Performance enhancement of a multiple model adaptive estimator

We describe performance improvement techniques for a multiple model adaptive estimator (MMAE) used to detect and identify control surface and sensor failures on an unmanned flight vehicle. Initially failure identification was accomplished within 4 s of onset, but by removing the “β dominance” effects, bounding the hypothesis conditional probabilities, retuning the Kalman filters, increasing the penalty for measurement residuals, decreasing the probability smoothing, and increasing residual propagation, the identification time was reduced to 2 s     

Reduced-order multiple model adaptive controller for flexiblespacestructure

The robustness of a moving-bank multiple model adaptive estimator/controller to order reduction in the controller design model is examined. It is shown that the adaptive mechanism and bank-moving logic are not confounded by the effects of unmodeled higher order modes of a large flexible spacestructure. Control characteristics are achieved that are essentially equivalent to those of an artificially informed benchmark controller     

Reconfigurable flight control via multiple model adaptive controlmethods

An aircraft flight control system with reconfigurable capabilities is considered. A multiple model adaptive controller (MMAC) is shown to provide effective reconfigurability when subjected to single and double failures of sensors and/or actuators. A command generator tracker/proportional-plus-integral/Kalman filter (CGT/PI/KF) form of controller was chosen for each of the elemental controllers within the MMAC algorithm and each was designed via LQG synthesis to provide desirable vehicle behavior for a particular failure status of sensors and actuators. The MMAC performance is enhanced by an alternate computation of the MMAC hypothesis probabilities, use of maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) versus Bayesian form of the MAC (or a modified combination of both), and reduction of identification ambiguities through scalar residual monitoring for the case of sensor failures     

GPS/BDS/INS tightly coupled integration accuracy improvement using an improved adaptive interacting multiple model with classified measurement update

An Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is commonly used to fuse raw Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements and Inertial Navigation System (INS) derived measurements. However, the Conventional EKF (CEKF) suffers the problem for which the uncertainty of the statistical properties to dynamic and measurement models will degrade the performance. In this research, an Adaptive Interacting Multiple Model (AIMM) filter is developed to enhance performance. The soft-switching property of Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) algorithm allows the adaptation between two levels of process noise, namely lower and upper bounds of the process noise. In particular, the Sage adaptive filtering is applied to adapt the measurement covariance on line. In addition, a classified measurement update strategy is utilized, which updates the pseudorange and Doppler observations sequentially. A field experiment was conducted to validate the proposed algorithm, the pseudorange and Doppler observations from Global Positioning System (GPS) and BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) were post-processed in differential mode. The results indicate that decimeter-level positioning accuracy is achievable with AIMM for GPS/INS and GPS/BDS/INS configurations, and the position accuracy is improved by 35.8%, 34.3% and 33.9% for north, east and height components, respectively, compared to the CEKF counterpart for GPS/BDS/INS. Degraded performance for BDS/INS is obtained due to the lower precision of BDS pseudorange observations.     

A necessary condition for effective performance of the multiplemodel adaptive estimator

Effective adaptive estimation for a general linear system driven by an input modeled by a randomly switching Gaussian process is considered. The performance of the multiple model adaptive estimator (MMAE) is, in some cases, unexpectedly hampered by a necessary condition not satisfied by the linear system. This key dependency for effective MMAE performance is based on a particular property of the DC gain of the linear system     

自适应遗传神经网络算法在推力估计器设计中的应用

为了在全包线内能够准确方便估计出航空发动机推力,提出了一种自适应遗传神经网络算法:将遗传算法和神经网络技术相结合充分发挥遗传算法和神经网络各自的全局收敛性和局部搜索快速性的优点,其中通过自适应概率遗传操作及局部寻优算子直接优化出神经网络拓扑结构及权值(包括阈值),克服了神经网络隐层节点需凭经验尝试的缺点和神经网络对初始权值(包括阈值)敏感的缺点,再应用神经网络对上述优化的权值(包括阈值)进行"精调",最后设计出全包线推力估计器.经验证,此推力估计器具有较高估计精度和良好泛化能力.      

A recursive multiple model approach to noise identification

Correct knowledge of noise statistics is essential for an estimator or controller to have reliable performance. In practice, however, the noise statistics are unknown or not known perfectly and thus need to be identified. Previous work on noise identification is limited to stationary noise and noise with slowly varying statistics only. An approach is presented here that is valid for nonstationary noise with rapidly or slowly varying statistics as well as stationary noise. This approach is based on the estimation with multiple hybrid system models. As one of the most cost-effective estimation schemes for hybrid system, the interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm is used in this approach. The IMM algorithm has two desirable properties: it is recursive and has fixed computational requirements per cycle. The proposed approach is evaluated via a number of representative examples by both Monte Carlo simulations and a nonsimulation technique of performance prediction developed by the authors recently. The application of the proposed approach to failure detection is also illustrated     

一种新的航空发动机自适应模型设计与仿真

提出了一种基于机载非线性发动机模型,且具有输入端积分补偿的卡尔曼滤波器估计器的发动机自适应模型设计方法。其主旨是经过相似变换,在非线性相对弱化的另一坐标区域内设计常规卡尔曼滤波估计器,利用所得卡尔曼估计器对各估计回路的初步解耦,进一步在各观测回路中引入输入误差积分激励,对滤波器的输入进行实时积分修正,充分实现各估计参数回路的静态解耦。同时,将该卡尔曼滤波器与机载非线性实时模型综合,从而使发动机自适应模型具有大范围无静差参数跟踪能力。最后,对所提出建立的自适应模型的参数估计能力和鲁棒性进行了数字仿真验证。     

Experimental investigations of a full model with adaptive elasto-flexible membrane wings

The morphing wing concept aims to constantly adapt the aerodynamics to different flight stages. The wing is able to adapt to different flight conditions by an adjustable Aspect Ratio (AR) and sweep. A high AR configuration provides high aerodynamic efficiency, while a low AR configuration, with highly swept wings offers a good maneuverability. Additionally, the flexible membrane allows the wing surface to stretch and contract in-plane as well as the airfoil to adapt to different aerodynamic loads. In the context of this work, the aerodynamic characteristics of a full model with form-adaptive elasto-flexible membrane wings are investigated experimentally. The focus is on the high-lift regime and on the analysis of the aerodynamic coefficients as well as their sensitivities. Especially, the lateral aerodynamic derivatives at asymmetric wing positions are of interest.     

Nonlinear adaptive and sliding mode flight path control of F/A-18 model

The question of inertial trajectory control of aircraft in the three-dimensional space is discussed. It is assumed that the nonlinear aircraft model has uncertain aerodynamic derivatives. The control system is decomposed into a variable structure outer loop and an adaptive inner loop. The outer-loop feedback control system accomplishes (x,y,z) position trajectory and sideslip angle control using the derivative of thrust and three angular velocity components (p,q,r) as virtual control inputs. Then an adaptive inner feedback loop is designed, which produces the desired angular rotations of aircraft using aileron, elevator, and rudder control surfaces to complete the maneuver. Simplification in the inner-loop design is obtained based on a two-time scale (singular perturbation) design approach by ignoring the derivative of the virtual angular velocity vector, which is a function of slow variables. These results are applied to a simplified F/A-18 model. Simulation results are presented which show that in the closed-loop system asymptotic trajectory control is accomplished in spite of uncertainties in the model at different flight conditions.     

基于特征模型的高超声速飞行器鲁棒控制方法

针对高超声速飞行器不确定性因素多、参数变化范围大的特点,将特征建模理论与多模型自适应控制方法相结合,设计了一种基于特征模型的鲁棒自适应控制方案.将飞行器的飞行包络划分为若干个子空间,基于对象特征模型分别设计各子空间的H,鲁棒控制器,飞行过程中,通过在线辨识得到的特征模型参数对各子控制器进行平滑切换.该控制方案不但可以较...     

Predictor-based model reference adaptive roll and yaw control of a quad-tiltrotor UAV

An attempt is made to apply modern control technology to the roll and yaw control of a rudderless quad-tiltrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in the latter part of the flight mode transition, where aerodynamic forces on the tiltrotor’s wings start to take effect. A predictor-based adaptive roll and yaw controller is designed to compensate for system uncertainties and parameter changes. A dynamics model of the tiltrotor is built. A Radial-Basis Function (RBF) neural network and offline adaptation method are used to reduce flight controller workload and cope with the nonlinearities in the controls. Simulations are conducted to verify the reference model response tracking and yaw-roll control decoupling ability of the adaptive controller, as well as the validity of the offline adaptation method. Flight tests are conducted to confirm the ability of the adaptive controller to track different roll and yaw reference model responses. The decoupling of roll and yaw controls is also tested in flight via coordinated turn maneuvers with different rotor tilt angles.     

Multiple model adaptive estimation with filter spawning

Multiple model adaptive estimation (MMAE) with filter spawning is used to detect and estimate partial actuator failures on the VISTA F-16. The truth model is a full six-degree-of-freedom simulation provided by Calspan and General Dynamics. The design models are chosen as 13-state linearized models, including first order actuator models. Actuator failures are incorporated into the truth model and design model assuming a "failure to free stream." Filter spawning is used to include additional filters with partial actuator failure hypotheses into the MMAE bank. The spawned filters are based on varying degrees of partial failures (in terms of effectiveness) associated with the complete-actuaton-failure hypothesis with the highest conditional probability of correctness at the current time. Thus, a blended estimate of the failure effectiveness is found using the filters' estimates based upon a no-failure hypothesis, a complete actuator failure hypothesis, and the spawned filters' partial-failure hypotheses. This yields substantial precision in effectiveness estimation, compared with what is possible without spawning additional filters, making partial failure adaptation a viable methodology.     

基于机载自适应模型的航空发动机控制

航空发动机的性能蜕化会导致其性能变差，传统的控制方法使其不能满足飞机的推力需求。机载的发动机自适应模型利用卡尔曼滤波器，能准确估计发动机的性能蜕化，对机载模型进行修正使其输出与真实发动机保持一致。建立了发动机机载自适应模型，并将其加入控制回路，形成推力闭环控制，消除发动机性能蜕化对飞机性能的影响。仿真结果表明，机载模型能准确估计发动机额定特性情况以及性能蜕化情况下的推力，对发动机推力的直接控制克服了性能蜕化带来的影响。     

Interacting multiple model methods in target tracking: a survey

The Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) estimator is a suboptimal hybrid filter that has been shown to be one of the most cost-effective hybrid state estimation schemes. The main feature of this algorithm is its ability to estimate the state of a dynamic system with several behavior modes which can “switch” from one to another. In particular, the IMM estimator can be a self-adjusting variable-bandwidth filter, which makes it natural for tracking maneuvering targets. The importance of this approach is that it is the best compromise available currently-between complexity and performance: its computational requirements are nearly linear in the size of the problem (number of models) while its performance is almost the same as that of an algorithm with quadratic complexity. The objective of this work is to survey and put in perspective the existing IMM methods for target tracking problems. Special attention is given to the assumptions underlying each algorithm and its applicability to various situations     

Robust and adaptive actuator failure compensation designs for a rocket fairing structural-acoustic model

The actuator failure compensation problem is formulated for active vibration control of a rocket fairing structural-acoustic model with unknown actuator failures. Performance of a nominal optimal control scheme in the presence of actuator failures is studied to show the need of effective failure compensation. A robust control scheme and two adaptive control schemes are developed, which are able to ensure the closed-loop system signal boundedness in the presence of actuator failures whose failure pattern and values are unknown. The adaptive scheme for parameterizable failures ensures asymptotic stability despite failure uncertainties. Simulation results verified their failure compensation effectiveness.     

An adaptive attitude algorithm based on a current statistical model for maneuvering acceleration

A current statistical model for maneuvering acceleration using an adaptive extended Kalman filter(CS-MAEKF) algorithm is proposed to solve problems existing in conventional extended Kalman filters such as large estimation error and divergent tendencies in the presence of continuous maneuvering acceleration. A membership function is introduced in this algorithm to adaptively modify the upper and lower limits of loitering vehicles' maneuvering acceleration and for realtime adjustment of maneuvering acceleration variance. This allows the algorithm to have superior static and dynamic performance for loitering vehicles undergoing different maneuvers. Digital simulations and dynamic flight testing show that the yaw angle accuracy of the algorithm is 30% better than conventional algorithms, and pitch and roll angle calculation precision is improved by 60%.The mean square deviation of heading and attitude angle error during dynamic flight is less than3.05°. Experimental results show that CS-MAEKF meets the application requirements of miniature loitering vehicles.     

基于自适应代理模型的气动优化方法

气动优化设计中,为了减少优化系统的计算周期,提高搜索效率,引入结构简单、计算量较小的代理模型,而运用有效的插值和选样方法(自适应选样)可以大大减少建立代理模型的时间。因此本文提出了一种基于自适应代理模型的气动优化方法。首先对自适应代理模型进行研究,建立了 Kriging 自适应代理模型和支持向量回归自适应代理模型,这两种自适应代理模型在相同样本点情况下比一般代理模型拥有更高的预测能力,然后将这其应用到翼型优化设计中,取得了良好的优化效果,从而表明这两种自适应代理模型不仅简单实用,而且明显提高了气动分析的计算效率。     

基于NN-PSM的航空发动机机载自适应稳态模型

为建立一种适用于大包线、变状态的高精度、高实时性航空发动机机载自适应稳态模型,提出一种基于神经网络和推进系统矩阵相融合（NN-PSM）的机载自适应稳态模型建模方法。该方法基于小偏差线性化方法对发动机进行线性化来提取推进系统矩阵,用于表征机载模型与发动机之间的输出偏差量。基于神经网络建立发动机基线模型,用于映射飞行条件与发动机输出量之间的关系,利用神经网络的强拟合能力提高机载模型的稳态精度;设计卡尔曼滤波器实时估计发动机健康参数,提高模型的自适应能力。在大包线、变状态的飞行条件下进行仿真验证,并与传统的复合推进系统模型（CPSM）进行对比,结果表明:NN-PSM模型的平均精度在0.66%以内,而CPSM的平均精度为2.07%以内,运行时间仅为CPSM的1/10,且具有数据存储量少的特点。      

Variable structure multiple model fixed-interval smoothing

This paper focuses on fixed-interval smoothing for stochastic hybrid systems. When the truth-mode mismatch is encountered, existing smoothing methods based on fixed structure of model-set have significant performance degradation and are inapplicable. We develop a fixed-interval smoothing method based on forward- and backward-filtering in the Variable Structure Multiple Model (VSMM) framework in this paper. We propose to use the Simplified Equivalent model Interacting Multiple Model (SEIMM) in the forward and the backward filters to handle the difficulty of different mode-sets used in both filters, and design a re-filtering procedure in the model-switching stage to enhance the estimation performance. To improve the computational efficiency, we make the basic model-set adaptive by the Likely-Model Set (LMS) algorithm. It turns out that the smoothing performance is further improved by the LMS due to less competition among models. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the better performance and the computational efficiency of our proposed smoothing algorithms.