Investigation of Thermal Convection and Low-Frequency Microgravity by the DACON Sensor aboard the MirOrbital Complex

The DACON instrument for studying the convection caused by low frequency microaccelerations aboard spacecraft is described. The convection sensor serves as a measuring element of this instrument. This is a cylindrical cavity filled with air, where two crossed differential thermocouples are located. The thermocouple junctions lay on two mutually perpendicular lines parallel to the bases of the cylinder and crossing at its axis. The distances from the junctions to this axis are equal. The lateral surface of the cylinder is thermally insulated, the difference of temperatures on its bases being kept constant. One of the tasks for the sensor is to prepare the data for checking the adequacy of mathematical models of fluid convection under weightlessness conditions and for obtaining quantitative characteristics of the microgravitational medium. The results of ground-based tests of the DACON instrument and the results of experiments with it aboard the Mirstation are presented.     

Results and Prospects of Studying the Gravitationally Sensitive Systems of Plants under Conditions of Space Flight

Based on systematic studies of the impact of space flight factors on higher plants, carried out for many years both aboard orbital research stations and in the ground laboratories, we have formulated the means of solving the problem of the interaction of mankind with the plant life. The principal feasibility of the growth and development of higher plants (arabidopsis, peas, and wheat) under conditions of space flight is established, including the generative stage (arabidopsis). It is proved that the factors of space flight destabilize the macro- and microstructures of higher plants and their cellular organelles, which is an unambiguous response of cells to the changing conditions of their existence.     

摆动扫描地球敏感器数学模型及飞行试验结果

描述了东方红三号卫星(DFH-3)控制系统设计和数学仿真中采用的摆动扫描地球敏感器IRES-01的数学模型，东方红三号卫星近三年飞行试验结果与数学仿真结果基本一致，证明数学模型是正确的。     

Convective Motions in Near-Critical Fluids under Real Zero-Gravity Conditions

The results of processing and interpreting the data of joint Russian–French experiments for studying the heat and mass transfer in near-critical fluids are presented. The experiments were carried out with the ALICE-1 instrument during an orbital flight of the Mirstation from September 30 to October 2, 1995 [1]. For such fluids with a point-like source of heat, when they are placed in the field of uncontrolled inertial accelerations of the spacecraft, the influence of thermovibrational and thermogravitational mechanisms of convection on the propagation of the region of optical irregularity is investigated. It is shown that, near the thermodynamic critical point, local heating of the medium leads to generation of either intense thermogravitational convection or averaged vibroconvective flow, depending on the frequency of variations of the microaccelerations. The structure and characteristics of discovered motions are studied. The results of numerical simulations are presented that confirm the conclusion about a possibility of generation of an averaged convective flow of a vibrational type by the high-frequency component of microaccelerations.     

Electrification of Polymer Films in Laboratory and under Space Conditions

A simplified theory of the electrification of polymer films, which permits estimation of the internal electric fields of films irradiated by monoenergetic electrons simulating real streams of plasma electrons during magnetic substorms at a geosynchronous orbit, is suggested. To determine the depth behavior of the forward current and the dosage rate in the irradiated polymer, numerical calculations are made by the Monte Carlo technique. The appearance of electrostatic discharges in thin (5 m) mylar films is shown to be very probable in the orbit's shadow sector under magnetic substorm conditions.     

变化风场下近空间飞行器机体/发动机一体化飞行力学建模与分析

近空间飞行器飞行包络大、环境变化复杂、参数变化激烈,对其开展飞行控制技术研究工作的首要问题是对此复杂系统基本物理规律准确把握和描述,并依此建立其机理运动模型。针对机体/发动机一体化设计的近空间飞行器,系统地进行了飞行力学分析,并推导了变化风场下近空间飞行器在高超声速条件下的完整的6-自由度12-状态的动力学方程和运动学方程,体现出变化风场的影响和推力矢量的作用。随后,对其在不同条件下的开环控制特性进行了仿真研究,直观表现了系统的快时变、强耦合、强非线性和不确定性等特点。所得结果可用于未来高超声速飞行器轨迹管理、飞行控制等问题的概念设计和仿真研究。     

商业载人航天正当时

<正>有利契机应运而生美国总统奥巴马在今年10月签署了《2010年NASA授权法案》后决定为美国航天飞机编队再增加一次飞行任务,增加的飞行任务可能安排在明年6月,此后美国航天飞机将全部退役。在航天飞机即将退役之际,美国在成功研制出新的载人飞船之前的     

“阿波罗”载人飞行经典回放

1g68年12月21日、1969年3月3目、1969年5月18日,美国先后用3枚“土星5”号火箭发射“阿波罗8、9、10”号载人飞船,除继续验证人与飞船的适应性和飞船的性能外,还进行了环月飞行、远距离通信、登月舱分离与对接、近月环境考察等试验和探测工作,历时分别为147小时、241小时、伯2小时。     

盘点“阿波罗”登月工程

“阿波罗”登月工程的脉络 美国的“阿波罗”载人登月工程始于1961年5月。1969年7月20日首次实现了登月梦想,航天员阿姆斯特朗和奥尔德林驾驶“阿波罗11”号飞船的登月舱降落在月球赤道附近的静海区,并相继走出舱外,在月球上迈出了人类的第一步,引起全世界震动。     

固冲发动机补燃室内强迫对流条件下硼颗粒燃烧速率研究

硼颗粒在通过固体火箭冲压发动机的燃气发生器喷管进入补燃室的过程中,颗粒通常都会受到高速气流的作用。此时,静止条件下硼颗粒的燃烧模型不再适应。对强迫对流条件下的硼颗粒燃烧的二维问题建立了数学模型,通过物理、数学简化,将偏微分方程组化为易于求解的常微分方程组,最后得到燃烧速率的显示表达式,并进行了求解,给出了硼颗粒周围边界层内温度场、浓度场及颗粒燃烧速率随雷诺数Re的变化规律。     

2010航天飞机第一次飞行

<正>2010年1月6日,奋进号航天飞机被送上位于佛罗里达州的肯尼迪航天中心的发射台,预计于美国东部时间2010年2月上旬凌晨发射,执行STS-130任务。如果一切能按计划顺利进行的话,这将是美国航天飞机退役前的最后一次夜间发射任务。     

空间操作中的灵巧飞行控制方法

空间操作中的灵巧飞行控制是指通过模仿生物的决策与运动方式,采用多种执行机构相互配合协调控制完成空间操作任务,在任务过程中能够进行实时决策且各项性能指标均能达到最优。文章引入灵巧控制的思想,提出了一种灵巧飞行控制方法。按照生物运动协调的方式,采用冗余执行机构各取所长协同配合,利用计算智能结合人类智慧完成对失效卫星的接近轨迹规划,实现抓捕过程中可达性、精准性、敏捷性、平顺性与鲁棒性的全优。采用神经网络完成对轨迹规划结果的学习,将规划和控制合二为一。对失效卫星的跟瞄、接近和捕获过程仿真表明:采用传统规划与控制方法的服务卫星无法在失效卫星状态突变时完成抓捕,而采用灵巧飞行控制方法的服务卫星,在失效卫星翻滚状态发生突变时能进行快速决策,成功对失效卫星进行捕获,且接近抓捕过程的性能指标比失效卫星翻滚状态未突变时几乎没有损失,从而验证了灵巧飞行控制方法的可行性和有效性。     

Assessment of Reliability Indicators of Space Vehicles under Conditions of Incomplete Data

Cosmic Research - We consider the problem of assessing the reliability indicators of spacecraft described by the “load–strength” model under conditions of incomplete data...     

空间辐射对载人航天的影响及其防护措施

在美国航宇局制定的国际空间站太空飞行任务中，有一项是关于辐射与健康的项目(SRHP)。进行这项研究的目的是为了保证人类在进行太空探险时，所受到的辐射水平在人的耐受限度内。     

国外载人航天未来发展分析

未来载人航天发展的重点将围绕国际空间站进行空间科学实验与应用,同时积极开展以月球探测和火星探测为核心的深空探索活动。目前,美国、欧空局、俄罗斯、日本和印度都制定了深空探索计划。国外载人航天的发展将在空间往返运输器领域展开新一轮竞争与合作。预计美国凭着强大的技术力量、经济投入和决心将主导载人航天的未来发展趋势。     

航天智能复合材料的发展与应用

介绍了智能复合材料的系统组成,以及传感器、致动器和控制器等实现的关键及其功能。讨论了航天结构健康监测,结构自适应、减振与自愈合,以及弹性记忆复合材料(EMC)的原理和典型应用。     

北京航天指控中心突破五大载人航天飞行控制技术

世界三大航天飞行控制中心之一的北京航天指挥控制中心。在攻克八项关键航天飞控技术并使之达到世界先进水平的基础上，还针对载人航天任务的特殊需求，突破并掌握了一系列载人航天飞控的先进技术。     

载人航天USB测控系统及其关键技术

总结了载人航天USB测控系统的综合化、高可靠性、高测轨精度、抗组合干扰、数字化、大动态控制、目标快速捕获、极化分集接收等关键技术，以及为解决这些关键而采取的技术措施，包括：统一载波信号设计，“五合一”数字载波环，数字测速和测距，随扫斜率判决，高线性调制／解调，FM极化合成跟踪等。经过我国载人航天工程实践的验证，USB测控系统是成功的，其综合性能达到了当时的国际先进水平。     

Measurement of the Quasistatic Component of Microaccelerations Using a Convection Sensor onboard a Satellite

The problem of the interpretation of measurements made by means of a convection sensor is considered. The sensor is a cubic chamber filled by a viscous fluid (gas). Fixed and unequal temperatures are maintained on two opposite sides of the cube; the other sides are perfect heat conductors. Two differential thermocouples are placed inside the chamber to measure the temperature difference at two pairs of fixed points. The sensor is mounted aboard the Earth's satellite. Mathematical models of various degrees of complexity are proposed which describe processes of heat and mass transfer under the action of a quasistatic component of microaccelerations. The results of mathematical simulation of the data of sensor thermocouples presenting a response to the real quasistatic component of microaccelerations which took place aboard the Mirstation are given. It is shown that under usual conditions of an orbital mission the sensor presents a linear low-frequency filter. By combining the data of several identical sensors, tightly arranged and oriented in a certain way, it is possible to measure low-frequency components of the angular acceleration of the satellite and linear microaccelerations at the point of the sensor position.     

中国载人航天工程成就述评及未来展望

从“嫦娥奔月”的动人传说到敦煌飞天的美丽壁画,从明代人万户飞天到早期的“曙光号”飞船,中华民族的飞天之路经历了跨越千年的“梦想期”、“孕育期”和“催产期”。直到1992年,以江泽民同志为核心的党的第三代领导集体高瞻远瞩地决策,实施我国的载人航天工程,由此铺开了中国载人进军太空的宏伟蓝图。经历了11年的刻苦攻关,在四次无人飞行试验的基础上,中国人终于圆梦九天。中国的载人航天工程与京九铁路、三峡工程并称为20世纪末中国的三大工程。载人航天工程是高度复杂的、庞大的系统工程,是航天技术中最具挑战性的领域,体现了一个国家…