空间电子辐射环境探测载荷测试定标试验平台研制

介绍了中国科学院国家空间科学中心新建成的空间电子辐射环境探测载荷测试定标试验平台.该平台由中、高能极弱流电子加速器以及内置多维真空转台的真空靶室试验终端组成，用于对星载空间电子辐射探测器进行地面加速器测试定标.重点描述了为得到中能极弱流均匀平行束，采用电子轨迹程序Egun对中能极弱流电子加速器进行的物理设计和模拟计算，给出球形结构电子枪在栅网孔不加栅网、加理想栅网和直径1mm孔栅网以及在不同加速管出口能量情况下，初聚系统和加速管以及经过二次扩束时输运段中电子轨迹的模拟结果.最终得出能够实现电子枪初始束流减弱8个数量级，获得满足测试定标试验需求的极弱流均匀平行电子束（在试验终端直径50mm靶上束流面密度为105~109cm-2·s-1）的结论.      

地球磁层极尖区场向电子事件期间能量特性研究

根据Cluster卫星2001年9月30日在北半球极尖区观测到的一次强扰动场向电子事件数据,分析研究了这次事件期间场向电子的能量特性,讨论了场向电子对太阳风能量向磁层的传输和磁层-电离层耦合过程中能量传输的作用.分析认为,这次电子扰动事件期间电子速度和密度都具有很强的扰动变化,电子速度增加是一个主要特点.本次事件中低能段5~200eV和500~1500eV内的能谱分析结果表明,上行电子通量大于下行电子通量,上行电子主要来源于电离层,说明电离层上行电子在本次事件中具有非常活跃的作用.根据电离层中带电粒子的能量特征分析结果可知,这次事件中电离层起源的上行电子在上行过程中得到了加速.关于加速机制问题还有待深入研究.      

近月空间带电粒子环境——“嫦娥1号”“嫦娥2号”观测结果

“嫦娥1号”（CE-1）、“嫦娥2号”（CE-2）都安装了1台太阳高能粒子探测器（High-energetic ParticlesDetectors,HPD）和2台太阳风离子探测器（Solar Wind Ion Detectors,SWIDs）,进行了月球轨道200 km和100 km空间环境探测,获得了月球轨道空间高能带电粒子（质子、电子和重离子）能谱随时间的演化特征、等离子体与月球相互作用特征以及太阳风离子速度、密度和温度参量。空间环境探测数据分析结果表明：太阳活动低年、空间环境扰动水平相对较低、月球处于太阳风中时,近月空间带电粒子环境的基本特征与行星际空间相比变化不大。CE-1、CE-2在轨运行期间,发现了多起0.1～2 MeV能量电子急剧增加事件,这些事件发生在月球从太阳风运动到磁尾的所有空间区域,其中20%的事件伴随着卫星周围等离子体离子加速。模拟和统计研究表明：能量电子急剧增加使得绕月卫星和月球表面电位大幅下降导致了离子加速现象的发生;能量电子总流量大于10¹¹ cm^-2时,绕月卫星和月球表面充电电位可达负的上千伏。此外,月表溅射与反射太阳风离子、太阳风“拾起”离子等空间环境事件的发现,揭示了太阳风离子和月球存在复杂的相互作用过程。     

风云三号E星中能质子探测器标定

风云三号E星搭载的中能质子探测器实现了风云三号系列卫星首次对辐射带中能质子进行多方向的测量。中能质子探测器实现了对九个方向的测量能量范围为0.03～5 MeV的中能质子能谱的测量。为确定中能质子探测器的实际性能，在仪器交付前，利用中国科学院国家空间科学中心的中高能电子加速器，对中能质子探测器的能量分辨率，相对响应效率曲线、不同方向探头测量一致性以及抗电子污染能力进行了标定。文中介绍了仪器的标定场所、标定内容，并对标定的结果做了分析。其结果显示，仪器的能量分辨率为6.50%@310 keV，各测量一致性偏差优于1.51%，电子在仪器内产生污染计数的概率低于1%。该结果为中能质子探测器在轨运行时数据的分析处理提供了重要的参考依据。     

基于嫦娥一号高能粒子数据的地球磁层屏蔽效应研究

月球绕地球运行轨道约有1/4位于地球磁层内,因此,地球磁层是否会为月球轨道附近高能粒子提供足够的磁场屏蔽对于探索月球活动具有重要影响.嫦娥一号是中国首颗绕月人造卫星,其绕月飞行的工作轨道距离月球表面200 km.通过对嫦娥一号高能粒子探测器(HPD)的探测数据进行分析,比较了当月球位于地球磁层内外6个不同能道(能量范围4～400 MeV)时质子通量的变化,发现当月球位于地球磁层内时,这些能道的质子通量并没有发生显著减少,结果表明地球磁层不能为月球轨道附近高能粒子提供显著的磁屏蔽.     

基于SIMION软件的空间等离子体探测器的数值仿真

空间等离子体探测器采用带偏转板的柱形静电分析器作为传感器,具有大于320°探测视场,可探测约10eV～30keV的热等离子体。利用SIMION软件采用均匀随机抽样建立粒子源的方法仿真探测器的基本特性参数:静电分析器因子、能量分辨率、偏转板因子和偏转角。仿真结果与实测结果吻合很好。静电分析器因子的仿真与实测结果偏差为3.2%,能量分辨率仿真与实测结果偏差为1.5%,偏转角-偏转板因子的关系式与实测结果的相关系数为0.999 4。仿真结果可以有效地应用于该类仪器的设计和定标过程中。     

一种基于TOF×E方法的空间中能离子探测器设计与仿真

对空间中几十keV到几MeV的中能离子进行成分、能谱和角分布进行测量，具有重要的科学价值和应用意义。中国在载人登月等深空探测计划中明确提出了对中能离子的探测需求，但当前尚未掌握中能离子测量技术。本文提出了一种基于SEE TOF×E方法的中能离子探测器方案，方案包括复合材料二次电子薄膜、电极、位置灵敏MCP探测器和SSD等核心部件的设计，可同时实现对5个方向的中能离子和4个方向的中能电子的测量。结合目前空间粒子探测载荷可实现的硬件时间分辨率、能量分辨率和仿真计算结果，可以发现，该设计可以在40 keV～5 MeV能量范围实现中能离子能谱测量；并能够对40 keV～5 MeV的H离子，45 keV～5MeV的He离子，130 keV～5 MeV的O离子和240 keV～5 MeV的Fe离子进行离子成分分辨；同时可实现对20～500 keV的电子进行能谱测量。     

减压直流等离子体射流电子温度的双静电探针测量

建立了一套双静电探针诊断系统,用于检测在气流量为4.2 slm、弧电流为80 A、真空室压力为165Pa的条件下纯氩直流非转移弧等离子体射流的电子温度及其分布。结果表明:发生器出口处射流中心的电子温度约为14 500 K,射流中电子温度随离开发生器出口的轴向或径向距离的增加而单调降低;径向电子温度梯度约为263 K/mm,轴向电子温度梯度为69 K/mm;射流中电子温度随弧电流增加而单调上升。     

磁层压缩ULF湍流对电子的加速

在准线性理论下,磁层压缩 ULF(超低频)湍流可以通过“渡越时间加速”机制使电子增加能量．典型的压缩 ULF 湍流的频率为2—15mHz,被加速的源电子为同步轨道附近的背景电子(E＜30keV)和亚暴注入电子(30—300 keV)．当发生波粒共振时,低能电子数减少,而高能尾部分的相对论(E≥1 MeV)电子数增加,这说明电子得到了压缩湍流的有效加速,且亚暴注入的电子数越多,其加速产生的相对论电子数也越多．在亚暴注入率ε=0.5的情况下,这种加速机制只要约12h 就可以造成同步轨道附近相对论电子数量的显著增加．     

太阳帆板驱动机构内带电效应试验

太阳帆板驱动机构（Solar Array Drive Assembly,SADA）是长寿命、大功率航天器能源系统的关键部件.在空间高能电子环境下,SADA内部会发生静电放电甚至诱发二次放电,导致航天器丧失能源.利用双束加速器建立试验平台,对SADA进行内带电效应试验.试验中高能电子束的电子能量为2MeV,束流密度为5pA·cm-2,模拟SADA工作电压为50~150V,工作电流为0.5~1.5A.试验样品充电电位在辐照5h后达到平衡,形成的电场约为5×106V·m-1.相同工作电流下的放电次数随工作电压增大而明显增加,说明工作电压形成的电场与高能电子沉积形成的电场叠加会增加SADA发生放电的风险.依据试验结果,提出SADA抗内带电设计方案:一是降低SADA介质盘的体电阻率;二是改进导电环结构体的结构设计,降低导电环间电压在介质盘上形成的电场.      

Response of the electron energy distribution to an artificially emitted electron beam: Apex experiment

The paper is based on the electron and ion energy spectra measurement on board the main spacecraft of the APEX mission. During the active phase of the experiment an intense electron beam was emitted from the main satellite. The basic cycle of the electron injection is formed by current pulses of different frequencies, duration and intensity. The spacecraft potential changes due to the gun operation were compensated by a low energy Xe plasma generator. The data show that the response of the environment to the beam emission depends not only on injection parameters but on the spacecraft position and orientation with respect to the magnetic field as well. The typical response is an increase of the intensity of the low energy (less than 1 keV) electrons in all directions. In addition, strong field aligned fluxes of electrons and/or ions are observed with energies below the gun energy. An attempt to classify different types of response and to find possible mechanisms which can explain the observed phenomena is made in the present paper.     

Electron beam experiments in Japanese satellites and rockets

Electron beam experiments in space that have been done and planned in Japan are reviewed. 200eV, 1mA electron beam is emitted from a satellite and several types of wave excitation such as UHF and ω_ce have been observed. The satellite potential and the energy spectrum of returning electrons are measured by Langmuir probes and electrostatic energy analyser. In rocket experiments of K-10-11, K-10-12, K-9M-57, K-9M-58, K-9M-61 and K-9M-66, several types of electron guns were used whose power ranges from 1mW to 1KW. The rocket potential was measured by Langmuir probes and floating probes and optical line emission measurement and wave measurements were also done. The rocket potential was not so high as expected from the balance with ionospheric plasma but strongly affected by the plasma production by the emitted electron beam and return electrons.     

Current carriers for the field-aligned current system

Recently the Dynamics Explorer satellites have returned a large body of data containing high resolution magnetometer measurements and distributions of charged particles of all but thermal electrons. From these data a systematic study has begun of the relations of the field-aligned currents to particle precipitation structures and the identification of the charge carriers. The data have been separated into three levels of magnetic activity and three local time sectors. Results of this study include the following:1. During very quiet periods, field-aligned currents exist primarily as fine structure.2. During onset of substorms, Region 1 and Region 2 become clearly evident but contain significant structure.3. As magnetic activity subsides, current regions become less distinct, and structure becomes more dominant.4. The distribution of the upward currents derived from magnetometer data and calculated from suprathermal electron data agree remarkably well in shape but not necessarily in magnitude.5. At all local times, >5 eV electrons seldom carry most of the upward current.6. Except for the accelerated Inverted-V electrons, the dominant upward current carriers which are measured are below 500 eV and are distributed in energy.7. Dusk upward currents (Region 1) are associated with the Boundary Plasma Sheet (BPS).8. Suprathermal electron bursts are important current carrying structures.     

超高能宇宙线电子在星际介质中的传播

本文研究能量高达1012eV以上宇宙线电子在星际介质中的传播特征, 得到了一些有趣的结果。作为一种自然的猜测, 宇宙线电子高能成份的区域性特征, 可能是导致银河系γ射线辐射的非均匀成团状分布结构的直接原因。      

Plasma electron temperature variability in lunar surface potential and in electric field under average solar wind conditions

The Moon is immersed in plasma environment. The most interesting challenge of the lunar plasma– field environment is that it is alternatively dominated by the extended but variable outer atmosphere of the Earth – the magnetosphere – and by the extended but highly variable solar atmosphere – the solar wind. Understanding the plasma environment and its interaction with the lunar surface will be beneficial to both manned and robotic surface exploration activities and to scientific investigations. Presented is a preliminary map of variations of lunar surface electric potential over the day side and night side using probe equations and a discussion on dust dynamics in this E-field structure using the data from Electron Reflectometer in Lunar Prospector spacecraft during 1998–1999. On the day side, potential is around 5 V and on the night side it reaches up to −82 V. On the night side region, only highly energetic electrons can overcome this large negative potential. The variation at electron temperature (T_e) strongly reflects in the surface potential. The potential reaches to a value of −82 V for T_e = 58 eV. Surface charging causes the electrostatic transport of charged dust grains. Dust grain size of 0.1 μm shows a levitation height of 4.92 m on lunar day side, 748 m on terminator region and 3.7 km on the night side. The radius of maximum sized grain to be lofted, R_max, peaks at the terminator region (R_max = 0.83 μm). At the transition region dust levitation is almost absent. This region is most suited for exploration activities as the region is free from hazards caused by lunar dust.     

The effect of the longitudinal propagating waves on the electron acceleration in the reconnecting current sheet

Based upon the most efficient electron acceleration near the midplane of 3D non-neutral driven reconnecting current sheet (RCS) and the electrostatic wave excitation by the drift Maxwellian distribution of electrons in Vlasov simulation, we assume that the electrostatic waves mainly propagate opposite to the reconnecting electric field and investigated how these waves affect the electron acceleration. The main results are: (1) when the electron’s velocity equals to the phase speed of the waves, they will be trapped and have the different accelerating characteristics from the untrapped electrons through solving the momentum equations of electrons analytically; (2) the test particle simulations further prove that the number of the energetic electrons decreases with the increasing intensity of unstable waves, and the distribution of the energetic electrons takes on the double power-law.     

Negative body potential as result of modulated electron beam emission into ambient plasma

Two different processes play an important role during emission of pulsed electron beam from a satellite: the positive charging of the spacecraft by emitted electron current and the body neutralization by ambient plasma electrons (mainly in pauses between electron pulses).

The injection of modulated electron beam (pulses of 2μs duration, E=8keV, I=0.1A and 25μs repetition) was carried on in the APEX Project. A simple computer model of this process for APEX scenario was performed.

The results show that after primary positive charging (during gun operation) a significant negative charging (in pauses between pulses) caused by neutralization process by ambient plasma with fp>2MHz takes place.     

低轨道中等能量电子对地磁扰动的响应

低轨道高度上能量电子通量变化与地磁扰动程度密切相关.利用我国资源2号(ZY-2)03星空间环境监测分系统在轨工作期间所获得的能量电子探测数据,以及美国NOAA-15,NOAA-16,NOAA-17三颗卫星中等能量电子探测器自1998年以来积累的太阳同步轨道中等能量电子探测数据,结合地磁活动观测数据,对低轨道高度上中等能量电子对地磁扰动的响应特性进行了统计分析.结果表明,该区域的中等能量电子通量在磁暴、磁层亚暴期间有显著增强,增幅大小与地磁活动程度呈正相关关系,强磁暴期间增幅可达一个数量级左右,在响应时间上存在电子通量变化滞后于磁扰的时间特性.