DC／DC变换器在航天器二次电源中的应用

DC／DC变换器以其可靠性好、集成度高、体积小、效率高等特点,在航天工程二次电源系统中得到广泛应用．但是在DC／DC直流变换过程中容易引入或形成各种干扰噪声,不仅直接影响供电质量,而且影响航天器的技术性能及指标．为解决干扰问题,提高二次电源的可靠性,结合航天器实际任务,讨论分析了DC／DC变换器设计应用中的关键技术,主要包括软启动设计、滤波设计、EMC设计、可靠性设计、抗辐照设计等．综合采取上述措施后,二次电源的可靠性大大提高,浪涌电流减少至原来的1／20,输出纹波减少至原来的1／4．通过对二次电源输出电压线的传导发射测试（CE）和二次电源机箱的辐射发射测试（RE）,发现其测量值均低于标准中规定的极限值．实验结果及工程实际应用结果表叽所提出的设计方案具有良好的效果．     

应用于控制力矩陀螺电源模块的线性-非线性协同控制器设计

对控制力矩陀螺电源的控制器进行研究,基于对线性控制器及非线性控制器的分析,设计了线性-非线性协同控制器并搭建硬件模型,在电源系统动态调整阶段采用非线性控制器,在稳态阶段采用线性控制器。该方案较单一线性控制器提升了电源系统的动态性能,并保证了系统的稳定性及可靠性。对该鲁棒控制器进行了仿真分析并搭建实物,通过实验验证了相较线性控制器,使用协同控制器的电源模块在控制状态切换时,下冲量与调节时间分别减少了45%及58%,证明了该协同控制器能够有效提升CMG电源系统的动态性能。     

二阶滑模控制在十字梁控制实验系统中的应用

为了削弱传统滑模控制在十字梁实验系统中应用所产生的抖振问题,运用了高阶滑模的设计思想设计了多输入多输出十字梁试验系统的输出跟踪二阶滑模控制器,从而实现了高阶滑模在多输入多输出系统中的应用,并对该系统进行了仿真,仿真结果表明,二阶滑模控制器能够有效地削弱系统产生的抖振.      

离子电推进系统电源处理单元的数字化设计

为了降低航天器的质量，提高使用寿命，满足商业航天小卫星电推进系统需求，概述了电源处理单元(power processing unit, PPU)数字化设计的需求及屏栅电源设计方案，针对电源处理单元的高精度、高稳定性、快速响应的要求，采用BUCK方案和全桥电路设计屏栅电源。以STM32微控制器为核心设计数字化加热电源和屏栅电源，实现卫星平台/地检设备的数据采集遥测，电源输出电压参数的改变。实验结果表明：三个数字化电源的控制精度均小于3%,数字化控制的电源处理单元具有灵活调整的特点，能够有效减少控制板体积。     

面向星载应用的图像压缩专用芯片研制

以高数据吞吐量和低系统结构复杂性为优化目标,根据图像传感器输出特点,综合应用双缓存、数据流驱动、并行处理与流水线设计、同步电路设计等多项关键技术,设计了具有数据处理速度和超大规模集成电路VLSI(Very Large Scale Integrated)结构复杂性最佳匹配的空间域重采样压缩算法VLSI结构,该结构的压缩性能仅与图像宽度相关,与图像传感器输出时序无关,既可以采用外部时钟,又可使用与图像传感器相同的时钟源,在这2种情况下,都能够保证在无限长时间内,在连续工作状态下,每个时钟周期实时处理一个图像数据.实践证明,基于该VLSI结构的压缩专用芯片,处理速度快,功耗低,满足星载应用高速实时与低功耗要求.      

一种X频段50 kW高功放的设计

针对未来深空测控及其他航天器测控通信业务不断拓展的需求,设计了一种基于速调管方案的X频段连续波高功放。该方案采用了高效率低电源纹波的模块化高压开关电源、集中式液体冷却设备、串联与并联相结合的高功率谐波和收阻滤波器,以及高速可靠的控保措施,实现了在深空X频段连续波高功率输出的技术能力。测试结果表明：在规定的带宽内,输出连续波功率达到了50 kW,最高可达60 kW以上,第2、3、4次谐波及接收频段内信号的抑制能力等主要指标都达到了预期目标,整机散热效果理想;经长时间连续加电考机表明：设备考核指标和工作状态都稳定可靠。这将为我国深空探测技术的进一步发展、探测能力的进一步提高奠定坚实基础。     

AOS虚拟信道链路控制器和VCDU合路器的设计实现

在深入研究高级在轨系统(AOS)标准和对星载数据系统进行分析的基础上,设计实现了AOS虚拟信道链路控制器和虚拟信道数据单元(VCDU)合路器。该设计采用现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)实现高级在轨系统虚拟信道链路控制(VCLC)子层的位流业务和虚拟信道存取(VCA)子层的VCA业务,完成了位流协议数据单元(B_PDU)的构造,VCDU的组装、调度、填充和定界等功能,实现了对整星数据流的统一管理。在卫星的星载数据系统设计中,将有效载荷数据和航天器平台数据合一,形成统一数据流,可以节约频率资源,支持宽带数据传输、实现整星数据流的统一管理,使整个系统更灵活、更开放、更有效,提高卫星的自主管理能力。     

混合系统等步长仿真时钟同步方法及性能评价

通过对一类混合系统仿真中的连续系统、离散事件系统及推理决策系统各自仿真时钟的分析,得出了推理决策系统仿真依赖于其他２ 个系统的结果,继而提出了用其中的离散事件系统仿真时钟去同步具有等步长策略的连续系统仿真时钟的等步长方法,并给出了相应的软件实现方法与性能评价准则,解决了该类混合系统仿真时钟的同步问题,从而为该类混合系统的仿真提供理论依据     

WPZ—84微机控制多台频率标准源自动检定系统

简要介绍用国产DJS-033微型机(与AppleⅡ兼容)为控制机研制的WPZ-84微机控制多台频率标准源自动检定系统的性能、工作原理、系统硬件和软件。指出AppleⅡ兼容柳在WFK-84辅助设备支持下还可开发各种类型的自动控制和自动测量(检测、监测)系统。具有较高的性能价格比。WPZ-84系统实现对铷频标、高稳晶振、计数器晶振各项指标检定的全自动化,可同时检定40台仪器,减少了劳动强度,提高了工作效率和经济效益。     

X射线脉冲星脉冲到达航天器时间测量

X射线脉冲星脉冲到达时间(TOA)的空间测量是航天器自主导航和用脉冲星钟作航天器时间标准的基础.在简要介绍地面射电观测TOA测量方法基础上,重点研究了X射线脉冲星脉冲到达时间的空间测量方法和算法.讨论了利用X射线脉冲星辐射光子到达时间观测,建立X射线脉冲轮廓的方法;给出了通过观测得到的X射线脉冲轮廓与标准脉冲轮廓比较,精确确定TOA的测量方法和实用算法.讨论了削弱多普勒效应对TOA测量影响的方法.      

TTE/TTP技术在航天器中的应用分析

介绍了TTE/TTP技术的基本原理,分析了时间触发网络相对传统网络在时间确定性、减少网络冲突等方面的优势,结合航天飞行器的实际需求,提出了时间调度表设计、时间同步及时间调度表动态调整等方面的关键技术,为实现时间确定性网络技术在航天飞行器上的应用提供了可行的实施方案,从而满足航天飞行器强实时、高可靠、时间确定性等方面的需求,以支撑新型航天器发展。     

面向空间应用高可靠图像数传设备的设计与实现

针对空间高速图像数传任务需求, 设计并实现了一种采用SpaceWire总线传输协议的高速图像数传设备. 该设备的硬件以FPGA为控制核心, 完成对SpaceWire协议芯片的初始化配置、收发数据包处理、中断和异常状态处理等操作. 重点阐述了FPGA的可靠性设计, 包括状态机设计、异步时钟域设计和数据包传输与链路错误的恢复设计. 测试表明该设备能够稳定可靠地实现140 Mbit/s的图像数据传输, 对于链路的突发错误在一定时间内具有错误数据恢复能力, 能够有效保证传输数据的正确性和稳定性.      

Design and experiment of onboard laser time transfer in Chinese Beidou navigation satellites

High-precision time synchronization between satellites and ground stations plays the vital role in satellite navigation system. Laser time transfer (LTT) technology is widely recognized as the highest accuracy way to achieve time synchronization derived from satellite laser ranging (SLR) technology. Onboard LTT payload has been designed and developed by Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, and successfully applied to Chinese Beidou navigation satellites. By using the SLR system, with strictly controlling laser firing time and developing LTT data processing system on ground, the high precise onboard laser time transfer experiment has been first performed for satellite navigation system in the world. The clock difference and relative frequency difference between the ground hydrogen maser and space rubidium clocks have been obtained, with the precision of approximately 300 ps and relative frequency stability of 10E−14. This article describes the development of onboard LTT payload, introduces the principle, system composition, applications and LTT measuring results for Chinese satellite navigation system.     

多电飞机电气负载引起的电磁干扰

多电飞机(MEA)电气系统越来越大量地采用电子变换器,使得电气系统内和系统间的电磁干扰(EMI)问题变得非常严重.基于MEA电气负载特性,将电气负载分为整流类、斩波类和逆变类,建模和仿真这3类主要电气负载在稳态和突加工作情况下的传导EMI电流,并对逆变类负载的EMI特性进行了实验验证.结果表明:负载对电源侧的EMI集中在电力电子器件开关频率及其倍频邻域;斩波环节后端连接的大功率电气负载的突加使电源线传导EMI特性发生明显变化,主要体现在幅度频谱极值所对应的频率上.研究结果对独立电气系统的EMI识别及滤波器设计具有指导意义.      

Star angle/ double-differenced pulse time of arrival integrated navigation method for Jupiter exploration

Pulsar navigation is a promising autonomous navigation system for spacecraft, which is applicable to the entire solar system. However, the pulsar’s directional error and the onboard clock error are two types of systematic errors that seriously reduce navigation accuracy. To solve this problem, a star angle/double-differenced pulse time of arrival(SA/DDTOA) integrated navigation method is proposed. Since measurements obtained by observing different pulsars contain the same clock errors, the measurements can be differed to eliminate the common clock error. Then, the pulsar-differenced measurements at neighbor filtering time can be differed to suppress the effect of the pulsar’s directional error on navigation precision. Star angle is used to obtain absolute navigation information, which denotes the angles between the light of sight of Jupiter and that of its background stars. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can eliminate the influence of the onboard clock error and greatly weaken the effects of the pulsar’s directional error. The navigation accuracy is better than the traditional star angle/pulse time of arrival integrated navigation method and star angle/pulse time difference of arrival integrated navigation method. In addition, the navigation accuracy of the SA/DDTOA integrated navigation method is less affected by Jupiter’s ephemeris error. This work greatly reduces the influence of common systematic errors in pulsar navigation on navigation accuracy.     

Time synchronization of new-generation BDS satellites using inter-satellite link measurements

Autonomous satellite navigation is based on the ability of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), such as Beidou, to estimate orbits and clock parameters onboard satellites using Inter-Satellite Link (ISL) measurements instead of tracking data from a ground monitoring network. This paper focuses on the time synchronization of new-generation Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) satellites equipped with an ISL payload. Two modes of Ka-band ISL measurements, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) mode and the continuous link mode, were used onboard these BDS satellites. Using a mathematical formulation for each measurement mode along with a derivation of the satellite clock offsets, geometric ranges from the dual one-way measurements were introduced. Then, pseudoranges and clock offsets were evaluated for the new-generation BDS satellites. The evaluation shows that the ranging accuracies of TDMA ISL and the continuous link are approximately 4?cm and 1?cm (root mean square, RMS), respectively. Both lead to ISL clock offset residuals of less than 0.3?ns (RMS). For further validation, time synchronization between these satellites to a ground control station keeping the systematic time in BDT was conducted using L-band Two-way Satellite Time Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT). System errors in the ISL measurements were calibrated by comparing the derived clock offsets with the TWSTFT. The standard deviations of the estimated ISL system errors are less than 0.3?ns, and the calibrated ISL clock parameters are consistent with that of the L-band TWSTFT. For the regional BDS network, the addition of ISL measurements for medium orbit (MEO) BDS satellites increased the clock tracking coverage by more than 40% for each orbital revolution. As a result, the clock predicting error for the satellite M1S was improved from 3.59 to 0.86?ns (RMS), and the predicting error of the satellite M2S was improved from 1.94 to 0.57?ns (RMS), which is a significant improvement by a factor of 3–4.     

航天器电源母线品质地面测试方法浅析

航天器供配电系统作为航天器上用于产生、存储、控制、传输与分配电能的子系统,其地面测试与评价工作是航天器地面电测工作的重要组成部分。航天器电源系统作为典型的直流分布式电源系统,其母线品质与系统稳定性密切相关。通过对航天器电源母线品质地面测试与评价方法进行分析,给出了测试系统的简要设计,并对技术发展趋势进行了预测。     

用一般脉宽调制器构造的变频式脉宽调制器

提出为直流变换器增加一个控制变量的概念,以弥补现行直流变换器只有一个调节变量引起的一些缺陷.本文选定的控制变量是直流变换器的运行频率f,将它与一次电源电压V联系起来,使f随V上升按预设的规律下降,以解决直流变换器以固定频率运行时这种情况下出现的许多问题,如开关管发热加剧等.实现这一设想的主要问题是将一般脉宽调制器构造成变频式脉宽调制器.现以脉宽调制器1842/3/4/5(简记为184X)和1842A/3A/4A/5A(简记为184XA)为例,给出了将它构造成变频式脉宽调制器的方法,示出了可实现的变频特性.设计了两个将一次电源电压转换为变频式脉宽调制器输入电压的线性转换电路,推导了计算这些电路中各元件参数的表达式.实验结果与设计一致.     

Autonomous navigation using the TDRSS Onboard Navigation System (TONS)

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is currently developing a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) System (TDRSS) Onboard Navigation System (TONS) to provide onboard knowledge of highly accurate navigation products autonomously to users of TDRSS. The TONS I operational system processes Doppler data derived from scheduled forward-link S-band services to provide onboard orbit and frequency determination and time maintenance. TONS I is implemented using a stable onboard frequency reference, a Doppler measurement capability in the user transponder, and onboard navigation/signal acquisition software. The success of the TONS experiment (1992/1993), which was implemented on the Explorer Platform/Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EP/EUVE) spacecraft, demonstrated the flight readiness of TONS I. TONS II-A provides the user with additional Doppler data derived from an S-band beacon signal, available approximately 80 percent of the time. This paper describes the TONS operational capabilities, configurations, and expected performance.