人工智能航天领域应用参考模型

针对人工智能在航天领域的发展和应用问题,梳理了人工智能涉及的技术内涵和技术范畴,分析了在航天领域应用人工智能的近期迫切需求,给出了人类自然智能功能结构,构建了"信息感知、记忆思维、学习适应、行动驱动"的人工智能模型。从基础设施、基础技术、应用技术、产品与系统等层次,给出了人工智能技术参考模型,对需要发展的核心关键技术进行了描述。该参考模型可为明确航天领域的人工智能技术发展重点、建立标准体系提供参考。     

基于人工智能方法的传感器故障诊断技术

在液体火箭发动机地面试验过程中,传感器的失效率远高于发动机部件、组件的故障率,因而提出了采用基于人工智能的方法对传感器的故障进行检测与诊断.本文对基于人工智能方法用于传感器故障检测与诊断的特点进行了分析,并分别应用BP神经网络和自适应神经模糊推理系统（ANFIS）对某次传感器的故障进行检测.结果证明基于人工智能的方法稳定可靠,具有良好的工程应用前景.     

脑启发的人工智能综述：进展与应用（英文）

Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence(AI) have indicated that inspirations from the brain can effectively improve the level of intelligence for AI computational models, even if just local and partial inspirations. Nevertheless, realizing and exceeding intelligence at a human level still needs a deeper investigation and inspirations from the brain. The goal of brain-inspired intelligence is to achieve human intelligence inspired from brain neural mechanism and cognitive behavior mechanism. To this end, in this paper we introduce the relationship between AI and neuroscience, the current status of brain-inspired intelligence, the future work in intelligent control systems, and its profound influence in other fields.     

导引头自动测试系统中的智能故障诊断

将人工智能技术与自动测试技术相结合，建立了一种导引头故障诊断专家系统，可在很大程度上提高导引头生产的自动化程度。讨论了人工智能（ＡＩ）技术与自动测试设备（ＡＴＥ）结合用于故障诊断的原理，介绍了此专家系统的设计思想和主要特点。     

美军有人-无人协同作战发展与趋势分析

随着人工智能技术、信息化技术的快速发展,世界军事强国着眼于未来强对抗环境,都在关注有人-无人机协同作战样式的研发,不断推出新理念、新项目,不断进行演示验证工作,且已取得阶段性成果.简要介绍美军有人-无人协同作战项目的发展概况,分析未来发展趋势.     

无损检测技术的发展及应用

近些年来,无损检测技术(NDT)得列了长足的发展,文章介绍了无损检测技术的发展和应用现状,概述了定量无损评估技术(QNDE)在生产阶段、使用阶段扣使用寿命评估中的作用。并介绍了应用NDE技术的材料智能处理技术和人工智能技术。     

卫星控制系统地面实时故障诊断专家系统SCRDES

本文介绍一个可用于卫星地面检测及卫星飞行状态地面监测的实时故障诊断专家系统SCRDES。该系统以卫星姿态控制系统为对象,总结了原理性、结构性知识和专家经验型知识,采用深、浅层知识的混合模型,引入特征量及其动态属性的概念,有效地表达了闭环系统动态特征;采用数据处理与知识处理并行工作的系统结构,实现了在线实时故障诊断。SCRDES是AI和ES技术在航天领域及动态过程领域中应用的新探索。     

The AURORA Project: Removal of plastic substrate to obtain an all-metal solar sail

The Orbital Angular Momentum Reversal (H-Reversal mode), is a new class of trajectories to get a cruise speed ranging from 12 to 20 AU/yr. To accomplish the H-reversal mode, a sailcraft needs of all metal solar sail. The solar sail envisaged by the “AURORA Project” is composed of two metallic layers (AI and Cr) deposited on plastic substrate. To obtain an all metal solar sail, required by the Project, the substrate must be removed in orbit. In order to accomplish that, two possible methods are described in this paper. The first one is based on the UV degradation of a buffer layer located between the substrate and the metallic layers. The UV degradation would be the starting mechanism that causes the interface weakness. The Diamond Like Carbon has been used as buffer layer and preliminary experimental results on its UV degradation are reported. The second method exploits the characteristic of most plastics to be etched (ashing process) by the atomic oxygen. The number density of atomic oxygen in Low Earth Orbit could be enough to remove a properly-selected plastic substrate in Short time.     

Benefits and risks of using electrodynamic tethers to de-orbit spacecraft

By using electrodynamic drag to greatly increase the orbital decay rate, an electrodynamic space tether can remove spent or dysfunctional spacecraft from low Earth orbit (LEO) rapidly and safely. Moreover, the low mass requirements of such tether devices make them highly advantageous compared to conventional rocket-based de-orbit systems. However, a tether system is much more vulnerable to space debris impacts than a typical spacecraft and its design must be proved to be safe up to a certain confidence level before being adopted for potential applications. To assess space debris related concerns, in March 2001 a new task (Action Item 19.1) on the “Potential Benefits and Risks of Using Electrodynamic Tethers for End-of-life De-orbit of LEO Spacecraft” was defined by the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC). Two tests were proposed to compute the fatal impact rate of meteoroids and orbital debris on space tethers in circular orbits, at different altitudes and inclinations, as a function of the tether diameter to assess the survival probability of an electrodynamic tether system during typical de-orbiting missions. IADC members from three agencies, the Italian Space Agency (ASI), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), participated in the study and different computational approaches were specifically developed within the framework of the IADC task. This paper summarizes the content of the IADC AI 19.1 Final Report. In particular, it introduces the potential benefits and risks of using tethers in space, it describes the assumptions made in the study plan, it compares and discusses the results obtained by ASI, JAXA and NASA for the two tests proposed. Some general conclusions and recommendations are finally extrapolated from this massive and intensive piece of research.     

太阳电池对平流层飞艇热特性的影响分析

研究太阳电池对平流层飞艇驻空阶段热特性的影响。建立了太阳电池热模型、平流层飞艇热分析模型,包括热平衡方程、太阳直射辐射、天空散射辐射、地面反射辐射、大气长波辐射、地球长波辐射、蒙皮长波辐射、对流换热等;采用多节点模型,对平流层飞艇在驻空期间太阳电池、蒙皮与艇内氦气温度变化过程进行了数值模拟,得到了温度昼夜变化规律;分析了太阳电池（含隔热结构）的等效面积热阻、转换效率、铺装面积对平流层飞艇热特性的影响,得到了其温度昼夜变化规律。本文为平流层飞艇热性能分析和热控系统设计提供依据。     

舱压对载人航天器密封舱姿态光学敏感器安装精度影响分析

姿态光学敏感器是航天器在轨姿态控制的重要部件,其安装精度直接影响航天器的姿态控制精度。为了研究舱压对载人航天器密封舱姿态光学敏感器安装精度的影响,以某载人航天器密封舱外安装的姿态光学敏感器为研究对象,通过对其安装精度要求、安装状态与舱体变形情况的分析,提出了一种敏感器在设计阶段布局的分析方法。在地面进行了模拟充压试验,验证了分析方法的有效性。根据分析和试验结果在型号后续设计中进行了相应的布局改进,改进结果满足了敏感器安装精度要求并经过了飞行试验验证。     

空间站空空支架天线热设计与仿真分析

为研究核心舱飞行姿态、空间外热流、核心舱发动机羽流参数以及天线外表面热控涂层对空间站空空支架天线温度的综合影响,验证天线被动热控设计的有效性,进行了2种低温工况和6种高温工况的热分析。结果显示:低温工况下,通信天线惯性飞行时的最低温度低于正向飞行时的;展开臂多层表面最低温度为-85 ℃,满足温控指标。高温工况下,通信天线惯性飞行时的温度高于正向飞行时的;轨控发动机的羽流热效应大于偏航发动机的。通信天线内外表面均喷涂ACR-1温控白漆,1倍轨控发动机羽流热流密度时,最高温度为123 ℃,可满足实际使用要求。     

Performance evaluation and parametric analysis on cantilevered ramp injector in supersonic flows

The cantilevered ramp injector is one of the most promising candidates for the mixing enhancement between the fuel and the supersonic air, and its parametric analysis has drawn an increasing attention of researchers. The flow field characteristics and the drag force of the cantilevered ramp injector in the supersonic flow with the freestream Mach number 2.0 have been investigated numerically, and the predicted injectant mole fraction and static pressure profiles have been compared with the available experimental data in the open literature. At the same time, the grid independency analysis has been performed by using the coarse, the moderate and the refined grid scales, and the influence of the turbulence model on the flow field of the cantilevered ramp injector has been carried on as well. Further, the effects of the swept angle, the ramp angle and the length of the step on the performance of the cantilevered ramp injector have been discussed subsequently. The obtained results show that the grid scale has only a slight impact on the flow field of the cantilevered ramp injector except in the region near the fuel injector, and the predicted results show reasonable agreement with the experimental data. Additionally, the turbulence model makes a slight difference to the numerical results, and the results obtained by the RNG k−ε and SST k−ω turbulence models are almost the same. The swept angle and the ramp angle have the same impact on the performance of the cantilevered ramp injector, and the kidney-shaped plume is formed with shorter distance with the increase of the swept and ramp angles. At the same time, the shape of the injectant mole fraction contour at X/H=6 goes through a transition from a peach-shaped plume to a kidney-shaped plume, and the cantilevered ramp injector with larger swept and ramp angles has the higher mixing efficiency and the larger drag force. The length of the step has only a slight impact on the drag force performance of the cantilevered ramp injector. However, it makes a difference to the flow field in the vicinity of the fuel injector, and the subsonic region becomes narrower with the increase of the length of the step.     

多辐射器航天器热控流体回路布局的(火积)耗散分析

为了优化多辐射器航天器热控流体回路布局，提高流体回路的散热效率，降低流体回路温度，本文基于(火积)理论，分别对多个辐射器串联和并联的流体回路布局的散热进行了分析。结果表明，排散相同热量时，流体回路的流体与管路壁面之间的温差均匀性越好，流体回路散热过程(火积)耗散越小，系统散热过程越优。进一步，对于2个辐射器的情况，分别对辐射器设置了不同的空间辐射加热热流，对辐射器的流体回路布局方式进行了比较。结果表明，辐射器与流体回路串联时，系统散热性能要优于两者并联，系统的流体温度水平最低，结果与(火积)理论分析的预测完全一致。研究结论对多辐射器的航天器热控流体回路设计具有指导意义。     

一种与样本信息合理匹配的可靠性模型

针对随机变量具有一定的积累而又不足以确定概率分布的情况,提出了一 种新的基于分段均匀描述的可靠性模型。该模型在积累数据构成的各个子区间上,采用区间 不确定性情况下的非概率模型求得相应的非概率可靠性指标,并依据每个子区间内均匀分布 假设下非概率可靠性指标与概率可靠度的关系,求得每个子区间内无频率信息情况下基于均 匀分布描述变量不确定性时的概率可靠度。由于每个子区间在所积累的数据中出现的可能性 相等,因此可将每个子区间内的概率可靠度进行平均来得到结构的可靠度。与非概率可靠性 模型只利用了积累数据的最大值和最小值情况相比,此方法可以充分利用积累数据中包含 的不确定性信息,避免了非概率模型描述时过于保守的结果。与概率模型相比,本文方法利 用积累数据自然形成的子区间上的均匀分布描述,避免了关于分布的强假设以及分布参数估 计在小样本情况下的较大误差。算例表明,所提模型是一种介于概率与非概率可靠性模型之 间的合理方法,它可以与样本信息较好地匹配,从而合理地度量结构的安全程度。
     

基于羽流效应分析的航天器发动机布局设计研究

为解决由航天器姿控发动机等带来的羽流热效应问题,文章通过仿真得到了在不同的发动机布局下航天器表面的羽流热流密度分布情况,通过增大发动机的推力线角度和安装点高度,可以使得发动机羽流核心区远离航天器表面,从而降低喷流对航天器表面的加热效应。综合考虑控制力矩及推力损失、布局包络和发动机支架设计等因素,对某航天器发动机布局进行了优化设计及羽流热防护设计。     

提高星载多工器热真空试验测试精度的方法

星载多工器是卫星有效载荷分系统中的关键部件;须对其在热真空环境下的插入损耗、波动等射频性能进行准确测量,以真实反映产品的应用性能。经过分析多工器测试系统原理组成以及导致多工器热真空试验测试数据不准确及不稳定的各项因素,确定测试电缆性能随温度变化是影响多工器热真空试验测试精度的主要因素后,给出5种改进方法,包括:以参考电缆辅助说明测试电缆变化;采用波导阵测试系统;测试电缆实施热控包覆;运用时域分析计算并剔除测试电缆变化;测试电缆多通道实时校准。最后,汇总对比这些改进方法的应用效果,推荐测试电缆多通道实时校准为最佳,为行业提高星载多工器的热真空试验测试精度提供参考。     

电路板工装结构设计及其振动传递特性研究

针对印制电路板环境应力筛选试验要求,为减小夹具对试验结果的影响,提出以电路板尺寸、筛选效率以及固有频率等为约束的电路板工装设计优化方法,并以某型电路板为例进行电路板工装设计与迭代优化;继而开展模态仿真分析验证了工装设计的有效性;研究设计工装振动特性并固化电路板环境应力筛选测试方案,采用设计工装及固化方案完成电路板随机振动环境应力筛选试验。结果表明：所设计工装的一阶固有频率高于试验规定频率上限,满足工装夹具刚度特性要求。通过合理装夹和调整传感器布局等可使得电路板安装位置加速度功率谱密度曲线及均方根值满足GJB 1032A相关要求。     

超声速内流场横向喷流的流动与混合特性实验研究

为研究超声速内流场中横向喷流的流动与混合特性,将丙酮蒸汽加入喷流介质,用平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)技术对流场中流向中心截面和横截面上的丙酮进行成像,研究了喷流的运动轨迹、流场结构、混合方式,以及参数对喷流流动与混合的影响。结果表明:喷流柱的波动失稳及喷流剪切层中生成的大尺度结构有助于增强喷流与主流在近场的混合;提高出口马赫数会导致剪切层失稳以及出现大尺度结构的位置移向下游,不利于改善近场的混合;增大喷口直径能增加喷流在展向的扩展,升高喷流总压能增加喷流在展向和横向的扩展,并使出现大尺度结构的位置靠近上游;在喷注流量相同条件下,采用小喷注面积高总压喷注更利于增强混合。