of the nucleus material to determine its elemental and isotopic composition, its mechanical properties, and its thermal state and properties. This paper describes a proposal for a Comet Nucleus Penetrator to accomplish these measurement goals. The Comet Nucleus Penetrator will implant instruments into the comet's nucleus beneath a probable volatile-depleted surface mantle into material more representative of the bulk composition of the nucleus.     

改革商务英语教学模式培养商务应用型人才

文章通过对桂林航专商务英语的教学现状、课程设置及师资情况的分析,提出了如何进一步深化改革学校商务英语的教学模式,提高商务英语教学质量,建立更加完善的课程建设体系及具体措施,以培养适应新世纪经济挑战的复合型高级商务人才。     

Analytical definition and proposed concept for the manned infrastructure of a lunar outpost

A recent study made by ESA has reviewed the scientific investigations to be only, or best, performed on the Moon (Return to the Moon, ESA SP-1150, June 1992), and has identified the need for a manned lunar outpost to provide support to field geologists in sampling and in-situ observations of the lunar surface, and to allow the refurbishments of surface stations and rovers. Planning and development for a manned outpost on the Moon requires an in-depth understanding and analysis of the functions this outpost is expected to perform. We therefore analyzed the impact of the proposed scientific investigations on the design of a manned lunar outpost. The specific questions raised in our study were: What are the medical, physiological and psychological risks for a crew to stay and to work on the Moon? What transit and lunar surface infrastructures (habitats and vehicles) are needed to minimize those risks?     

Commercial space development

A panel session on ‘Creative approaches to commercial joint ventures in space’ took place at the American Society of Public Administration National Conference, 28 March 1 April 1987. This report highlights the comments made by the panelists¹ on the steps NASA and US industry can take together to ensure US space leadership.     

SpaceX公司商用塑封器件质量保证措施

调研了商用塑封器件用于宇航任务时的一般质量保证要求,重点分析美国太空探索技术(SpaceX)公司基于实际工况的器件级、板级相结合的筛选、考核试验方法和选用策略。在此基础上提出国内航天任务用商用塑封器件质量保证方法改进建议,例如适当降低器件级试验要求并增加板级筛选和考核试验。最后,给出典型电装后单板筛选的低成本质量保证方案,在保证器件应用可靠性的同时能有效优化流程、降低成本。     

Global Commercial Space Markets

Space is becoming more accessible than ever before. Falling satellite manufacturing and launch costs have opened the door to new players to enter the market, disrupting the status quo. HTS and constellations have entered the market and will lead to a lot more capacity at a lower price. But how this capacity will be optimally distributed remains a significant challenge. Earth Observation(EO) and Big Data are also areas of interest that are gaining grounds thanks to projects of 100 s if not 1,000 s of satellites that will have a lasting effect on manufacturing and launch markets.     

Global Commercial Space Markets

太空变得比以往任何时候都更容易进入。卫星制造和发射成本的下降打破了现有格局和状况,为新玩家进入市场打开了大门。高通量卫星和星座已进入市场,并将以更低价格带来更大的容量。但是,如何将容量优化分配仍然是一项重大挑战。对地观测和大数据也是令人关注的领域,得益于成百上千颗卫星项目,这些领域正在发展壮大,并将对制造和发射市场产生持久的影响。     

Control-structure interaction study of the proposed space station freedom

A relatively general formulation for studying the dynamics and control of an arbitrary spacecraft with interconnected flexible bodies has been developed accounting for transient system properties, shift in the center of mass, shear deformations, rotary inertias and geometric nonlinearities. This self-contained, comprehensive, numerical algorithm using system modes is applicable to a large class of spacecraft configurations of contemporary and future interests. Here, versatility of the approach is demonstrated through the dynamics and control studies aimed at the evolving Space Station Freedom.     

CASC Signed First Commercial Launch Service Deal for a National Program

CASC and China Academy of Sciences (CAS) signed a contract on the development of launch vehicles for the satellite project Strategic Pioneer Program on space science on October 31 in Beijing.According to the contract, CGWIC is the general contractor to arrange the launch service and SAST is responsible for developing three LM-2D launch vehicles. It was the first time that LM launch vehicle would be used for a national program in a commercial mode. This new attempt was expected to facilitate     

Automatic rendez-vous scheme proposed for an unmanned (or manned) vehicle with a space station

A method for automatic rendez-vous between an active vehicle, and a passive orbiting vehicle (typically a space station on a circular orbit) is presented. The main interest of the method is the simplicity of system implementation, and the small requirements on vehicle maneuvres and on-board computations, rather than in the mathematical optimization of fuel expenditure or elapsed time.The chaser is at first put on a circular orbit, lower and nearly coplanar to the orbit of the target (space station). An open-loop transfer of the chaser is performed, in order to put it in a window appropriated for automatic rendez-vous. When the relative distance of the two vehicles is small enough, a radar is used on the chaser for continuous determination of relative position and speed. An on-board computer is used then to derive the moments of application of corrective thrusts and their orientation. The scheme leads to a series of corrections nearly equally spaced in time, and the chaser approaches the target exponentially. Out of plane errors are also corrected. When the vehicles are close, the docking phase is initiated, which can be performed either automatically or manually. Even in manual control, an automatic loop is used in order to give the pilot simple motions in response to the control.     

CASC Issues Commercial Space Program

正During the following 3 years, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) will implement commercial practices in launch services, in the areas of communications,navigation and remote sensing satellites, as well focusing on promoting commercial launch services and satellite applications for global low orbit satellite mobile communications, space internet systems and SuperView-1 commercial remote sensing satellite constellation consolidating the overall in-depth development of CASC’s commercial space capabilities.     

Exploration of CASC's Commercial Space

China's commercial space activities started from the launch of Asiasat-1 satellite by a LM-3 launch vehicle on April 7, 1990. As the leading force in China's space industry, CASC has been committed to commercial space for nearly 30 years. The article describes CASC's advantages and activities in commercial space sector, as well as outlook for CASC commercial space development. The author concludes CASC is willing to coordinate and cooperate with state-owned and private companies and will create a new pattern for commercial space, opening up a new industry for space development and achieving more splendid achievement.     

商业载人航天器争先亮相

<正>2010年6月美国新太空政策的出台,拉开了载人航天商业时代的帷幕;多家私营公司出品的新型商业载人航天器争先登台亮相。在商业载人航天初露端倪的今天,私人公司更深地参与了载人航天器、运载工具及各种载人航天产品的研制。由于载人航天商业市场正在悄然形成,这些公司纷纷制定雄心勃勃的长期规划,甚至独立开展载人航天发射任务。这里我们将     

Relative efficacy of the proposed Space Shuttle antimotion sickness medications

Space motion sickness has been estimated as affecting between 1/3 and 1/2 of all space flight participants. NASA has at the moment proposed a combination of promethazine and ephedrine (P/E) and one of scopolamine and dextroamphetamine (S/D), both given orally, as well as a transdermally applied scopolamine (TAS), as preventive and ameliorative measures. The reported double-blind study, tests the early phase actions and efficacy of the transdermal scopolamine (Transderm (TM)-V of ALZA Corporation) and compares these in detail to the oral medications. Motion sickness resistance was tested by standardized head movements while accelerating at 0.2 degree/sec2 to a maximum rotation of 240 degrees/sec, with an intermediate plateau of 10 min at 180 degrees/sec. To permit weighting motion sickness protection against other system influences, cardiovascular, psychological (subjective and objective), and visual parameter changes were documented for the three therapeutic modes. The relative impact of the various modalities on operational and experimental components of space missions is discussed. A comparison to intramuscularly administered promethazine (a backup therapeutic mode suggested for Space Shuttle use) is also included.     

高分辨率商业遥感卫星初试锋芒

不久前，有人让美国情报部门的一位中级官员看了一张照片。照片上拍摄的是朝鲜一处秘密导弹发射设施，清晰度非常高。这位官员吃了一惊，并断言这是一张保密照片。而对方的回答更让他吃惊：“这不保密，而且是供出售的。”将近６年前，美国总统克林顿发布了ＰＤＤ—２３法令，准许私营公司从太空中拍摄高清晰度图片，商业遥感的新时代也就此到来。上面所说的那张朝鲜导弹发射场照片就是由美国空间成像有限公司新发射的伊克诺斯卫星拍到的。在美国，准备依靠空间遥感赚取利润的公司不止空间成像公司一家，伊克诺斯卫星只是这些私营公司眼下准…     

美国的商业发射许可证制度

《外空条约》第６条规定：本条约各缔约国对本国在外层空间，包括月球与其他天体在内的活动应负国际责任，不论这类活动是由政府机构或是由非政府实体进行的。它并应负国际责任保证本国的活动符合本条约的规定。非政府实体在外层空间，包括月球与其他天体在内的活动，应经本条约有关缔约国批准并受其不断监督。国际组织在外层空间，包括月球与其他天体在内进行活动时，遵守本条约的责任应由该国际组织和参加该国际组织的本条约缔约国共同承担。为履行外空条约的上述规定，绝大多数空间国家均制订了相应的国内立法，对本国非政府实体从事空间…     

2008年商业通信卫星市场回顾

根据公开的资料信息,据不完全统计,2008年全年卫星用户共采购了22颗商业通信卫星。欧美卫星制造商所获得的商业卫星订单数．相差不大。美国的四家卫星制造商共获得了11．5颗卫星的订单,其中劳拉空间系统公司7颗,波音公司1颗,洛马公司1颗,轨道科学公司2．5颗。欧洲两家卫星公司共获得了9．5颗卫星的订单,其中法国泰雷兹,阿莱尼亚空间公司7.5颗。     

商业遥感卫星市场趋于稳定

预测国际公司在其新近完成的“民用与商业遥感卫星市场”研究报告中预测．今后10年将有价值163亿美元的大约139颗成像卫星交付。10年预测期的前半段将比后半段更为活跃．有97颗卫星将在今后5年内制造出来．     

Commercial Opportunities for Broadband Maritime Satellite Communications in the Era of HTS Satellites

Compared with the ever-changing development and changes of land communications,the development of maritime communications lags behind slightly,particularly on the offshore platform due to the complex and changeable environment,as well as the extremely difficult construction.However,the development of High Throughput Satellite(HTS)has changed the market pattern for traditional satellite communications,and its advanced technology concept ensures the rapid growth of maritime communications business.This article mainly analyzes the demand and current status of maritime satellite communications,discusses and expounds the commercial opportunities HTS satellites will bring to the era of maritime communications satellite.