International market for a reusable launch vehicle

A reusable launch vehicle could be developed early next century if the X-33 program is successful. Its development will be funded by industry, and the vehicle will be operated privately. A critical task is to assess the future market for such a vehicle. The total number of commercial payloads could range between 40 and 60 satellites per year, taking into account the market elasticity due to the launch price reduction. The RLV would face important competition from expendable launch vehicles. However, the RLV could capture two-thirds of this market, or 26–33 commercial payloads per year.     

可重复使用运载器机翼外形优化

研究了有翼可重复使用运载器机翼平面外形参数优化设计问题。在高超声速配平和低速水平着陆性能等约束条件下，利用混合遗传算法和粒子群优化算法来选择最优机翼外形参数，使机翼重量最小化。在已知的不同质心位置下求得相应的最小重量机翼外形。亚声速气动力采用面源法计算，高超声速气动力采用修正的牛顿流理论计算。为了降低计算耗费，使用均匀设计和逐步回归方法建立了低速气动力回归模型。整个优化过程在Matlab集成环境下完成。     

亚轨道重复使用运载器总体多学科优化方法

针对亚轨道运载器总体设计多学科耦合的特点,从任务规划、学科建模、集成和求解策略等方面对多学科优化方法进行了研究.以助推亚轨道飞行器为对象,确定了学科模块组成、功能和数据耦合关系.建立了与总体设计过程相适应的7个学科模型,包括几何主模型、气动、推进、弹道、气动热、传热/热防护系统、结构.结合飞行器任务要求和基准方案,从系统级定义了多学科优化问题,包括目标函数、约束条件和设计变量.基于多学科软件框架集成学科模型,采用多学科可行法作为求解框架,建立了亚轨道飞行器多学科优化系统,选择SQP算法完成了以起飞总重为目标的优化.结果显示,优化后,发动机结构、热防护系统有所增加,但结构质量和燃油消耗减小,综合作用使总重减小2.4％,体现了多学科优化的协同作用.     

可重复使用航天器金属热防护系统的结构优化进展

根据美国开发的金属热防护系统,分析了用于可重复使用航天器的金属热防护系统的发展和现状,详细介绍了几代金属热防护系统的总体结构、高耐热蒙皮结构、绝热结构的不断演化和设计的优化进展。并且从结构装配方面,阐述了单个金属热防护系统结构、多个金属热防护系统结构以及金属热防护系统与刚性结构的装配设计的优化发展,为工程在结构设计和优化方面提供一定的参考依据。     

RLV economics: fiscal evaluation of NASA''s reusable launch vehicle effort

The US RLV program aims to stimulate commercial development of a next-generation heavy-lift launcher and lower launch costs by one order of magnitude from the Space Shuttle. This paper discusses the incentives needed to encourage private investment — income tax relief, investment mitigation, financing assistance — in the venture and uses a specifically developed case study model to evaluate their effectiveness. It finds that an R&D tax credit would be the most practical incentive. Directions for future work are provided.     

Cost Engineering – The new paradigm for space launch vehicle design

The paper describes the basic definition and application of 'Cost Engineering' which means to design a vehicle system for minimum development cost and/or for minimum operations cost. This is important now and for the future since space transportation has become primarily a commercial business in contrast to the past where it has been mainly a subject of military power and national prestige. Several examples are presented for minimum-cost space launch vehicle configurations, such as increasing vehicle size and/or the use of less efficient rocket engines in order to reduce development and operations cost. Further a cost comparison is presented on single-stage (SSTO)-vehicles vs. two-stage launchers which shows that SSTOs have lower development and operations cost although they are larger, respectively have a higher lift-off mass than two-stage vehicles with the same performance. The design of a space tourism-dedicated launch vehicle is an extreme challenge for a cost-engineered vehicle design in order to achieve cost per seat not higher than $50,000. Finally an outlook is presented on the different options for manned Earth-to-Moon transportation modes and vehicles – another most important application of 'cost engineering', taking into account the large cost of such a future venture.     

Ariane in the world launch vehicle market

Roland Deschamps, Secretary General of Arianespace, discusses the evolution of the Ariane family of launchers and the creation of Arianespace to market and manage Ariane production and launch services. Tha launcher market is analysed and the advantages of Ariane compared to the US Shuttle are identified.     

Russian space commercialization - getting the banks involved

While the world market for space goods and services has grown enormously and continues to do so, Russia's meagre share of it is out of all proportion to its technological and intellectual base. This was initially the fault of its rigid political system, which has made it hard for companies to adapt to a market economy. This viewpoint argues that Russia's banks, which have played a major role in the country's economic reforms, should be encouraged to invest in its space industry. In particular they could finance the ‘space education’ of the business community and fund surveys and feasibility studies. In the long term this could generate large profits and would improve their standing in the world. Ultimately they might join specialist international bank associations set up to finance cooperative ventures.     

The commercialization of satellite imagery: Implications for cross-border conflict

The proliferation of commercial observation satellites offers opportunities to enhance regional stability as well as destabilizing possibilities for cross-border conflicts in the developing world. It is virtually impossible to anticipate whether observation satellites will be exploited for peaceful or destabilizing purposes, but there are clear benefits in maintaining symmetry in such capabilities. An International Satellite Monitoring Agency could be the best way to promote the positive aspects of satellite technology while minimizing the negative.     

The meaning of Japan's space commercialization efforts

The gradual commercial utilization and application of the results of government-led space development programmes is a natural development. In Japan private sector involvement goes further than this because the government budget for space development is very limited. To remain competitive in an increasingly international market Japan now needs to develop a partnership between government and private enterprise to construct a system and structure that will directly benefit the public, otherwise the necessary support for space development will not be attained.     

运载火箭全捷联惯性/星光复合制导研究

全捷联惯性/星光复合制导是运载火箭空间快速响应发射的重要途径.针对捷联惯性制导系统中初始定位定向误差、初始调平对准误差及惯性器件漂移等3类主要误差因素,建立了运载火箭的数字平台基准偏差模型和导航误差模型,并提出了一种双星修正策略方案.数值仿真分析了各误差因素对捷联惯性导航精度的影响,并进一步验证了该复合制导方案的可行性...     

Development trend review of foreign heavy-lift launch vehicle

重型运载火箭发展的核心问题是总体构型方案,包括箭体直径、发动机选型及技术继承性问题.通过对国外重型运载火箭发展脉络进行分析,研究其发展特点,总结了发展趋势,即重型运载火箭由传统的串联构型向捆绑助推器构型发展;重型运载火箭采用大直径箭体和大推力发动机;充分发挥液体、固体发动机的优势,实现最佳动力组合,并充分利用成熟技术.最后,提出我国重型运载火箭总体设计工作的相关建议.     

小型固体运载火箭运载能力分析

针对控制系统,采用姿控发动机和格栅舵的小型多级固体运载火箭开展了运载能力分析研究.给出了运载火箭飞行方案,提出了一种飞行程序角的工程设计方法.给出了姿控发动机工作模型,建立了六自由度弹道计算和优化模型,采用混合进化算法进行弹道优化,并给出了仿真算例.仿真计算及分析表明,小型多级固体运载火箭满足发射小卫星的运载能力要求,姿控发动机推进剂分配方案合理,为总体方案论证和初步设计提供了理论依据.     

新一代运载火箭增压技术研究

随着新一代运载火箭研制的开展,新型120t级高压补燃液氧煤油发动机将得到广泛的使用,该发动机采用的推进剂贮箱增压系统设计被列为新一代运载火箭研制的重大关键技术之一。在对国内外主要液体运载火箭增压方案进行分析的基础上对120t级液氧煤油发动机的贮箱增压系统进行了研究,提出了液氧贮箱采用压力传感器与电磁阀组合的常温氦气加温增压,煤油贮箱采用压力传感器与电磁阀组合的常温氦气增压方案,并针对液氧贮箱采用常温氦气加温增压的方案开展了理论分析和全尺寸系统级试验研究。理论分析和试验结果表明,该增压方案可行。     

国外重型运载火箭发展趋势述评

重型运载火箭发展的核心问题是总体构型方案,包括箭体直径、发动机选型及技术继承性问题.通过对国外重型运载火箭发展脉络进行分析,研究其发展特点,总结了发展趋势,即重型运载火箭由传统的串联构型向捆绑助推器构型发展;重型运载火箭采用大直径箭体和大推力发动机;充分发挥液体、固体发动机的优势,实现最佳动力组合,并充分利用成熟技术.最后,提出我国重型运载火箭总体设计工作的相关建议.     

运载火箭控制系统漏电故障诊断研究

从系统的角度分析了运载火箭控制系统漏电故障诊断的特殊性，指出故障也是系统要素之间的一种联系方式。为了准确、有效地描述系统状态条件同其故障关系问所存在的关联，提出了条件故障图的描述模型，界定并分析了描述系统状态关系的状态树，并将它与故障图相结合形成条件故障图，用于对故障关系的自动化描述及分析。在此基础上，引入蚁群算法来确定故障树的最优检测次序，并指导系统多故障状态的决策。将它们应用于运载火箭的控制系统，给出了一个特征实例。条件故障图可以有效地描述状态条件对故障关系的影响及作用，蚁群算法能够实时地、自适应地进行动态路径选择。获得了令人满意的效果。     

国外固体运载火箭技术的新进展与启示

固体运载火箭作为快速进入空间的有效手段,已成为目前各国航天运输系统的重点发展方向之一.通过对国外固体运载火箭技术的发展脉络进行分析,研究其发展历程及特点,从四方面总结出其发展趋势,即向低成本、高可靠、快速机动发射发展;向固体运载与导弹技术共用发展,深层次拓宽军民融合领域;向与捆绑式运载火箭的大型固体助推器技术共同发展,并充分利用成熟技术;向模块化、可扩展化设计发展.最后,对国内发展固体小型运载火箭提出了相关建议.     

Developing new launch vehicle technology: The case for multi-national private sector cooperation

Space is now a global business, yet the cost of getting to space is still high. Developing new launch vehicles that are cheaper, safer, and more reliable is the key to both rapid commercial growth and to more and better government uses of space. However, the R&D process leading to new launch vehicles is expensive and technically challenging; the past 50 years have seen many government development programs, but no major technological breakthroughs. Perhaps, it is therefore time to think about other ways of developing new launch vehicles. The best expertise in this field resides primarily with private companies and is spread across many actors and nations. A consortium led by space firms might be a better approach to opening up space in the 21st century. Governments will have to develop new policies treating space as though it were a commercial industry, in particular, relaxing export trade restrictions wherever possible. Issues of dual-use may be outweighed by the rapidly growing widespread availability of launch capabilities. Since new launch vehicles will require large up-front R&D expenditures, government support will continue to be needed to supplement private capital funds. Contributions to this effort should be international. However, difficult it might be in today's security conscious environment to reorient government policy, doing so may offer the most efficient and successful way to break the technological and economic barriers to more reliable access to space.     

新一代运载火箭动力系统试车总体试验技术研究

针对动力系统试验规模大、风险高、密度高、并行环节多、技术难度大等突出特点,试验主体承担单位细化落实试验主体抓总责任,充分发挥抓总、策划、牵引能力,注重工艺流程的持续优化、加强试验过程的统筹协调、安全防范和风险管控,统一指挥十余个参试系统,统领近十个参试单位形成的试验队有序工作,技术状态控制有效,确保了三型运载火箭八个模块十二次动力系统试车准时准点和圆满成功,为三型运载火箭按期首飞奠定了基础。     

火箭仪器舱仪器安装板的振动控制试验研究

本文在对长Ⅲ甲运载火箭仪器舱进行了试验模态分析的基础上，对长Ⅲ甲运载火箭仪器舱进行了可控约束阻尼层主被动一体化振动控制试验研究，研究结果表明，可控约束阻尼层结构对火箭仪器舱这一大型复杂结构进行振动控制是非常有效的。