The evolving microlesion concept.

The "microlesion concept", introduced by D. Grahn in the 1970's, was further explored using published quantitative carcinogenesis data. Laboratory experiments performed by T. C. H. Yang and co-workers and by R. J. M. Fry and co-workers using the Fe ion beam of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bevalac have resulted in quantitative data on in vitro and in vivo (respectively) carcinogenesis in mouse systems. These data sets were interpreted on the basis of track calculations, and it was found that the action cross section for tumor induction in cultured cells is approximately 0.032 micrometer2 and that it is about 1/1000th as great in mouse Harderian gland cells. This great difference in carcinogenic sensitivity is a reflection of the biological differences between these two highly promoted systems, neither of which may be quantitatively applicable to humans in space.     

The microlesion concept in HZE particle dosimetry.

High energy, high-Z (HZE) particles are present in high-altitude and high-inclination satellite orbits. Most of the HZE dose above LET = 200 keV/micrometer is due to Fe nuclei. Individual HZE particles can damage several cells adjacent to one another along the particle track in tissue. The outcome has been described as a "microlesion" by D. Grahn. The present study attempts to define conditions for microlesions in specific tissues, to seek biological evidence that microlesions are produced, and to evaluate the microlesion as a potentially useful unit of dose in assessing hazards to spaceworkers. Microlesions in individuals cells and hair follicles have been described. Microbial studies have provided some evidence for independent secondary electron action. Whether or not a few hundred microlesions would be damaging to the whole organism depends upon the nature of damage to critical tissues. For example, cancer may occur if microlesions kill several cells in a straight line and mutate other cells alongside the particle track. Fe particle irradiation of the mouse Harderian gland (Fry et al., this issue) produces tumors efficiently. Microlesions in the lens, cornea, and retina need to be considered. Further dialogue is required before a final decision can be made concerning the most appropriate way to assess the HZE hazard.     

M-FISH analysis of chromosome aberrations in human fibroblasts exposed to energetic iron ions in vitro.

Confluent human fibroblast cells were exposed to 6 Gy gamma-rays or 200 MeV/nucleon Fe ions at 0.7 or 3 Gy. The cells were allowed to repair for 24 hours after exposure and chromosomes were collected using a premature chromosome condensation technique with calyculin-A. Chromosome aberrations were analyzed using the multicolor FISH (mFISH) technique that allows identification of both complex and truly incomplete exchanges. Results showed that both doses of the Fe ions produced higher ratios of complex to simple exchanges and lower ratio of complete to incomplete exchanges than the 6 Gy gamma-exposure. The ratios of aberration yields were similar for the two doses of Fe ions. After 0.7 Gy of Fe ions, most complex aberrations were found to involve three or four chromosomes, indicating this is the maximum number of chromosome domains traversed by a single Fe ion track.     

Fragmentation studies of relativistic iron ions using plastic nuclear track detectors.

We measured fluence and fragmentation of high-energy (1 or 5 A GeV) 56Fe ions accelerated at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron or at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (Brookhaven National Laboratory, NY, USA) using solid-state CR-39 nuclear track detectors. Different targets (polyethylene, PMMA, C, Al, Pb) were used to produce a large spectrum of charged fragments. CR-39 plastics were exposed both in front and behind the shielding block (thickness ranging from 5 to 30 g/cm2) at a normal incidence and low fluence. The radiation dose deposited by surviving Fe ions and charged fragments was measured behind the shield using an ionization chamber. The distribution of the measured track size was exploited to distinguish the primary 56Fe ions tracks from the lighter fragments. Measurements of projectile's fluence in front of the shield were used to determine the dose per incident particle behind the block. Simultaneous measurements of primary 56Fe ion tracks in front and behind the shield were used to evaluate the fraction of surviving iron projectiles and the total charge-changing fragmentation cross-section. These physical measurements will be used to characterize the beam used in parallel biological experiments.     

零偏模式下太阳光压对轨迹保持控制影响分析

从某颗在轨卫星地面轨迹漂移“异常”出发,分析了该现象发生的内在机理,建立了零偏模式下（卫星姿态偏航角保持为零）光压摄动力沿迹方向累积效应解析模型,并基于历史观测数据通过轨道改进估计模型参数。最后,利用该卫星2018年真实地面轨迹对新模型预报精度进行验证。结果表明,采用新模型后,卫星地面轨迹漂移预报误差得到明显改善,为该卫星轨迹保持控制策略制定提供了技术支持。     

Microscopic track structure of heavy ions videoelectronically measured.

The track of an ionizing particle in a track detector, such as silver-chloride or nuclear emulsion, contains two measurable parameters, the "track width"--which corresponds to the integrated lateral energy deposition dE/dtau(x,r) over r along dx (dE/dx or LET)--and the lateral distribution of the track density along r, the radial structure of the track. A videoelectronic device consisting of a computer-controlled microscope, developed in Frankfurt, automatically reads out consecutive lateral profiles of the optical density of a preset track, following it through the depth of the detector. For a given track length (100 microns, 400 profiles for instance) the system evaluates the mean track width MTW and the variance sigma 2 . Both quantities are correlated so that a given MTW (LET) belongs to different values of sigma 2 depending on the charge of the particle. Videosystem and results are presented.     

Cellular parameters for track structure modeling of radiation hazard in space.

Based on irradiation with 45 MeV/u N and B ions and with Co-60 gamma rays, cellular parameters of Katz's track structure model have been fitted for the survival of V79-379A Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. Cellular parameters representing neoplastic transformations in C3H10T/1/2 cells after their irradiation with heavy ion beams, taken from earlier work, were also used to model the radiation hazard in deep space, following the system for evaluating, summing and reporting occupational exposures proposed in 1967 by a subcommittee of NCRP. We have performed model calculations of the number of transformations in surviving cells, after a given fluence of heavy charged particles of initial energy 500 MeV/u, penetrating thick layers of cells. We take the product of cell transformation and survival probabilities, calculated along the path lengths of charged particles using cellular survival and transformation parameters, to represent a quantity proportional to the "radiation risk factor" discussed in the NCRP document. The "synergistic" effect of simultaneous charged particle transfers is accounted for by the "track overlap" mode inherent in the model of Katz.     

Biological effects of galactic radiation HZE particles in experiments on the orbital station Salyut 7.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds were flown on-board the orbital station Salyut 7 for 66-457 days. It was found that a single heavy charged particle (HZE) hitting a seed only slightly affects the subsequent plant growth. However, morphological anomalies of varying type in primordial leaves and roots were observed that show good correlation with the location of the particle track. The most severe damage detected by light and an electron microscopy were "channels" in dry and soaked seeds. The appearance of "channels" seems to be related to the LET of the incident particle. This finding is of considerable importance for assessment of space flight radiation hazard.     

Multiple cell hits by particle tracks in solid tissues.

Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) and Quality Factor (Q) at extreme values of Linear Energy Transfer (LET) have been determined on the basis of experiments with single-cell systems and specific tissue responses. In typical single cell systems, each heavy particle (Ar or Fe) passes through a single cell or no cell. In tissue end-point experiments each heavy particle passes through several cells, and the LET can exceed 200 keV/micrometer in every cell. In most laboratory animal tissue systems, however, only a small portion of the hit cells are capable of expressing the end-point of interest to the investigator, such as cell killing, mutation or carcinogenesis. The following question must therefore be addressed: Do RBE's and Q factors derived from single-cell experiments properly account for the increased probability of multiple-cell damage by HZE tracks? A model is offered in which measured radiation effects and known tissue properties are combined to estimate the value of a multiplier of damage effectiveness on the basis of number of cells at risk, p3n, per track containing a hit cell, where n is the number of cells per track, based on tissue and organ geometry, and P3 is the probability that a cell in the track is capable of expressing the experimental end-point.     

Structure of heavy ion tracks in Ag-Cl detectors.

The microdosimetric lateral structure of tracks of charged nuclear particles in monocrystalline layers of AgCl-detectors has been measured by means of a videoelectronic computer-controlled image analysing system. The lateral optical density profiles, recorded along the track in sequential steps of 0.2 micrometer show compact tracks with a density maximum around the track axis as well as "coreless" tracks with a density minimum towards the axis. This minimum is more pronounced for particles of high effective charge mean q exceeding approximately 25. The effect of fading of the core depends on the charge state mean q of the particle rather than on its (high) LET. This finding points towards an increased atomic displacement by Coulomb-repulsion into the lattice of the detector of Ag(+)-atoms which are needed for the formation of the track. Examples of measurements and of tracks are presented.     

阻力和升力加速度指令快速解析与跟踪制导

针对升力式飞行器的滑翔段制导问题,提出一种阻力和升力加速度指令在线快速解析与跟踪制导方法。通过一维质点运动学解析并加权直接得到阻力加速度指令。引入虚拟目标和伪视线角的概念,将比例导引应用于滑翔段得到升力加速度指令。利用阻力加速度和攻角的单调性关系, 通过改变攻角跟踪阻力加速度指令。倾侧角用于辅助跟踪阻力加速度指令,满足给定条件后切换至跟踪升力加速度指令。航迹方向角的控制通过倾侧角按反转走廊边界改变正负号实现。动压、热流、过载等约束可通过相关敏感参数的设计得到满足。所提方法不依赖参考轨迹和攻角剖面,计算量小,可实现对终端速度和终端高度的高精度控制。      

Early and late mammalian responses to heavy charged particles.

This overview summarizes murine results on acute lethality responses, inactivation of marrow CFU-S and intestinal microcolonies, testes weight loss, life span shortening, and posterior lens opacification in mice irradiated with heavy charged particles. RBE-LET relationships for these mammalian responses are compared with results from in vitro studies. The trend is that the maximum RBE for in vivo responses tends to be lower and occurs at a lower LET than for inactivation of V79 and T-1 cells in culture. Based on inactivation cross sections, the response of CFU-S in vivo conforms to expectations from earlier studies with prokaryotic systems and mammalian cells in culture. Effects of heavy ions are compared with fission spectrum neutrons, and the results are consistent with the interpretation that RBEs are lower than for fission neutrons at about the same LET, probably due to differences in track structure. Issues discussed focus on challenges associated with assessments of early and late effects of charged particles based on dose, RBE and LET, and with the concordance or discordance of results obtained with in vivo and in vitro model systems. Models for radiation damage/repair and misrepair should consider effects observed with in vivo as well as in vitro model systems.     

Biological effects of heavy ions from the standpoint of target theory.

The biological effect of heavy ions is best described through the action cross section, as a function of the end-point of interest and the charge and speed of the ion. In track theory this is called the "ion-kill" cross section, for it is the effect produced by a single heavy ion and its delta rays. As with nuclear emulsions the biological track structure passes from the grain count regime to the track width regime to the thindown region with an increase in LET. With biological cells, as with any detector capable of storing sublethal damage, with low LET irradiation the action cross section (in the ion-kill mode) is increasingly obscured by the effect of "gamma-kill", by the influence of overlapping delta rays from neighboring heavy ions. Thus at low LET response is dominated by the gamma-kill mode, so that the RBE approaches 1. The theory requires 4 radiosensitivity parameters for biological detectors, extracted from survival curves at several high LET bombardments passing through the grain count regime, and at high doses. Once these are known the systematic response of biological detectors to all high LET bombardments can be unfolded separating ion kill from gamma kill, predicting the response to a mixed radiation environment, and predicting low dose response even at the level of a single heavy ion. Cell killing parameters are now available for a variety of cell lines. Newly added is a set of parameters for cell transformation.     

Experiment "Seeds" on Biokosmos 9. Dosimetric part.

The aim of the experiment "Seeds" on the Sowjetic satellite Biokosmos 9 was the observation of mutagenic effects caused at special loci of seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana and assigned to particles of the Cosmic radiation. Two types of exposure units were flown: A low-shielding unit Type I, mounted at the surface of the satellite (1.4 g/cm2 shielding) and, for comparison, an identical item inside (16 g/cm2 shielding), using nuclear emulsion as track detectors. A Type II unit, flown inside (18g/cm2 shielding) was mounted with AgCl track detectors. The layout will be briefly described. A first set of dosimetric data from the physical evaluation of the experiment will be presented. The subdivision into charge- and LET-groups shows a rather high contribution of the intermediate LET-group (350-1000 MeV/cm) due to medium heavy particles (Z = 6-10) and to enders of light (p, alpha) particles.     

A model of the effects of heavy ion radiation on human tissue

In heavy ion radiotherapy and space travel humans are exposed to energetic heavy ions (C, Si, Fe and others). This type of irradiation often produces more severe biological effects per unit dose than more common X-rays. A new Monte Carlo model generates a physical space with the complex geometry of human tissue or a cell culture based model of tissue, which is affected by the passage of ionizing radiation. For irradiation, the model relies on a physical code for the ion track structure; for tissues, cellular maps are derived from two- or three-dimensional confocal microscopy images using image segmentation algorithm, which defines cells as pixilated volumes. The model is used to study tissue-specific statistics of direct ion hits and the remote ion action on cells. As an application of the technique, we considered the spatial pattern of apoptotic cells after heavy ion irradiation. The pattern of apoptosis is modeled as a stochastic process, which is defined by the action cross section taken from available experimental data. To characterize the degree of apoptosis, an autocorrelation function that describes the spatial correlation of apoptotic cells is introduced. The values of the autocorrelation function demonstrate the effect of the directionality of the radiation track on the spatial arrangements of inactivated cells in tissue. This effect is intrinsic only to high linear-energy-transfer radiation.     

Measurement of cosmic ray elemental composition from the CAKE balloon experiment

CAKE (Cosmic Abundances below Knee Energies) was a prototype balloon experiment for the determination of the charge spectra and abundances of the primary cosmic rays (CR) with Z > 10. It was a passive instrument made of layers of CR39® and Lexan®/Makrofol® nuclear track detectors; it had a geometric acceptance of ∼0.7 m² sr for Fe nuclei. Here, the scanning and analysis strategies, the algorithms used for the off-line filtering and for the tracking in automated mode of the primary cosmic rays are presented, together with the resulting CR charge distribution and their abundances.     

Radiation-induced transmissable chromosomal instability in haemopoietic stem cells.

Heritable radiation-induced genetic alterations have long been assumed to be "fixed" within the first cell division. However, there is a growing body of evidence that a considerable fraction of cells surviving radiation exposure appear normal, but a variety of mutational changes arise in their progeny due to a transmissible genomic instability. In our investigations of G-banded metaphases, non-clonal cytogenetic aberrations, predominantly chromatid-type aberrations, have been observed in the clonal descendants of murine and human haemopoietic stem cells surviving low doses (approximately l track per cell) of alpha-particle irradiations. The data are consistent with a transmissible genetic instability induced in a stem cell resulting in a diversity of chromosomal aberrations in its clonal progeny many cell divisions later. Recent studies have demonstrated that the instability phenotype persists in vivo and that the expression of chromosomal instability has a strong dependence on the genetic characteristics of the irradiated cell. At the time when cytogenetic aberrations are detected, an increased incidence of hprt mutations and apoptotic cells have been observed in the clonal descendants of (alpha-irradiated murine haemopoietic stem cells. Thus, delayed chromosomal abnormalities, delayed cell death by apoptosis and late-arising specific gene mutations may reflect diverse consequences of radiation-induced genomic instability. The relationship, if any, between these effects is not established. Current studies suggest that expression of these delayed heritable effects is determined by the type of radiation exposure, type of cell and a variety of genetic factors.     

飞行器航迹倾角的自适应动态面控制

针对飞行器纵向模型具有参数不确定性和外界干扰的特点,提出一种飞行器航迹倾角的自适应动态面控制方法.动态面控制方法通过引入一阶低通滤波器避免了传统反演设计存在的"微分爆炸"现象,采用自适应律对模型未知参数进行在线估计,并利用非线性阻尼项克服外界干扰.通过Lyapunov方法证明得出闭环系统半全局一致稳定,跟踪误差可通过调节控制器参数达到任意小.仿真结果表明:该方法能在简化控制设计过程的同时保证航迹倾角跟踪上预定轨迹,控制系统具有较强的自适应能力且对外界干扰具有一定的鲁棒性.     

基于RGPO的编队ECAVs协同航迹欺骗

基于动力学模型分析了多机协同控制下的航迹欺骗技术,利用配备有电子欺骗技术的电子战飞行器(ECAVs, Electronic Combat Air Vehicles),对敌方的防空系统中的雷达网实施电子攻击行动来达到欺骗干扰效果.对搭载距离拖引干扰(RGPO, Range Gate Pull-Off)技术的ECAVs在防空雷达网中的作战运用及协同策略进行了研究,空间模型包括单架ECAV对单部雷达以及多架ECAV对雷达组网两种情形.基于ECAV、雷达和虚假航迹点三者共线关系,削减搜索空间,解决动力约束下ECAVs轨迹规划约束最优化难题,算法高效快捷,可实时完成ECAVs轨迹规划.      

一种通用红外成像跟踪实验装置的设计

介绍了一种先进的红外成像跟踪实验装置的研究与设计实现,给出了系统结构、主要性能参数、跟踪算法设计以及试验结果.在成功设计含双微处理机的并行图像识别跟踪器基础上,针对不同类型的目标开发了不同的跟踪算法以及噪声生成算法程序.该实验装置能模拟多种红外跟踪系统,可安装在直升机上对多种目标进行搜索、捕获和跟踪试验,试验恶劣天气、烟雾以及改变空间分辨率等系统参数对图像识别与跟踪的影响,也可进行各种干扰试验,以检查干扰效果.经试验验证,该系统有很好的应用效果.这些试验为模拟实验的研究提供大量原始素材,将为红外图像跟踪系统的设计和使用提供重要数据.