谈特殊过程和关键过程的控制

阐明了特殊过程和关键过程的定义和控制要求,分析了特殊过程和关键过程的识别方法,论述了本单位的特殊过程和关键过程的控制现状和不足,提出了提高本单位特殊过程和关键过程控制能力的办法。     

谈谈航天器的有效载荷

航天器的有效载荷为乘载于航天器平台上的直接执行特定航天任务的人和物。本文讨论航天器有效载荷的种类和组成、有效载荷在航天器系统内的层次和地位以及有效裁荷在航天器设计中的角色和作用。种类和组成航天是直接探测研究太空环境和利用开发太空资源的唯一手段,航天器则是直接探测研究太空环境和利用开发太空资源的主要工具。发展航天技术、研制和发射航天器的任务和目的,就在于开发信息、物质和能量类产品,以满足人类文明进步和社会日渐繁荣的需求。利用航天器开发信息类产品,     

集成诊断和测试系统

人工智能和专家系统的不断发展和广泛应用,使得自动测试设备(ATE)从单纯的自动检测发展到故障自动诊断和维修自动规划.首先介绍美军近年来研究和开发的武器维护设备——Doris和EMMA;然后描述基于规则的故障诊断专家系统的主要特点和基本框架;最后,着重讨论集成诊断和测试系统(IDTS)的设计思想.     

国际深空探测技术的发展现状及展望（上）

深空探测是人类了解地球、太阳系和宇宙,进而考察、勘探和定居太阳系其它天体的第一步。深空探测主要包括月球探测、行星探测、行星际探测和星际探测。通过深空探测,可以帮助人类研究太阳系及宇宙的起源、演变和现状,进一步认识地球环境的形成和演变,认识空间现象和地球自然系统之间的关系。从现实和长远来看,对深空的探测和开发具有十分重要的科学和经济意义。     

美国Wyle实验室在航天医学领域提供的服务

作为专门为美国国防部、美国航空航天局和各类商业客户提供工程、科研和技术服务的美国项尖高科技公司之一，Wyle实验室为其客户提供试验和评价；系统工程和信息技术；使用寿命和获取程序管理；生命科学研究；航天医学实施和工程；及自然和诱发环境的合格性测试等方面的服务。     

基于"三标"构建运行航天发射场 测发系统一体化管理体系

航天发射场主要是完成运载火箭和航天器的装配、测试和发射、监视和安全控制,飞行中的跟踪测量、获取数据并处理和分析。实施质量、环境和职业健康安全一体化管理有助于引入系统的管理思维和方法,增强全员质量、安全和环保意识,提升航天发射综合管理能力。文章结合航天发射场测发系统组成及特点和实际需求,提出构建运行"三标一体"管理体系需把握的6个关键环节。     

略论现代工程系统研制中的总体设计

从工作程序，组织结构和人员素质等方面论述了总体设计在现代工程系统研制过程中的关键地位和重要作用。总体设计部的综合技术水平和协调能力，以及其组织和管理能力是决定系统研制的整体技术水平和整个工程的计划进度“瓶颈”。总体设计人员做为总体设计的关键要素，应该具备较好的专业技术水平和广泛的综合基础知识，以及较强的关系协调和组织管理能力。     

深空探测活动年表（一）

从1958年美国和前苏联启动探月计划开始．世界发达国家和航天技术大国都先后开展了多种类型的深空探测活动．成为人类了解地球、太阳系和宇宙的一个重要手段。随着航天科技和空间科学的发展．人类考察、勘探和定居太阳系其他星体的梦想正在逐步成为现实。深空探测的对象主要包括月球、行星际和星际。深空探测的目的通常包括观测、勘探和深入三个不同的阶段。     

航天飞行中失重对人作用的生理效应

在航天飞行微重力的作用下，地面重力引起的人体形变和结构应力消失，它改变了输入，降低了重量负荷和血液流体静压。由于调节过程改变和急性、慢性适应反应的结果，发生感觉系统、血液循环系统、水盐代谢系统的状态和机能改变，人在地面所具有的属性和性质局部的消失。微重力的条件下，人的机体内发生的改变启动自我调节和适应机制，预防了继续发生异常和减轻异常发生的程度。本文论证了机体调节的特点和主要生理系统对微重力适应的     

混合机混合和选型技术的分析和研究

本文介绍了混合功能的类型和混合程度的判定评价方法—混合度,论述了第1次和第2次混合机的分类、性质和应用,以指导用户选择和使用,指出了今后混合机的发展和应用方向。     

Analysis of the Accuracy of Ballistic Descent from a Circular Circumterrestrial Orbit

The problem of the transportation of the results of experiments and observations to Earth every so often appears in space research. Its simplest and low-cost solution is the employment of a small ballistic reentry spacecraft. Such a spacecraft has no system of control of the descent trajectory in the atmosphere. This can result in a large spread of landing points, which make it difficult to search for the spacecraft and very often a safe landing. In this work, a choice of a compromise scheme of the flight is considered, which includes the optimum braking maneuver, adequate conditions of the entry into the atmosphere with limited heating and overload, and also the possibility of landing within the limits of a circle with a radius of 12.5 km. The following disturbing factors were taken into account in the analysis of the accuracy of landing: the errors of the braking impulse execution, the variations of the atmosphere density and the wind, the error of the specification of the ballistic coefficient of the reentry spacecraft, and a displacement of its center of mass from the symmetry axis. It is demonstrated that the optimum maneuver assures the maximum absolute value of the reentry angle and the insensitivity of the trajectory of descent with respect to small errors of orientation of the braking engine in the plane of the orbit. It is also demonstrated that the possible error of the landing point due to the error of specification of the ballistic coefficient does not depend (in the linear approximation) upon its value and depends only upon the reentry angle and the accuracy of specification of this coefficient. A guided parachute with an aerodynamic efficiency of about two should be used at the last leg of the reentry trajectory. This will allow one to land in a prescribed range and to produce adequate conditions for the interception of the reentry spacecraft by a helicopter in order to prevent a rough landing.     

基于羽流效应分析的航天器发动机布局设计研究

为解决由航天器姿控发动机等带来的羽流热效应问题,文章通过仿真得到了在不同的发动机布局下航天器表面的羽流热流密度分布情况,通过增大发动机的推力线角度和安装点高度,可以使得发动机羽流核心区远离航天器表面,从而降低喷流对航天器表面的加热效应。综合考虑控制力矩及推力损失、布局包络和发动机支架设计等因素,对某航天器发动机布局进行了优化设计及羽流热防护设计。     

航天材料基因工程及其若干关键技术

材料基因工程的理念和将空间环境与效应纳入到航天材料研制全流程的思路将对航天材料的开发带来颠覆性的革命。文章在对国内外材料基因组计划和航天材料需求分析的基础上,首先对航天材料基因工程的内涵进行阐述,进而对基于航天材料基因工程的航天材料研制流程进行分析,最后结合空间环境效应及材料基因工程,从计算工具、试验工具、数字化数据三个维度,提出空间多因素环境与航天材料的耦合作用机理、航天材料空间多因素环境效应等效评价方法、空间复杂使役环境下航天材料性能演化模型、航天材料空间环境效应数据库、基于材料基因工程的航天材料设计模型、航天材料研制的不确定性及优化方法等关键技术和发展方向。     

Estimate of accuracy of determining the orientation of the star sensor system according to the experimental data

The BOKZ-M60 star sensor (Unit for Measuring Star Coordinates) is intended for determining the parameters of the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic coordinate system relative to the axes of the inertial system by observations of the regions of the stellar sky. It is convenient to characterize an error of the single determination of the orientation of the intrinsic coordinate system of the sensor by the vector of an infinitesimal turn of this system relative to its found position. Full-scale ground-based tests have shown that, for a resting sensor the root-mean-square values of the components of this vector along the axes of the intrinsic coordinate system lying in the plane of the sensor CCD matrix are less than 2″ and the component along the axis perpendicular to the matrix plane is characterized by the root-mean-square value of 15″. The joint processing of one-stage readings of several sensors installed on the same platform allows us to improve the indicated accuracy characteristics. In this paper, estimates of the accuracy of systems from BOKZ-M60 with two and four sensors performed from measurements carried out during the normal operation of these sensors on the Resurs-P satellite are given. Processing the measurements of the sensor system allowed us to increase the accuracy of determining the each of their orientations and to study random and systematic errors in these measurements.     

镁铝贫氧推进剂的能量分析

利用冲压发动机热力计算程序，对镁铝中能贫氧推进剂的能量特性进行了系统研究，并探讨了高能级分对该类贫氧推进剂能量性能的影响，研究结果表明，在镁铝中能贫氧推进剂中增加镁粉含量（或减少铝粉含量）贫氧推进剂的比冲下降，在一定空燃比范围内，增加空燃比有助于提高冲压发动机的比冲。提高贫氧推进剂中ＣＬ－２０和硼粉含量，可以显著提高共能量，而采用叠氮类含能粘合剂取代惰性粘合剂时贫氧推进剂的比冲降低。     

舱压对载人航天器密封舱姿态光学敏感器安装精度影响分析

姿态光学敏感器是航天器在轨姿态控制的重要部件,其安装精度直接影响航天器的姿态控制精度。为了研究舱压对载人航天器密封舱姿态光学敏感器安装精度的影响,以某载人航天器密封舱外安装的姿态光学敏感器为研究对象,通过对其安装精度要求、安装状态与舱体变形情况的分析,提出了一种敏感器在设计阶段布局的分析方法。在地面进行了模拟充压试验,验证了分析方法的有效性。根据分析和试验结果在型号后续设计中进行了相应的布局改进,改进结果满足了敏感器安装精度要求并经过了飞行试验验证。     

航天器新型高密度排插型DC10电缆安装技术

以互联网卫星上首次使用的新型高密度排插型电缆组件为研究对象,介绍了集成式排插型电连接器的制造技术要求和工作原理,从电连接器结构分析出发,研究影响该类型电缆的安装因素。首次提出了新型高密度排插型电缆的安装方法,阐述了该类型电缆的弯曲半径要求、绑扎要求、紧固力矩值要求和使用专用工装的拆卸方法。经过分系统的实际在轨性能测试验证,该安装技术可以显著降低新型高密度排插型电缆组件在大通量、高饱和度信号传输状态下性能下降的现象,成功解决了该类型电缆在卫星狭小空间下的安装与拆卸难题,提高了该类型电缆在卫星狭小空间内的安装精度和分系统的在轨可靠性,为该新型高密度排插型电缆组件的安装在后续卫星批量应用提供了技术指导和工艺基础。     

寻求一片纯洁的天空——《受活》的一种解读

《受活》这部作品以写实和荒诞的笔调,在历史和现实中回环往复,书写了历史与现实中存在的乌托邦幻想与冲动,以及这些乌托邦行为给底层人们带来的苦难,并通过对人物心灵的剖析透视了乌托邦梦想的困境。在对残疾人与圆全人两个世界的对比中,作者肯定了受活人的生存状态,表达了对那种自由自在以及纯洁的心灵世界的向往与追求。     

Multipole Models of the Earth's Magnetic Field

To develop a mathematical model of rotational motion of an artificial satellite about its center of mass under the action of various forces (magnetic, Lorentz, etc.) caused by the geomagnetic field, it is necessary to know the induction of the Earth's magnetic field (EMF) as a function of the radius vector of a given point in the near-Earth space. Because the EMF possesses a complex structure and the above-mentioned functional dependence is unavailable in explicit analytic form, a set of approximate models of the EMF should be used. The simplest such model—a right dipole (aligned with the axis of rotation)—does not enable one to reveal in detail the influence of diurnal EMF rotation on the rotational motion of a satellite. The next EMF approximation—an inclined magnetic dipole—does not suffer from the above-mentioned drawback. However, it is shown that not all corrections to the magnetic induction of the EMF of the same order of magnitude are taken into account in the course of transformation from the model of aligned dipole to the model of inclined dipole. So, to develop the EMF model accurately accounting for the absence of axial symmetry of the EMF with respect to the axis of diurnal rotation of the Earth, in general, the effect of the quadrupole component of the geomagnetic potential on the EMF induction (and, probably, even the components of higher orders) must be taken into consideration. By using the International Geomagnetic Reference Field IGRF-2000, the multipole models of the EMF, corresponding to quadrupole, octupole, and higher-order approximations, were constructed and studied in this work. The EMF potential is expressed in terms of its multipole tensors. As a result, projections of the induction and induction gradient of EMF in the center of mass of the satellite onto the axes of the orbital coordinate system can be written in convenient and concise form. The expressions for the first four multipole tensors through the known geomagnetic constants are found. A method for estimating the reliability of these models is put forward, and the regions of applicability of the quadrupole and octupole models are drawn on the plane of orbital parameters.     

Synthesis of a combined system for precise stabilization of the Spektr-UF observatory: II

The paper presents the second part of the results of search studies for the development of a combined system of high-precision stabilization of the optical telescope for the designed Spectr-UF international observatory [1]. A new modification of the strict method of the synthesis of nonlinear discrete-continuous stabilization systems with uncertainties is described, which is based on the minimization of the guaranteed accuracy estimate calculated using vector Lyapunov functions. Using this method, the synthesis of the feedback parameters in the mode of precise inertial stabilization of the optical telescope axis is performed taking the design nonrigidity, quantization of signals over time and level, and errors of orientation meters, as well as the errors and limitation of control moments of executive engine-flywheels into account. The results of numerical experiments that demonstrate the quality of the synthesized system are presented.