Prediction of emissions in turbojet engines exhausts: relationship between nitrogen oxides emission index (EINOx) and the operational parameters

The prediction of nitrogen oxides emissions in turbojet engines exhausts remains a field of immense importance given the increasing coercive environmental requirements in relation to the emissions from turbojet engines. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) are subjected to limits fixed by legislators in a lot of countries because of their toxic character beyond specific concentrations in the air and their effects on climate change. However, analytical methods used to evaluate the quantities of the emissions are not efficiently established because of a lack of complete understanding of the phenomena governing the formation of the NOx in turbojet engines. It is a combination of chemical, thermal, and fluid dynamic processes. In this paper, a more accurate empirical correlation is determined for the prediction of nitrogen oxides emission index (EI_NOx) in turbojet engines exhausts using the main combustion operational parameters. The relationship between EI_NOx and the following parameters: fuel flow rate, output power, pressure ratio, efficiency, flame temperature and combustor inlet temperature is analysed with 227 ICAO certification data measured on turbojets engines from manufacturers such as Pratt and Whitney, General Electric, CFM International and Rolls-Royce. A set of 556 test point data used to show flame and combustor inlet temperature relationship with NOx emission index is from the work of G.F. Pearce et al. on twelve gas turbine engines. From this analysis it can be noticed that the relationship between EI_NOx and flame temperature is strong but not as the relationship between EI_NOx and the combustor inlet temperature. Since the combustor inlet temperature is easier to measure, EI_NOx value can be deduce from it. By predicting NOx emissions from combustor inlet temperature we can avoid exhausts gas measurements and analysis, saving on time and money.     

浮法玻璃均匀性的光学检测方法

在浮法玻璃的生产中,均匀性的检测与控制对于玻璃的质量保证至关重要.本文给出了一种可有效用于浮法玻璃均匀性检测的光学方法.实验结果表明,该方法采用平行偏振光成像系统和CCD图像采集与处理技术,可以清楚地获得平板玻璃样品侧向均匀性分布的光学图像,并能对图像的灰度分布进行定量分析,从而可为玻璃的质量评价和工艺控制提供可靠的依据.     

离子交换增强玻璃的表面酸处理

对离子交换增强玻璃表面不同程度酸腐蚀后强度变化的情况进行了分析,并对表面腐蚀后强度的保留进行了研究.研究发现,控制合适的腐蚀厚度并进行及时有效的表面保护,不但可以保留化学增强所得的强度,甚至可以显著提高玻璃的最终强度.     

赝火花脉冲电子束烧蚀制备纳米薄膜

类似于脉冲激光束烧蚀法制备薄膜 ,利用纳秒赝火花脉冲电子束与靶材料相互作用 ,通过靶材料的瞬间熔化、蒸发或以团簇抛出的方式 ,在低温衬底上重新成核、凝结 ,得到了与靶材的化学计量比相同的薄膜。讨论了材料烧蚀和沉积过程中出现的诸多现象 ,并给出高分辨电子显微镜、X射线衍射、光电子能谱分析等方法的测试结果。研究表明 ,由于赝火花脉冲电子束高功率密度 (10 9W cm2 )的瞬态烧蚀作用 ,为研究和制备多元素氧化物薄膜、难熔金属多层膜或氧化物 金属多层膜提供了一种新手段     

氮氧化物——铝的可能氧化剂

从热力学与动力学方面讨论了硝胺推进剂燃烧产物中的氮氧化物作为铝的氧化剂的可能性,其中用半经验量化方法ＡＭ１计算了氮氧化物、ＣＯ２与铝反应的活化能,结果表明铝与氮氧化物的反应在热力学上是自发的,在动力学上不存在大的活化能垒,从而是可行的     

固体微推力器设计与数值分析

设计了两种基于微光机电技术的固体微推力器结构,其中一种结构具有不连续的非正常拉瓦尔喷管。采用数值计算方法对不同的设计进行了内弹道、燃气流动过程和热损失的数值分析。结果表明:不连续的非正常拉瓦尔喷管同样能够将推进剂燃气加速到超声速,其比冲性能与正常拉瓦尔喷管相当;微光机电技术常用的硅材料会造成推力器比冲性能较大量级的下降,而绝热性能良好的玻璃或陶瓷材料可以有效提高微推力器的比冲性能。     

夹层玻璃力学模型的探讨

根据夹层玻璃的实验应力分析结果和板壳弹性理论,提出复合刚度矩阵处理均质连续夹层玻璃和分解外力计算单片玻璃两种力学模型和计算方法,分别针对夹层材料的不同弹性常数下的受力状态,采用有限元数值计算得出有一定精度并非常实用的夹层玻璃应力分布。     

大厚度Ni_(75)B_(17)Si_8非晶合金的制备

 研究了净化Ni_(75)B_(17)Si_(8)合金液的方法以及净化对非晶形成能力的影响,通过净化工艺消除合金液内的异质质点可提高合金液的非晶形成能力;釆用净化和急冷相结合的工艺制备出了20×10×0.5(mm~3)的Ni-(75)B_(17)Si_(8)非晶合金试样。     

Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Glass Coats with High Temperature Radar Absorber

BaO-La2O3-B2O3 (BLB) glass, suitable to be used as a sealing between metals, was chosen to be the binder in preparing glass coats on the Ti-alloy substrate. The SiCN nano-powder was introduced as the filler for the absorbing coat because it is considered to be a good high temperature absorber. The effect of the coating temperature and coating time on the tensile strength of the glass coat was investigated and the proper coating parameters to get good mechanical properties were determined. In addition, the effects of the SiCN content on the tensile strength of the absorbing coat were also discussed. Results show that it is possible to prepare the glass coat using the BLB glass as a binder. That the coat formed at 730 ℃ for 30 min has the best tensile strength witnesses 730 ℃, 30 min to be the proper parameter to prepare the glass coat. The BLB glass coat without SiCN powder possesses good tensile strength and the introduc-tion of the SiCN absorber into the glass coat will lower the tensile strength. As the SiCN content increases, the tensile strength of the absorbing coat decreases, which could be attributed to the aggregation of SiCN in the coats.     

Experimental and numerical studies of a lean-burn internally-staged combustor

A lean-burn internally-staged combustor for low emissions that can be used in civil avi-ation gas turbines is introduced in this paper. The main stage is designed and optimized in terms of fuel evaporation ratio, fuel/air pre-mixture uniformity, and particle residence time using commer-cial computational fluid dynamics （CFD） software. A single-module rectangular combustor is adopted in performance tests including lean ignition, lean blowout, combustion efficiency, emis-sions, and combustion oscillation using aviation kerosene. Furthermore, nitrogen oxides （NOx） emission is also predicted using CFD simulation to compare with test results. Under normal inlet temperature, this combustor can be ignited easily with normal and negative inlet pressures. The lean blowout fuel/air ratio （LBO FAR） at the idle condition is 0.0049. The fuel split proportions between the pilot and main stages are determined through balancing emissions, combustion efficiency, and combustion oscillation. Within the landing and take-off （LTO） cycle, this combustor enables 42%NOx reduction of the standard set by the 6th Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection （CAEP/6） with high combustion efficiency. The maximum board-band pressure oscillations of inlet air and fuel are below 1%of total pressure during steady-state operations at the LTO cycle specific conditions.     

气动加热下光学窗口传热特性的数值模拟

针对气动加热条件下光学窗口辐射导热耦合传热开展研究,以了解光学窗口的热辐射发射规律及热防护性能。采用有限体积法、蒙特卡罗法、谱带模型建立了具有镜反射界面的光学窗口辐射传输及辐射导热耦合传热计算模型,对具有两层SiO2玻璃的光学窗口传热特性进行了模拟。结果表明处于高温区玻璃向外发射热辐射,低温区玻璃吸收热辐射;除了加热面附近外的玻璃区域,辐射热流密度远大于导热热流密度,在2.9～4.2μm谱带内的辐射热流密度大于0.4～2.9μm谱带内的;在0.4～2.9μm谱带内,可见光波长内的出射辐射热流密度最小,中红外波长范围内出射辐射热流密度最大。在光学窗口总厚度一定的情况下,降低玻璃层厚度和玻璃夹层气体热导率能够有效降低光学窗口非加热面稳态温度。     

非硅氧化物的滤出及其机理探讨

 采用B核磁共振仪,激光拉曼光谱仪,隧道扫描显微镜及各种化学分析等方法,较系统地研究了沥滤温度、时间和酸液浓度对拉制的钠硼硅玻璃纤维纯度的影响。结果表明,高钝超细SiO_2,纤维可以用酸沥滤法获得;揭示了纤维中非硅氧化物沥出的规律;并初步探讨了沥滤机理,认为沥滤过程主要是B~(3+)和N~+与H~+发生交换扩散的过程。     

耐高低温硅橡胶的研究

通过热空气老化试验研究了金属氧化物对提高甲基乙烯基硅橡胶(VMQ)、甲基苯基乙烯基硅橡胶(PVMQ)、三氟丙基甲基乙烯基硅橡胶(FVMQ)耐热性的作用;通过压缩耐寒系数试验和动态机械热分析(DMTA)研究了甲基乙烯基硅橡胶(VMQ)、甲基苯基乙烯基硅橡胶(PVMQ)和三氟丙基甲基乙烯基硅橡胶(FVMQ)的低温性能.试验结果表明:Fe2O3,Fe2O3/SnO2,SnO2,CeO2等金属氧化物可以显著提高硅橡胶的耐热性.光电子能谱(XPS)分析结果说明SnO2在热空气老化过程中从Sn 4被还原到Sn0,发生了多个电子转移的氧化还原反应,从而阻止了硅橡胶的热氧化自由基链增长,提高了硅橡胶的耐热空气老化性能;DMTA分析结果表明苯基硅橡胶和共聚氟硅橡胶具有非常优异的低温性能.     

超声复合研磨光学玻璃机理及表面特征

根据光学玻璃硬度高和脆性大的特点,从理论上分析了超声波研磨加工光学玻璃材料的去除机理,试验表明,超声加工工具振动振幅为0.03～0.1mm,频率为16～ 25 kHz条件下,超声波的超精密加工光学玻璃比不加超声振动加工材料去除率高1.5倍左右,表面质量好,粗糙度值降低100％左右.     

Impact of agents mixing velocity in diffusion flame on nitric oxide emission

The results of analyzing an impact of mixing velocity on the stoichiometric surface of a laminar diffusion methane-air flame on nitric oxides formation are presented. The conclusion about the nonlinear and steady decrease of nitric oxides emission at the increase of mixing velocity is made. The relationship is presented, showing that at the expense of non-equilibrium effects it is possible to provide a significant decrease of nitric oxides emission in diffusion combustion.     

径向法测量经编双轴向织物渗透率

用径向法测量了经编双轴向玻璃纤维织物的渗透率,研究了织物结构、纤维体积分数和注入压力对渗透率的影响。实验表明,经编双轴向玻璃纤维织物的渗透率呈各向异性,随着纤维体积分数增大,织物渗透率减小,各向异性的程度增加。在低的纤维体积分数下,低的注入压力影响渗透率的精确测量,注入压力增大到一定值时,纤维渗透率保持恒定。     

气动热环境下玻璃窗口热应力试验分析

飞行器在大气层内高速飞行,气动加热会引起飞行器玻璃窗口损坏。为分析玻璃窗口在气动热环境下热应力状态,在高频等离子体风洞中采用电阻应变计测量方法开展了试验研究。本文针对玻璃窗口的特点,介绍了玻璃窗口模型的固定支架设计以及在玻璃上安装应变计的方法和特点。针对试验快速升温的特点,对应变计标定了瞬时热输出,并与稳态热输出进行了对比。通过风洞试验得到了气动热环境下玻璃窗口模型应变应力变化结果,并利用有限元计算验证了该试验结果。试验结果表明,玻璃窗口模型在最高温度300℃试验状态下应力状态处于合理水平,热应力不会对玻璃窗口造成损坏。     

ZrO2基热障涂层陶瓷材料研究进展

由于ZrO2基陶瓷材料在热障涂层上的广泛应用,本文综述了氧化物(一元、二元、多元)稳定ZrO2、MZrO3化合物及Ln2Zr2O7化合物的研究情况。结果指出氧化物稳定ZrO2在热障涂层上的应用空间已十分有限,随着航空发动机技术的发展,化学式为A32 B24 O7焦绿石结构的陶瓷材料有望替代YSZ,根据声子导热理论和晶体化学原理,用稀土元素离子对A32 B24 O7型陶瓷材料进行掺杂进一步降低其热导率,将为热障涂层技术应用开辟广阔的空间。该机理对MZrO3同样适用。     

Research on Manufacturing Technology of Fiberglass ChemicalMilling Template for Large Skin

采用零件数模设计制造的玻璃钢化铣样板替代传统的金属样板来对飞机化铣类蒙皮进行刻形,通过提高化铣样板的制造精度来提高蒙皮化铣后的尺寸精度。全新的玻璃钢化铣样板以设计数模为依据,通过设计专用的刻形工装,并使用玻璃丝布和环氧树脂胶,逐层在刻形工装表面进行铺设和固化的方式,得到玻璃钢样板毛坏,毛坏固化后经过五轴机床数控加工化铣视口得到最终的化铣刻形样板。生产使用过程中玻璃钢化铣样板具有强度高、回弹小、加工周期短等特点,数字化制造的玻璃钢刻形样板型面准确与蒙皮贴合度好,刻形准确度提高。采用玻璃钢化铣样板加工后的蒙皮化铣尺寸精度提高0.5~1mm,玻璃钢化铣刻形样板可以有效地提高化铣蒙皮的尺寸加工准确性,提高化铣蒙皮的加工质量。     

微细旋转超声加工材料去除机理及试验

文摘分析旋转超声加工材料去除机理,建立材料去除效率模型,探讨工艺参数对加工效率的影响规律;对压电陶瓷、有机玻璃、玻璃钢、紫铜等多种材料,进行单一超声和旋转超声加工材料去除效率对比试验,研究旋转超声加工方式对加工过程稳定性及加工效率的影响。结果表明:旋转超声加工可在保持原超声加工精度基础上,显著提高材料加工效率,且对较难超声加工材料(如有机玻璃),旋转超声提高其加工效率的效果更为显著。