裂纹慢扩展对陶瓷强度影响的分析方法

研究了慢速裂纹扩展对陶瓷材料强度退化的影响，并给出了一个一般的强度退化分析方法，该方法在一定条件下是与传统的分析方法等价的，并根据静疲劳实验数据，得到了裂纹扩展参数的确定方法，分析仅仅考虑了裂纹慢速扩展对强度的影响，不涉及其它的因素，最后从三个方面，即裂纹扩展机理，蠕变及统计性讨论了陶瓷结构时间相关可靠性及对寿命的影响。     

耐久性分析相对小裂纹扩展速率公式的参数确定方法

结构细节相对小裂纹扩展速率公式是采用概率断裂力学方法进行结构耐久性分析的关键。针对目前需进行多个应力水平下的成组疲劳试验以确定相对小裂纹扩展速率公式适用范围和参数的问题,首先,通过将应力强度因子修正系数展开为多项式,基于材料稳定裂纹扩展段的裂纹扩展速率公式得到了耐久性分析的相对小裂纹扩展速率公式。然后,以受远场均匀拉伸载荷作用的中心圆孔板为对象,分别基于应力强度因子近似解和FRANC3D软件进行裂纹扩展分析,得到相对小裂纹尺寸范围及对应裂纹扩展参数的确定方法。最后,进行了3种试件在等幅交变应力下的耐久性试验,验证了该方法的正确性。      

用双边切缝试样的高温蠕变裂纹扩展分析

对双边切缝试样切缝根部萌生裂纹进行了有效SIF分析,并用于1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢板材的高温蠕变裂纹扩展试验,在所试验的温度T(570～650℃)和应力σ(15.3～16.9kg/mm~2)范围内,试验数据表明:稳态蠕变裂纹扩展是一个热激活过程,相应的综合参量S=S(T,σ,K_(1eff))有效地控制了稳态蠕变裂纹扩展率da/dt。     

以裂纹长度为参量的疲劳裂纹扩展随机模型

建立了以裂纹长度为参数的疲劳裂纹扩展随机模型，给出了计算给定初始裂纹长度（定值或分布）和临界裂纹长度时的裂纹扩展时间分布的方法，以及计算给定初始裂纹长度（定值或分布）和寿命时的裂纹长度分布的方法，并给出了相应的计算实例。     

疲劳多裂纹扩展随机模型的参数估计方法

建立了用试验数据估计疲劳多裂纹扩展随机模型参数的方法,尤其为利用现有的单裂纹扩展试验数据,建立了用不完全数据估计多裂纹扩展参数的方法,为含多裂纹结构的概率损伤容限分析作准备.应用最小二乘原理,讨论了完全试验数据-并联远源裂纹和完全试验数据-近源裂纹2种情况下裂纹扩展参数的估计方法,考虑了裂纹扩展试验的2种极限情况,给出了估计结果偏于保守的不完全试验数据-近源裂纹情况下的裂纹扩展参数的估计方法.完善了疲劳多裂纹扩展随机模型,为模型的工程应用打下了基础.      

温度/机械载荷作用下裂纹扩展的随机化分析

为描述温度/机械载荷共同作用下裂纹扩展速率,基于疲劳和蠕变裂纹扩展的线性叠加模型,给出了结合试验的修正方法.该方法根据试验结果提取新的材料参数,解决了原模型中由于交变载荷对蠕变裂纹扩展的影响所导致的材料参数不独立的问题.在此修正模型基础上,引入对数正态随机过程,建立了温度/机械载荷共同作用下的裂纹扩展随机模型,并采用泰勒级数展开法获得了指定裂纹长度下寿命分布和指定寿命下裂纹长度分布的表达式.通过算例比较随机模型和试验结果获得的寿命分布,证实了该随机化处理方法的可靠性.     

双剪连接件及双耳连接耳片疲劳寿命估算的逐次累计求和算法

为了研究复杂连接件疲劳失效机理和估算其裂纹形成和扩展寿命,在双剪连接件和双耳连接耳片疲劳试验的基础上,首先,通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析,研究了其破坏模式和机理,并利用断口定量反推技术判读了疲劳裂纹形成与扩展寿命。然后,根据应力严重系数法,建立了复杂连接件疲劳性能S-N-L（疲劳应力-寿命-应力严重系数）曲面;利用该曲面,发展了复杂连接件疲劳裂纹形成寿命估算算法;基于断裂力学理论,推导出裂纹扩展长度与扩展角度公式,建立了疲劳裂纹扩展寿命估算的累计求和算法。最后,运用寿命估算方法,估算了双剪连接件的疲劳裂纹形成寿命、双剪连接件和双耳连接耳片的裂纹扩展寿命,预测结果与断口判读结果吻合良好。本文寿命估算方法为复杂连接件疲劳定寿提供了理论依据。      

机群结构耐久性分析的裂纹萌生方法

为采用裂纹萌生方法(CIA)进行机群结构耐久性分析,需要综合考虑载荷谱分散和结构特性分散,但是关于综合考虑结构特性和载荷谱分散的机群寿命标准差取值应如何确定并未给出明确的方法。为此,进行了某飞机某关键结构7B04 T74铝合金模拟试件在3个单机谱下的耐久性试验,通过断口判读确定试件裂纹萌生寿命,反推得到结构细节的三参数式P-S-N曲线参数,对比分析表明载荷谱差异对P-S-N曲线参数无影响。为描述机群载荷谱分散的影响,提出了机群"当量"P-S-N曲线的概念和参数估计方法。采用疲劳分析方法确定细节裂纹超越概率,对损伤度进行评估,建立了综合考虑结构特性分散和载荷谱分散的CIA。      

飞力试验盘的裂纹扩展寿命研究

本文用有限元和Ｊ积分相结合的方法，确定飞力轮试验盘裂纹尖端参量随裂纹尺寸的变化规律，并根据材料的断裂韧性确定临界裂纹长度，最后算出裂纹疲劳扩展寿命，计算结果与试验结果基本一致，本文提供的分析方法及计算程序在进行轮盘损伤容限设计分析方面有积极的参考价值。     

疲劳裂纹扩展的不确定理论

在原有处理不确定问题的两种非概率方法的基础上,提出二阶区间分析方法和二阶凸模型方法,将不确定参数用区间或者凸集来描述;再利用Taylor级数展开法对含有不确定参数的裂纹扩展速率及寿命进行估计.同时给出传统的概率方法和两种不确定性方法的相互包含关系,对算例结果进行验证.通过对00Cr17Ni14Mo2材料裂纹扩展速率及寿命的计算,将区间分析方法、凸模型理论和传统的概率方法进行比较.结果表明,该理论在处理不确定问题时是有效的,且具有对统计信息依赖小,计算方法简便、实用和精度高的特点.      

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

清镇陨石（EH3）中陨硫钙石的REE微量元素及成因意义

本文运用INAA分析了14个清镇陨石中陨硫钙石单矿物颗粒的难熔元素(La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Yb、Lu、Ca、Sc、Hf和Th),挥发性元素(Na、Cr、Zn、Se、Br等)和亲铁元素(Fe、Ni、Co、Ir、Au、As)含量。结果表明陨硫钙石高度富集难熔亲石元素,是顽火辉石陨石中REE的主要载体,携带了约80％的全岩REE总量。相对于HREE,LREE有更大的富集程度,而且早期凝聚的颗粒较晚期凝聚的颗粒更富集REE,同时陨硫钙石富集挥发性元素Se、Br等。清镇陨硫钙石的微量元素特征揭示了它来自于太阳星云的高温凝聚特征和成因。     

柔性航天器IPACS建模与动力学分析

利用拟坐标下的拉格朗日方程和动量矩定理,建立了带变速控制力矩陀螺群(VSCMGs,Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscopes)的柔性航天器的能量/姿态一体化控制系统(IPACS, Integrated Power/Attitude Control System)的动力学模型,该模型适合于姿态控制律设计及VSCMGs操纵律设计.采用动量管理和VSCMGs构型选取相结合的方法,有效地避免了VSCMGs设计时可能出现的奇异问题.分析了采用VSCMGs的柔性航天器IPACS中的动力学耦合问题,并以某大型航天器为例进行了数值仿真.分析和仿真结果显示出,当VSCMGs的力矩轴接近(或陷入)奇异或进行储/放能切换时,VSCMGs都会对柔性附件造成显著影响.      

Progress in tropospheric ammonia retrieval from the MIPAS satellite instrument

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding is a polar orbiting high resolution mid-infrared emission limb sounder with a nominal vertical resolution of 3 km. Work to extend the list of routinely retrieved species led to the examination of ammonia, NH₃. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of upper tropospheric retrievals around 6-km altitude, discussing appropriate methods. We demonstrate a weak north to south gradient outside the error bars, using co-addition to improve signal-to-noise and compare these first results with a model.     

Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in aerosols and aerosol–cloud interactions over Pakistan using MODIS data

Clouds are important elements in climatic processes and interactions between aerosols and clouds are therefore a hot topic for scientific research. Aerosols show both spatial and temporal variations, which can lead to variations in the microphysics of clouds. In this research, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol particles over Pakistan and the impact of these variations on various optical properties of clouds, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from the Terra satellite. We used the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for trajectory analysis to reveal the origins of air masses, with the aim of understanding these spatial and temporal variabilities in aerosol concentrations. We also documented seasonal variations in patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Pakistan, for which the highest values occur during the monsoon season (June–August). We then analyzed the relationships between AOD and four other cloud parameters, namely water vapour (WV), cloud fraction (CF), cloud top temperature (CTT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). Regional correlation maps and time series plots for aerosol (AOD) and cloud parameters were produced to provide a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interaction. The analyses showed strong positive correlations between AOD and WV for all of the eight cities investigated. The correlation between AOD and CF was positive for those cities where the air masses were predominantly humid, but negative for those cities where the air masses were relatively dry and carried a low aerosol abundance. These correlations were clearly dependent on the meteorological conditions for all of the eight cities investigated. Because of the observed AOD–CF relationship, the co-variation of AOD with CTP and CTT may be attributable to large-scale meteorological variations: AOD showed a positive correlation with CTP and CTT in northern regions of Pakistan and a negative correlation in southern regions.     

Technology development for a long duration,mid-cloud level Venus balloon

This paper describes the results of ongoing technology development activities for a Venus spherical superpressure balloon capable of flying for long durations (30 days) in the middle cloud layer at an altitude of 55.5 km. Data is presented from a successful aerial deployment and inflation flight experiment on a 5.5 m diameter prototype balloon conducted at a 2.5 km altitude above the Earth. Although the balloon in that test was not released for free flight, all other steps in the deployment and inflation process were successfully executed. Experimental and computational results are also presented from an investigation of the stress concentration phenomenon at the junction of the metal end fitting and fabric end cap of the prototype Venus balloon. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results and a stress concentration factor of 1.55 determined for this end cap design compared to the expectations of thin membrane theory. Finally, results are presented for a new, second-generation Venus balloon material utilizing Aclar™ film instead of Teflon. Optical property and sulfuric acid tolerance data are presented for this material based on laboratory testing of samples.     

An all-sky survey at 230 GHz by MLS on Aura

The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument is a small satellite-borne radio telescope. Its purpose is to make limb-scanning measurements of atmospheric composition. One of the gases to which it is sensitive is carbon monoxide (CO), detected via the J = 2 → 1 rotational transition at 230 GHz. CO is present in molecular gas clouds in the Milky Way. Although it was not designed for the purpose, MLS can detect emissions from galactic CO, allowing a map of the 230 GHz radio sky to be constructed. We report the MLS measurements of galactic radio emission and discuss their effect on the atmospheric mission of MLS. The region of the Milky Way with emissions strong enough to significantly affect MLS observations of atmospheric CO is identified. Ground-based radio astronomers have been mapping the sky using CO emission for many years. However, the MLS data are the first such survey to be carried out from space. The MLS survey covers a larger area of the sky than any other 230 GHz survey, but no previously unknown gas clouds are observed.