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62,航天员太空行走有哪些训练设备?航天员太空行走的训练设备有很多,归纳起来可分为四大类:1-g模拟设备、失重飞机、水下训练设备和专用训练设备。在这四大类设备中,最常用的是失重飞机和水下训练设备。水下训练设备主要是中性浮力水池,这是航天员太空行走训练的必备设备,是在地面模拟太空失重环境的比较理想的一种方法。专用训练设备包括虚拟现实技术、 相似文献
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失重生理学的研究与展望 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
一、失重对人体的影响及其原因 自 1961年前苏联发射第一艘载人飞船以来,至今载人航天已有 40年的历史了。 40年来,随着载人航天事业的发展和航天飞行时间的延长,越来越显示出航天医学在载人航天中的重要性。实践证明,航天医学的研究成果已成为影响长期载人航天的关键。在航天飞行过程中,航天员受到各种物理因素和环境因素的影响,例如失重、超重、振动、噪声、辐射、昼夜节律改变、狭小的生活环境和舱内有害气体等。这些因素对人体都会产生不利的影响,可以引起人体一系列的病理-心理-生理变化。尤其是失重长时间、持续地作用于… 相似文献
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载人航天引起的骨质疏松及其防护研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在失重飞行引起的所有生理系统的变化中,最令人头痛的是失重引起的骨质疏松。其他生理系统的变化在航天飞行中会达到一种平衡状态,也就是说,经过一段时间的飞行,它们的改变不再继续发展,在返回到地面后,经过一段时间可以很快恢复。但是,到目前为止,航天飞行中骨钙的丢失却持续地发展着,而且返回地面后需要很长的时间恢复。今后载人航天的重点在于长期飞行,失重骨质疏松所引起的危害就更大了。因此,失重骨质丢失的研究已成为目前航天医学研究的重点。 相似文献
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在弹道式飞行操作中,飞机的抛物线飞行会反复地产生达20秒的失重,在这种抛物线飞行中,可以进行物理和生命科学的短期微重力研究,并在太空飞行之前对仪器设备进行测试和培训航天员。由于这是在真正的失重环境下进行的人体研究的唯一设备,因而可作为诸如浸水、卧床试验等地面模拟失重实验的补充,并为载人空间任务作准备。欧洲航天局(ESA)自1984年用三种不同的飞机共组织进行20场次抛物线飞行试验活动,总计飞行超过 相似文献
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航天员在飞行中由于长时间受失重因素的影响,其体内的生理系统会产生适应失重环境的变化,导致航天员返回后的再适应能力下降。载人航天器在返回过程中还要受到较长时间的超重作用,据计算如采用15°的再入角,升阻比为0.1时,其减速持续时间约为200s,减速峰值可达9G,应激状态时可达15~16G。处于航天器中的航天员经失重飞行后心肺调节功能已明显下降,当遇到这样长时间的高超重作用时,有可能出现危险而影响飞行任务。所以,研究失重对超重耐力的影响和提高人体超重耐力的方法和途径,对于发展航天事业和航天医学是十分重要的。 相似文献
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低重力或失重环境下剩余推进剂的管理和排放技术研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
论述低重力或失重境环下的液体特性,飞行器的剩余推进剂对航天飞行器的影响。讨论了在低重力或失重环境下液体推进剂的管理和空间排放技术,并提出了“长征”型号末级火箭剩余推进剂管理与排放的方案。 相似文献
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中性浮力微重力环境模拟技术 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
我国载人试验飞船发射成功后,对载人航天用的大型中性浮力模拟器的需求越来越迫切。文章通过对国外中性浮力模拟试验和设备情况的介绍,归纳出该类设备主要的5类应用,并提出对我国大型中性浮力模拟器设备的总体设想。 相似文献
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With the advent of a permanently manned Space Station, the longstanding problems of radiation protection in manned spaceflight have acquired an immediacy. This paper endeavors to emphasize the gaps of our knowledge which must be closed for effective radiation protection. The information that is required includes the accurate determination of the exposure inside the space station to the various components of the ionizing radiation, the evaluation of the biological importance of the different radiation qualities and the depth-dose distribution of the less penetrating component. There is also the possibility of an interaction with weightlessness. It is necessary to establish adequate radiation protection standards and a system of dosimetric surveillance. There is a need for studies of methods on the possibilities of hardening selective shielding of the space station. Spaceflight experiments, which might contribute to the solution of some of these problems are discussed. 相似文献
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安全问题对载人航天的成败至关重要.文章介绍了美国NASA在载人航天安全管理方面的有关标准和管理文件.文章也不排斥人的安全意识对载人航天的安全十分关键. 相似文献
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《Space Policy》1987,3(2):112-114
This response to Alex Roland's article, ‘Priorities in space for the USA’, argues that his analysis and conclusions are based on shaky historical evidence. Professor Roland's interpretation of NASA's priorities since 1959 is challenged, and it is pointed out that the manned spaceflight programme has widespread support in the USA. The most important issue, raised by the article but not treated extensively enough, is whether the pursuit of the widely accepted emphasis on manned spaceflight is a large-scale societal mistake. 相似文献
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John M. Logsdon 《Space Policy》1987,3(2)
This response to Alex Roland's article, ‘Priorities in space for the USA’, argues that his analysis and conclusions are based on shaky historical evidence. Professor Roland's interpretation of NASA's priorities since 1959 is challenged, and it is pointed out that the manned spaceflight programme has widespread support in the USA. The most important issue, raised by the article but not treated extensively enough, is whether the pursuit of the widely accepted emphasis on manned spaceflight is a large-scale societal mistake. 相似文献
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The introduction to a special issue on weightlessness countermeasures provides a brief overview of weightlessness countermeasures and examines the physiology of spaceflight, which includes short- and long-term effects of weightlessness and physiological adaptation. 相似文献
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Selected results from experiments investigating the potentially specific radiobiological importance of the cosmic HZE (= high Z, energetic) particles are discussed. Results from the Biostack space flight experiments, which were designed to meet the experimental requirements imposed by the microdosimetric nature of this radiation field, clearly indicate the existence of radiation mechanisms which become effective only at higher values of LET (linear energy transfer). Accelerator irradiation studies are reviewed which conform with this conjecture. The recently discovered production of "micro-lesions" in mammalian tissues by single HZE particles is possibly the most direct evidence. Open questions concerning the establishment of radiation standards for manned spaceflight, such as late effects, interaction with flight dynamic parameters, and weightlessness, are indicated. 相似文献
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This paper discusses the implications of increasing mission lengths of manned spaceflight for the design of future space systems from a human factors point of view. It is argued that the increase in mission duration has brought about a number of new problems, which have not been sufficiently addressed in space research. Therefore, a review of analogue work environments is carried out to make up for the paucity of space research found in the area of human performance in long-duration spaceflight. This resulted in an evaluation of seven analogue environments concerning their similarity to space with industrial process control and nuclear submarines coming out as the closest match on the technical dimension. Finally, some recommendations are given from the lessons learned in spaceflight, simulation studies and appropriate analogue environments. 相似文献