基于CFD-DEM耦合数值模拟的全尺寸直升机沙盲形成机理

为了研究直升机发生沙盲时沙尘云在悬停流场中的状态和分布规律,采用基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程和Menter 剪切应力输运（SST）k-ω湍流模型的数值模型,通过应用程序编程接口耦合基于Hertz-Mindlin （No Slip）碰撞接触模型的离散元模型,并基于"多球法"构建了更加真实的非球形沙尘颗粒,计算了沙尘颗粒在流场中的运动和分布状态。与可得到的试验结果进行对比,验证了数值方法的有效性,并进行了地效状态旋翼拉力系数、桨尖涡位置以及沙尘云形成的宏观轮廓图的计算。应用所建立的方法,对不同悬停高度的直升机地效流场进行了计算,给出了流场的涡量以及速度云图,着重对比了不同悬停高度下沙尘云中沙尘颗粒速度和分布情况,分析了地效流场对沙尘颗粒状态的影响及沙尘云的形成机理,并计算出了沙尘云宏观分布图。结果表明：流场中大部分沙尘颗粒只能在地表随流场扩散而并不能形成沙尘云;沙尘云中外层空间的沙尘浓度比内层高;位于桨盘平面下层区域的沙尘颗粒以径向运动为主,切向速度较小,而位于桨盘平面上层的沙尘颗粒速度方向各异,速度大小接近。     

悬停旋翼无粘流场数值模拟中的多重网格方法

发展了一种基于不同空间离散格式的多重网格算法,并应用于悬停旋翼无粘绕流的Euler方程数值模拟。由于悬停旋翼流场中存在不可压区域,同时旋翼尾涡系统的发展需要较长的时间,使得旋翼流场的收敛速度远低于固定翼流场,因此研究旋翼流场的多重网格算法具有重要意义。空间离散采用了Roe s FDS格式和Jameson中心有限体积格式,时间推进应用了五步Runge-Kutta方法。采用多重网格V循环方式,对一跨声速悬停旋翼无粘流场进行了数值计算。计算结果表明:多重网格算法可以显著加速悬停旋翼无粘流场的数值计算收敛速度;无论在激波分辨率还是在计算精度上,Roe s FDS格式都优于JST格式。     

基于运动嵌套网格的前飞旋翼绕流N-S方程数值计算

 通过求解 Navier-Stokes方程数值模拟了直升机旋翼前飞非定常流场。为了模拟包括旋转、周期性变距和周期性挥舞的非定常运动,采用了一种能够快速完成重叠网格间流场信息交换的运动嵌套网格方法。空间上采用中心平均的有限体积法进行离散,时间方向应用含隐式子迭代的双时间法推进求解。为了验证程序的正确性,数值计算了一有升力悬停流场,旋翼桨叶表面压力分布的计算值与实验值吻合很好。     

悬停状态地面效应对旋翼和机身气动特性影响

本文通过悬停状态地面效应对旋翼和机身气动特性影响的研究,探索它们之间内在机理,为旋翼性能、操纵性和稳定性提供悬停试验及分析结果。通过对试验与理论计算结果的分析,给出了模型旋翼在悬停状态下,旋翼气动特性随地面高度变化的现象,利用实测桨叶表面压力的方法进一步验证地效情况下旋翼功率随拉力变化的规律。     

高速直升机共轴刚性旋翼悬停气动特性的参数影响研究

共轴刚性旋翼是未来高速直升机的重要发展方向，开展气动特性参数影响研究具有重要的实际指导意义。基于计算流体力学（CFD）技术，本文建立了一个计入配平分析的共轴刚性旋翼气动特性计算方法。在该方法中，采用NavierStokes方程为控制方程，使用二阶迎风的Roe格式进行空间离散，选取隐式LU-SGS格式进行时间推进，湍流模型则为Spalart-Allmaras(S-A)模型，上下旋翼间的流场信息交换采用运动嵌套网格方法实现；通过Newton-Rhapson迭代方法求解旋翼操纵增量，可实现共轴刚性旋翼的有效配平。然后，应用所建立的方法，开展了共轴刚性旋翼悬停状态下的气动性能计算，着重分析了上下旋翼间距尤其是桨叶气动外形参数对共轴刚性旋翼气动特性的影响。结果表明，负扭转可以提高共轴刚性旋翼悬停效率，但与负扭转分布相比，采用正扭转分布，会降低共轴刚性旋翼悬停效率。     

共轴式双旋翼诱导速度的PIV水洞试验研究

采用PIV（粒子图像测速）技术,对共轴式双旋翼在悬停和以不同速度前飞时的流场进行水洞试验,测量得到旋翼流场的速度和涡量分布,主要研究了共轴式双旋翼流场的垂向诱导速度沿径向的分布规律。为了比较,对单旋翼也进行了测量。试验结果对共轴式直升机的气动计算和合理设计具有重要意义。     

基于黏性涡模型的旋翼流场数值方法

 建立了一种适用于旋翼非定常流场特性分析的黏性涡数值方法。在该方法中:流场中的大尺度涡被离散为若干微小的涡元,通过求解涡量-速度形式的Navier-Stokes方程模拟涡元的输运等过程;黏性扩散效应采用高精度的粒子强度交换法进行计算,而桨叶附着涡以及新生涡环量采用了Weissinger-L升力面理论进行求解;为显著提高计算效率,在诱导速度及其梯度的计算中还引入了快速多极子算法(FMM)。应用上述方法,对悬停和前飞状态下的多个旋翼流场算例进行了计算,通过对比旋翼尾迹涡量特征和诱导速度分布等,验证了该方法的有效性。此外,还将本方法与旋翼计算流体力学(CFD)方法及传统的自由尾迹方法进行了比较,结果表明黏性涡方法在兼顾效率的同时,还能够更好地捕捉旋翼尾迹运动。     

用多重网格方法计算旋翼跨声速无粘流场

发展了一种加快悬停旋翼无粘流场计算收敛速度的多重网格方法。由于悬停旋翼流场中存在不可压区域，同时旋翼尾涡系统的发展需要较长的时间，使得旋翼流场的收敛速度远低于固定翼流场，因此研究旋翼流场的多重网格算法具有重要意义。空间离散格式采用了中心有限体积方法，时间推进应用了五步龙格-库塔法。采用3层网格的V循环，对一跨声速悬停旋翼无粘流场进行了数值计算。计算结果表明：尽管多重网格方法对旋翼流场的加速收敛作用不如对固定翼流场的加速收敛效果，但是多重网格方法仍然可以显著地加快旋翼流场收敛。     

地面效应中悬停旋翼的自由尾迹计算

发展了一种具有良好收敛性的自由尾迹模型,用于对地面效应(IGE)状态下的旋翼悬停尾迹进行数值模拟。其中使用直涡元对桨尖涡丝进行离散,使用面元法模拟地面对流场的影响。针对以往类似研究中旋翼高度较低时自由尾迹迭代不易收敛的问题,引入了地下尾迹等比例修正并提出了环式地面面元分布等多项修改办法来改善计算模型的收敛性,同时这些改进也起到了削减计算量的作用。为了对新构建模型进行验证,以多个高度下的旋翼有地效状态为算例,对其尾迹几何结构进行了计算并与实验值进行了对比,结果显示二者符合得较好,证实了该模型具有较高的准确性。     

纵列式直升机双旋翼气动特性分析

由于纵列式直升机前后旋翼之间会产生复杂的干扰现象,本文针对两旋翼之间的气动干扰问题进行了流场分析。首先,建立了基于动量源模型和N-S（Navier-Stokes）方程的数值研究方法,选用k?ω SST两方程湍流模型,采用基于压力隐式求解器,并对所建立求解方法进行了算例验证。随后,对悬停状态,前向来流状态,后向来流状态的纵列式双旋翼直升机前后旋翼干扰流场分别进行了数值模拟,并结合计算结果与流场特性,对干扰流场所产生的气动现象进行了分析。结果表明,针对本文算例,悬停状态前后旋翼性能均降低,后旋翼对前旋翼的性能影响较大。前向来流状态后旋翼升力损失大于悬停状态,后向来流状态前旋翼升力损失更为明显,最低处旋翼效率损失近半。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.