航天员舱外活动医学保障

引言 1965年3月18日在“上升-2”号载人飞船飞行中，A．A．列昂诺夫完成了世界上第一次人类出舱活动。前苏联航天员第二次走向广阔的太空是在1969年1月16日，是两名“联盟-5”号载人飞船的乘员向“联盟-4”号飞船过渡时完成的。     

美空间计划：太空行走／舱外活动经历

太空行走或者舱外活动（ＥＶＡ）过去一直是并且今后还将是美国太空计划的一个重要组成部分。美计划中的第一次ＥＶＡ是１９６５年“在双子星－４”号上发生的。月球探测是在１９６８年即开始的阿波罗计划期间由双人航天员舱外活动完成的。到目前为止美国唯一的长期空间飞行经历发生在１９７３￣１９７４年，是在天空实验室上共执行了１０次ＥＶＡ。自１９８１年航天飞机计划开始以来，已经有１３次双人航天员ＥＶＡ了。航天站，一种     

舱外活动系统述评

舱外活动（EVA）系统可分为3部分：1）航天员装备系统,包括舱外航天服（EVA航天服）、安全系绳和机动装置;2）空间支持系统,包括气闸、约束装置、EVA工具、在轨训练设施、遥控自动操作装置,以及表面运输工具;3）地面试验、训练与保障系统,包括减重／失重设施、热／真空试验舱、虚拟现实模拟系统、星体表面模拟场地,以及任务保障设施。文章阐述EVA系统的组成与功能,评述EVA技术现状及发展趋势。     

基于Lagrange方法的航天员舱外活动计算机仿真

在比较各种地面微重力模拟设备的优缺点的基础上，阐述了计算机动态仿真航天员舱外活动(EVA，Extra Vehicular Activity)的必要性。简要的概述了应用计算多刚体系统动力学对EVA进行仿真的步骤。描述了拉格朗日方程在仿真过程中的应用，建立了用于仿真的动力学方程。选取典型的EVA，得出了描述该EVA系统运动的拉格朗日动力学方程。利用反向运动学和反向动力学对该EVA进行了仿真计算，并对结果进行了分析。     

舱外活动里程碑

1．第一次舱外活动 第一次舱外活动是由原苏联航天员Alexey Leonov于1965年3月18日,从“上升”号飞船出舱完成的。     

舱外活动期间多普勒监测仪的可行性

舱外航天服技术要求减小周围的压力，以方便航天员进行舱外活动。航天服的压力仅为30-40kpa（根据所用航天服的种类），这可能导致航天员出现减压病（DCS），这主要是由于航天员在标准大气压下呼吸正常空气而使氮气溶解到他的器官中而造成的。相对于航天服压力来讲，过量的氮气会在体液或组织中形成气泡，由此造成潜在的危险结果，即减压病的综合症状。     

EVA worksite analysis—Use of computer analysis for EVA operations development and execution

To sustain the rate of extravehicular activity (EVA) required to assemble and maintain the International Space Station, we must enhance our ability to plan, train for, and execute EVAs. An underlying analysis capability has been developed to ensure EVA access to all external worksites as a starting point for ground training, to generate information needed for on-orbit training, and to react quickly to develop contingency EVA plans, techniques, and procedures. This paper describes the use of computer-based EVA worksite analysis techniques for EVA worksite design. EVA worksite analysis has been used to design 80% of EVA worksites on the U.S. portion of the International Space Station. With the launch of the first U.S. element of the station, EVA worksite analysis is being developed further to support real-time analysis of unplanned EVA operations. This paper describes this development and deployment of EVA worksite analysis for International Space Station (ISS) mission support.     

EVA: European plans

The current status of European EVA (extravehicular activity) plans is reviewed. The major difference to already existing EVA scenarios in U.S.A. and Soviet Union consists in the adoption of a higher suit pressure, namely 500 hPa. The results of a study concerned with the physiological consequences of this adoption are presented, including recommendations for protective procedures and their necessary experimental validation. A certain discrepancy between laboratory experimental decompression data and EVA operational results is discussed, leading to the identification of several items which may influence space decompression. Microgravity and the influence of the space suit itself are most likely factors in the explanation of this discrepancy, and both experimental procedures and technological developments are proposed to clarify their role for the future design of EVA procedures.     

EVA safety design guidelines

An Extravehicular Mobility Unit is a closed and isolated environment that protects the astronaut from exposure to space environment. Eighty-four percent of the possible hardware failures occurring during Extravehicular Activity (EVA) would result in an abort of the EVA. Fifty-two percent of these failure modes would result in a loss of a critical life support function and directly compromise crew safety. Crew safety is not, however, limited to controlling hardware failures. Safety can be compromised by improper in-flight servicing or induced by interfacing equipment during EVA related activity. This paper addresses these potential hazard sources and approaches used to enhance equipment reliability and astronaut safety.     

推进舱：全面改进 便于“出舱”

众所周知,神舟七号飞船飞行任务由于将实施航天员出舱这一重大创新活动,以及乘坐3位航天员,飞船总体技术状态出现较大变化.而对于承担了神舟七号飞船上推进舱、电源分系统、推进分系统和遥控通信9个子系统等重要研制任务的中国航天科技集团上海航天技术研究院来说,技术状态也要随着任务的变化和总体的变更而变,随着飞行任务的不同要求和目标而变.这就需要他们以变应变,不断用技术创新和更严格的质量来满足"神七"飞行任务的要求.     

EVA design: lessons learned

Extravehicular Activities (EVAs) are very demanding and specialized space flight activities. There are many aspects to consider in the design of hardware, tools, and procedures to be used on an EVA mission. To help minimize costs and optimize the EVA productivity, experience shows that astronauts should become involved early in the design process.     

A new preoxygenation procedure for extravehicular activity (EVA)

A 10.2 psi staged-decompression schedule or a 4-hour preoxygenation at 14.7 psi is required prior to extravehicular activity (EVA) to reduce decompression sickness (DCS) risk. Results of recent research at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) showed that a 1-hour resting preoxygenation followed by a 4-hour, 4.3 psi exposure resulted in 77% DCS risk (N=26), while the same profile beginning with 10 min of exercise at 75% of VO2peak during preoxygenation reduced the DCS risk to 42% (P<.03; N=26). A 4-hour preoxygenation without exercise followed by the 4.3 psi exposure resulted in 47% DCS risk (N=30). The 1-hour preoxygenation with exercise and the 4-hour preoxygenation without exercise results were not significantly different. Elimination of either 3 hours of preoxygenation or 12 hours of staged-decompression are compelling reasons to consider incorporation of exercise-enhanced preoxygenation.     

舱外航天服的工效学问题及其研究方法

阐述了舱外航天服在航天员出舱活动(EVA)过程中的作用、舱外航天服工效设计对保障航天员生命安全和EVA质量的意义，以及航天服设计必须考虑的各类因素。并在此基础上探讨了航天服设计研究的主要手段与方法，强调了现阶段利用虚拟人体进行舱外航天服工效学分析的可行性。     

有惊无险的第三次太空行走首次走到机腹首次修理防热系统

8月3日，发现号航天飞机上的任务专家罗宾逊完成了一次史无前例的太空行走：他站在空间站17、4米长的机械臂末端到达机腹部，对航天飞机成功进行了一次非常重要而又十分危险的“外科手术”。此举不仅使发现号转危为安，还创造了一项新奇迹，因为此前航天员们还从未尝试过在飞行中对航天飞机的防热系统进行修复，     

面向航空航天应用的太赫兹真空电子学源

太赫兹（THz）科学与技术是近年来国际学术研究的前沿和热点,而THz辐射源则是制约THz科学与技术发展的关键因素之一。基于真空电子学的THz源具有功率大和效率高等优势,特别是扩展互作用器件（EIO／EIA）、返波振荡器（BWO）、行波管（TWT）等都可发展为紧凑型的THz源,适合机载和星载平台应用;而回旋电子器件和自由电子激光等则具有高功率的优势,在陆基或海基平台上具有重要的应用潜力。文章在介绍THz波在航空航天领域相关应用的基础上,着重介绍了各种THz真空电子学源的发展水平。