Battery configurations for multi-megawatt pulse power

The capability of lead-acid batteries for supplying very high power for a short time is explored. The application of such a battery for accelerating a hypersonic plane is used to illustrate the requirements. A technique for analyzing batteries and controlling voltage for pulse loads is described. Evaluation of lead-acid batteries in production and voltage regulation by switching batteries in and out are covered. Alternatives to batteries, including superconducting magnetic energy storage, are discussed     

Electric-vehicle batteries

Electric vehicles that can't reach trolley wires need batteries. In the early 1900's electric cars disappeared when owners found that replacing the car's worn-out lead-acid battery costs more than a new gasoline-powered car. Most of today's electric cars are still propelled by lead-acid batteries. General Motors in their prototype Impact, for example, used starting-lighting-ignition batteries, which deliver lots of power for demonstrations, but have a life of less than 100 deep discharges. Now promising alternative technology has challenged the world-wide lead miners, refiners, and battery makers into forming a consortium that sponsors research into making better lead-acid batteries. Horizon's new bipolar battery delivered 50 watt-hours per kg (Wh/kg), compared with 20 for ordinary transport-vehicle batteries. The alternatives are delivering from 80 Wh/kg (nickel-metal hydride) up to 200 Wh/kg (zinc-bromine). A Fiat Panda traveled 260 km on a single charge of its zinc-bromine battery. A German 3.5-ton postal truck traveled 300 km with a single charge in its 650-kg (146 Wh/kg) zinc-air battery. Its top speed was 110 km per hour     

Global avionics in the future

The following topics are discussed: new batteries for old airplanes; new charge controls for lengthening battery life; fast methods for batteries charging; AC conductance measurement based battery testing; pulse power; bipolar lead-acid batteries vs supercapacitors; Ni electrode cells for spacecraft; worn-out battery disposal; recycling technology; vehicle batteries cost; high energy content batteries; and energy storage for electric utilities     

Power sources and portable computers

The safety aspects of the nickel-metal-hydride and high-capacity nickel-cadmium batteries used in Apple Computer's current notebook computers are discussed. No problems are anticipated with nickel-cadmium packs, which have an excellent record for safety because the cell design parameters are well understood and there is ample safety margin under abusive conditions. At its early stage of development, the nickel-metal-hydride cell is not as electrochemically robust as the nickel-cadmium, and it does not have as wide an operational temperature range. The possible hydrogen release from nickel-metal-hydride batteries on charging at low temperatures can also be a potential explosion hazard. Nickel-metal-hydride is considered less environmentally harmful than nickel-cadmium and has escaped legislated recycling requirements     

Life expectancy of a 24-V, 15-Ah sealed lead-acid aircraft battery

This paper presents the results of cycle life testing F24-V, 15-Ah sealed lead-acid batteries intended for use the B-1B aircraft. Test samples were procured from two different manufacturers and subjected to cycle testing at 33% and 100% depth-of-discharge (DOD). The cycle life at 33% DOD ranged from 500 to 750 cycles. The cycle life at 100% DOD ranged from 160 to 260 cycles     

Safety testing of lithium ion batteries for navy devices

Lithium ion battery technology is being introduced into power supplies used by our armed forces for a variety of applications. In many cases, the same cells and design parameters that support commercial battery packs are being used in military battery packs. This approach is expected to result in a major decrease in the total life cycle cost of the equipment these batteries support. On June 13, 1991, NAVSEA issued INST9310.1B1, which states that all lithium battery powered equipment must undergo safety evaluation and approval prior to fleet use. This safety program governs a process whereby approvals are issued for lithium batteries to be used in specific equipment on ground facilities, surface combatants, air combatants, and/or submarines. The Naval Ordnance Safety and Security Activity (NOSSA) manages the program. The chief technical advisors are Code 644 at NSWC Carderock Division and Code 609A at NSWC Crane Division. This paper describes three battery designs that incorporate lithium ion technology, and the results of battery safety tests conducted in accordance with navy requirements.     

空管自动化的人因素考虑

人因素问题直接影响着空管系统的安全和效率，系统中不断引用的自动化将会带来新的人因素问题。该文探讨了空管自动化的开发和实验中可能出现的一些人因素问题和一些自动化的人因素要求。     

Safety tests of lithium 9-volt batteries for Navy applications

COTS batteries are relatively inexpensive, readily accessible, and extremely versatile. These attributes allow the military to save time and money during the research and development stages. Of these COTS batteries, a 9-Volt (9 V) lithium/manganese dioxide battery is the subject of this paper. This 9 V battery has the ability to provide a low magnetic signature, which is very important to the Navy for many applications, Also, it is Underwriters Laboratories (UL) listed at the unit level; however, these UL tests cannot be directly related to the safety of these 9 V batteries when they are combined in various series and parallel configurations. Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) Carderock was tasked to rate the safety of several such specialized battery packs. It was found that packs consisting of two 9 V batteries in parallel were relatively safe, experiencing no violent behavior. Battery packs with six 9 Vs in parallel vented and deformed the 9 V batteries, but no smoke or flames were noticed. A battery pack with thirty 9 V batteries, 2 in series with 15 legs, experienced venting, smoke, and flames under certain circumstances, After testing, the six and thirty 9 V packs were required to include the addition of various safety devices     

航空锂电池适航审定规章解读及符合性方法研究

锂离子电池作为动力电池有着优异的性能,在民航行业上有广阔的应用前景。但行业对其技术特征 和安全风险的认识还不充分,现行的规章条款缺乏足够的安全要求,国外局方针对锂离子电池颁发了专用条 件,但回顾相关事故可以发现,锂离子电池的验证和审查环节还不完善,相关条款更新修正的步伐也同锂电池 的发展现状和技术水平不相适应。以航空锂电池事故为例,分析航空锂离子电池作为动力电池的安全性风险, 从对现有规章条款和专用条件的解读出发,借鉴不同行业近年来积累的锂电池验证和使用经验,针对航空动力 锂电池的适航符合性方法提出一些改进方案,可作为现有锂电池适航符合性方法的有益补充,为自主建立健全 适航验证规范体系做出探索。     

基于SCADE的飞控软件的适航验证与确认

中国民用航空规章第25部对机载软件提出了适航要求,DO178B是对适航要求的符合性方法,但其中一些验证和确认目标并不适用于基于SCADE的软件验证。为此,分析了飞控软件的适航要求和符合性方法,并对基于SCADE的飞控软件的开发流程和传统的开发流程进行了分析对比,对基于SCADE的飞控软件的适航验证与确认工作提出了建议。     

DFCluster: An efficient algorithm to mine maximal differential biclusters for single pilot operations task synthesis safety analysis

With the continuous advancement of the avionics system, crew members are correspondingly reduced, and Single Pilot Operations(SPO) has attracted widespread attention from scholars.To meet the flight requirements in SPO mode, it is necessary to further strengthen air-ground coordination system integration, but at the same time, there will be some safety issues caused by resource integration, function fusion, and task synthesis. Aimed at the safety problems caused by task synthesis, an efficient d...     

民机电传飞控系统安全性设计与验证

目前CCAR25部的规章要求主要针对传统机械操纵飞机,随着电传飞控系统(Fly by Wire,以下简称FBW)在现代民机上的广泛应用,在控制指令的数字信号完整性、AC 25.1309等效安全等方面产生了一些新的适航要求,以达到传统设计相同的或等效的安全水平。介绍了民机电传飞控系统安全性评估过程,然后针对电传飞控系统安全性设计特点,总结了适用的适航要求和符合性验证方法。     

Remaining useful life prediction of aircraft lithium-ion batteries based on F-distribution particle filter and kernel smoothing algorithm

As an emergency and auxiliary power source for aircraft,lithium (Li)-ion batteries are important components of aerospace power systems.The Remaining Useful Life (RUL) prediction of Li-ion batteries is a key technology to ensure the reliable operation of aviation power systems.Particle Filter (PF) is an effective method to predict the RUL of Li-ion batteries because of its uncertainty representation and management ability.However,there are problems that particle weights cannot be updated in the p...     

舱门信号控制系统设计

随着民用飞机的发展,舱门信号系统也变的越来越重要了。特别是经历了几次有关货舱门故障导致飞机坠毁之后,舱门系统的重要性越来越突出。因此FAA出台了AC25.114修正案,给出了舱门信号系统设计应注意的事项,保证飞机飞行的安全。参照最新的FAA适航条例为依据,给出了某型飞机舱门信号控制系统的功能描述、设计方案和控制流程,并对该系统的核心部分进行了分析。     

Space batteries for mobile battlefield power applications

A review of space power systems was undertaken to identify advanced space batteries for mobile applications. State-of-the-art systems are described. The technology issues that need to be addressed in order to bring these systems along and meet the needs of the user are discussed. Future research directions are examined     

反推力系统适航设计与符合性验证分析

现代涡喷飞机大多设计有反推力系统以提高飞机的经济性、可用性和安全性,然而反推力系统若发生故障则可能引发灾难性的飞行事故。因此,反推力系统的设计和适航符合性验证已成为适航当局重点关注的审定问题。本文通过对中、美、欧适航当局反推力系统的相关适航标准、咨询通告和修正案的研究,给出涡喷飞机反推力系统的适航要求和简析,反推力系统"操纵性"和"可靠性"验证思路及注意事项;此外,结合某型飞机的反推力系统,给出"可靠性"验证思路的实例验证过程和符合性结论。研究结果可为我国进行飞机反推力系统适航设计和符合性验证提供有益参考。     

THE CAPP SYSTEM IN CIMS ENVIRONMENT

ＴＨＥＣＡＰＰＳＹＳＴＥＭＩＮＣＩＭＳＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＴＨＥＣＡＰＰＳＹＳＴＥＭＩＮＣＩＭＳＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴ￥ＦａｎＱｉｊｉｎ；ＨｕａｎｇＮａｉｋａｎｇ；ＺｈａｎｇＺｈｅｎｍｉｎｇ（Ｆａｃｕｌｔｙ１００３，ＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＰｏｌｙ...     

高性能飞行器大气数据传感技术研究进展

大气数据是飞行器导航和控制的重要参数，大气数据传感技术是实现飞行器飞行安全及性能发挥的重要保障。针对高性能飞行器对大气数据传感技术的发展需求进行分析，重点介绍了传统大气数据传感技术、嵌入式大气数据传感技术、光学大气数据传感技术及虚拟大气数据传感技术的发展和特点，并对推动嵌入式大气数据传感技术发展的相关技术问题进行了分析和总结，最后对大气数据传感技术的发展进行展望。     

Aerospace lithium solid polymer batteries

Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space and Ultralife Batteries, Inc. are developing batteries for spacecraft and launchers based on Li-ion solid-polymer-electrolyte cell technology. These cells utilize a carbon anode, a manganese dioxide cathode and a solid polymer electrolyte. Electrode and electrolyte layers are thin and flexible. The electrode assembly is easily fabricated into thin, flat prismatic shapes using ordinary lamination techniques and is hermetically sealed in thin foil packaging. Cells ranging in capacity from 4 Ah to 50 Ah have been designed and are in development testing. The packaged cells have specific energies in excess of 100 Wh/kg. Prototype 30 volt batteries have also been designed and are being assembled and tested along with the critical battery cell charge management controllers needed to recharge all cells to full capacity while preventing overvoltage damage. The major results of this development effort are reviewed and the key issues for advancing this technology to flight qualification demonstrations are discussed     

某型飞机刹车失效分析及对策研究

刹车系统是飞机的重要组成部分,是保证飞机滑跑、起飞和着陆的重要装置,其工作可靠性直接影响飞行安全.本文对某型飞机因刹车失效,发生一起与地面停放飞机相擦的飞行事故征候,进行了刹车失效分析和机理研究.同时,按技术问题“五归零”要求,深入开展了多余物产生根源的排查工作,进行了改进研究和试验验证,并制定了对策.