Droplet vaporization in supercritical pressure environments

For most liquid-fueled combustion systems the behavior of the fuel as it is introduced to the combustion zone, often by spray injection, will have a significant impact on combustion. The subsequent combustion may be affected to a considerable degree by the initial spread of the liquid, break-up of larger fuel sheets and droplets into droplets of various sizes, droplet vaporization, and diffusion of gaseous fuel. Among the many factors which affect spray break-up and droplet vaporization are the environmental conditions into which the spray is introduced. For both diesel engines and rockets the environment pressure and temperature may be above the critical pressure and temperature of the injected fuel. In a compression-ignition internal combustion engine, the environment consists primarily of air, at pressures from 20 to 100 atmospheres and temperatures ranging from 900 to 1500 K. Even higher pressures are encountered in turbocharged diesels. A typical diesel reference fuel, dodecane, has a thermodynamic critical pressure of about 17 atmospheres, and a critical temperature of 600 K. Fuel is injected into a diesel engine environment in which ambient pressures exceed the critical pressure. While droplet temperatures are subcritical at first, they may rise to the critical temperature or higher.This paper will survey current understanding of supercritical pressure droplet vaporization. Specifically, the topics covered will include: liquid phase behavior; vapor phase behavior; thermodynamic and transport properties; droplet distribution and break-up; micro-explosions; and effects of microgravity.     

Analytical solution for a single droplet diffusion combustion problem accounting for several chain reaction stages

In the present study we investigate steady-state combustion of a liquid fuel droplet in the atmosphere of oxidizer under the condition of non-equilibrium evaporation from the surface.Utilizing the fact that chemical interactions of fuel with oxidizer involve a chain mechanism or several reaction stages, we transform the Shvab-Zel'dovich method so as to obtain exact analytical solution accounting for the possibility of several chain reactions.The obtained results show that this method is effective for solving the combustion problem and allow to define the values of parameters in gas around the droplet more accurately than the original method having taken into account one brutto-reaction.     

气相氛围中悬浮粉末燃料爆震燃烧研究进展

针对在氧化性气相氛围以及在燃料/氧化剂混合气相氛围中粉末燃料爆震燃烧波的传播特性,总结了气相氛围中悬浮粉末燃料爆震燃烧的实验和数值模拟研究进展,归纳了影响爆震波速度、稳定性、传播模式、细观结构和胞格尺寸的主要因素。同时,还介绍了粉末燃料应用于爆震发动机或燃烧室的案例;结合粉末爆震自身特点对实验装置和燃烧诊断测试手段和数值模拟方法进行总结分析;最后针对下一步需要开展的研究工作进行展望 。     

Evaporation and ignition of droplets in combustion chambers modeling and simulation

Computer simulation of liquid fuel jet injection into heated atmosphere of combustion chamber, mixture formation, ignition and combustion need adequate modeling of evaporation, which is extremely important for the curved surfaces in the presence of strong heat and mass diffusion fluxes. Combustion of most widely spread hydrocarbon fuels takes place in a gas-phase regime. Thus, evaporation of fuel from the surface of droplets turns to be one of the limiting factors of the process as well. The problems of fuel droplets atomization, evaporation being the key factors for heterogeneous reacting mixtures, the non-equilibrium effects in droplets atomization and phase transitions will be taken into account in describing thermal and mechanical interaction of droplets with streaming flows. In the present paper processes of non-equilibrium evaporation of small droplets will be discussed. As it was shown before, accounting for non-equilibrium effects in evaporation for many types of widely used liquids is crucial for droplet diameters less than 100 μm, while the surface tension effects essentially manifest only for droplets below 0.1 μm. Investigating the behavior of individual droplets in a heated air flow allowed to distinguish two scenarios for droplet heating and evaporation. Small droplets undergo successively heating, then cooling due to heat losses for evaporation, and then rapid heating till the end of their lifetime. Larger droplets could directly be heated up to a critical temperature and then evaporate rapidly. Droplet atomization interferes the heating, evaporation and combustion scenario. The scenario of fuel spray injection and self-ignition in a heated air inside combustion chamber has three characteristic stages. At first stage of jet injection droplets evaporate very rapidly thus cooling the gas at injection point, the liquid jet is very short and changes for a vapor jet. At second stage liquid jet is becoming longer, because evaporation rate decreases due to decrease of temperature. But combustion of fuel vapor begins which brings to increase of heat flux to droplets and accelerates evaporation. The length of the liquid jet decreases again and remains constant slightly oscillating.     

高速气流场燃油雾化液滴分布数值研究

针对亚燃冲压发动机燃烧室内部流动特点,结合二元稳定器试验台高速气流场燃油雾化特性试验,建立试验件三维模型并对其喷雾两相流动进行数值模拟。主要研究了来流马赫数以及喷嘴条件变化时燃油雾化液滴与油气比的分布。分析认为,来流马赫数的增加使得雾化特征角缩小,可同时改善燃油蒸发并获得更加均匀的油气比分布。随着供油压力的提高,离心式与直流式喷嘴雾化特征角均增大,但供油压力不是影响直流喷嘴雾化锥角的主要因素。计算结果与试验结果对比定性符合良好,定量误差范围可以接受,验证了计算模型与计算方法的正确性,所得到的结果可应用于工程设计。     

Numerical investigation on cavity structure of solid-fuel scramjet combustor

The influences of miscellaneous combustor structures for solid fuel scramjet combustion on the performance are investigated, including a detailed interaction analysis between shocks/waves and combustion. Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene is chosen as the solid fuel with the non-premixed equilibrium probability density function combustion model. The results show combustion enhancement when structure of combustor is modified. The radical emphasis is to examine the sensitivity of the properties due to variations on the length-to-depth ratio of cavity, aft wall angle, and offset ratio. It is noted that there is an appropriate structure of cavity (L/D=4, θ=45°, and D_d/D_u=1.25–1.5) regarding the combustion efficiency, total pressure loss and specific impulse. The observation of function for combustor components provides instructional insight into the design considerations for a combustor of a solid-fuel scramjet.     

某蒸发式稳定器燃烧特性及供油匹配数值研究

为了研究一种适用于亚燃冲压发动机燃烧室的蒸发式火焰稳定器方案,采用PDF燃烧模型对其燃烧特性及供油匹配进行了流动及两相燃烧数值模拟与分析,重点研究了不同主燃区/局部供油匹配以及不同主燃区供油浓度分布等对燃烧性能的影响,获得了燃气温度峰值与均匀性相对优化的供油方案。     

燃气喷射角度对含硼固体火箭超燃冲压发动机补燃室燃烧效率的影响

固体火箭燃气超燃冲压发动机具有高比冲、结构简单、流量易调节等优点,然而在超音速空气流的补燃室中,如何让燃料更好地与空气掺混,增加颗粒停留时间,在较短时间内释放出更多的燃烧焓成为目前研究的重点。采用Realiazble k-ε湍流模型,单步涡团耗散模型,在King的硼颗粒点火燃烧模型的基础上考虑了硼颗粒在高速气流当中的气动剥离效应,利用龙格-库塔算法迭代计算硼颗粒点火燃烧过程,对燃气进气方向与轴向夹角从45°~180°的10种进气方式下的补燃室进行了三维两相燃烧流动计算,分析了各种进气角下的燃气燃烧效率、硼颗粒燃烧效率以及总燃烧效率。结果表明:当一次燃气喷射角度与轴向夹角逐渐增加时,燃气与颗粒燃烧效率逐渐增加,并在180°时燃烧效率和比冲为最高。     

Experimental study of a flush wall scramjet combustor equipped with strut/wall fuel injection

In this study a flush wall scramjet combustor is tested in a supersonic incoming air flow with the Mach number of 3 which is generated by an air vitiation heater producing the stagnation temperature of 1505 K. Using liquid kerosene as the fuel, the flame is stabilized by means of a centrally mounted O₂ pilot strut after being ignited by a plasma torch. During experimental measurements, the fuel is injected with a constant equivalence ratio of 0.8 according to specified strut/wall injection ratios, i.e., a portion of the fuel amount is injected from the strut while the rest is injected from the wall. The strut and wall injectors are arranged at the same axial position. The combustion performance and wall temperature gradients are evaluated with various fuel feeding ratios between the wall and the strut. Experimental results show, when the equivalence ratio is constant and the axial injection position is fixed, the combustion characteristics vary significantly with the strut/wall fuel feeding ratio, especially when this ratio is close to its lowest and highest limits. Among the four fuel feeding ratios examined, the strut only injection mode and the average distributed strut/wall injection mode show the best combustion performance. However, the strut/wall injection mode produces a smaller wall temperature gradient compared to the strut only injection mode, which is due to the significant film cooling effect caused by the wall injected liquid kerosene.     

固液混合火箭发动机燃烧室和喷管流动数值模拟

固液混合火箭发动机是采用液体作为氧化剂,固体作为燃料的一种典型的混合火箭发动机.固液混合火箭发动机中的燃烧和流动问题是固液混合火箭发动机设计中的关键问题,对固液混合火箭发动机的燃烧室和喷管进行一体化计算很有必要.利用二维轴对称N-S方程和组分方程对选用液氧/端羟基聚丁二烯推进剂的固液混合火箭发动机的燃烧室和喷管进行了一体化计算.计算采用LU时间隐式格式、MUSCL空间离散和Van Leer矢通量分裂方法,采用有限速率化学反应模型,对化学源相进行了点隐式处理.计算中分别采用了一步化学反应模型和两步化学反应模型方案,计算了多个氧化剂流速和燃烧室压强下的燃烧室和喷管流场分布,对化学模型进行了选择,为固液混合火箭发动机的设计提供了依据.     

Modeling of combustor swirl flows

Swirl is used extensively in gas turbine combustors, principally as a means of controlling flame size, shape, stability and combustion intensity. Rapid progress has been made in recent years in the development of mathematical models of combustor swirl flows which simulate the processes of turbulence, combustion, fuel droplet sprays, radiation and pollutant formation, and solve the resulting equations via a computational procedure, which seeks an optimum path to the solution of the governing set of several simultaneous nonlinear partial differential equations. This paper looks at recent advances in the modeling of combustor swirl flows, its aim being to review the difficulties, discuss developments, demonstrate that useful predictions are already being made, and indicate in what areas further research may be useful.     

Advanced hybrid rocket motor experiments

Results of experiments performed with an advanced, automated measuring system and dealing with combusion of polymethylmethacrylate and polyethylene with oxygen and different mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen are reported.Factors affecting the regression rate of the fuel are the mass flux, the geometry, the pressure level and the presence of oscillations, the composition of the oxidizer and the burning time. The effect of pressure on the regression rate appears to be stronger at lower pressures. A newly developed technique allows the measurement of the local instantaneous regression rate. The dependence of this regression rate on the various above mentioned parameters varies from location to location in the motor. The characteristic velocity depends on the mixture ratio and on the residence time of the reacting gases. A rearward facing step increases the mean regression rate and changes the profile of the burned fuel grain. Such a step is necessary to obtain combustion with mixtures containing 20% oxygen and 80% nitrogen.     

硝酸与固体燃料燃烧性能计算研究

建立了固液火箭发动机燃烧性能计算模型,采用一维化学平衡(ODE)方法对以硝酸为氧化剂的固液火箭发动机燃烧性能进行了初步探讨。计算表明,固液火箭发动机的比冲、特征速度和燃烧温度以及燃烧产物组分等与氧化剂和燃料的配比有密切关系,氧化剂与燃料质量配比在3.75附近时,固液火箭发动机内部的温度较高,燃烧产物组分以及特征速度达到最佳状态,比冲最高。     

固体火箭超燃冲压发动机补燃室构型的影响分析

针对不同补燃室结构参数对固体火箭超燃冲压发动机补燃室掺混燃烧性能的影响进行研究,分析各级燃烧室的长度与扩张角度对补燃室性能的影响。采用基于密度的二阶迎风格式对补燃室掺混燃烧进行模拟,湍流模型和燃烧模型分别采用SST k-ω模型和涡团耗散模型。结果表明,提高燃烧效率与降低总压损失是相互矛盾的;燃烧效率随燃烧室长度的增加而增大,随燃烧室扩张角度的增加而减小;总压恢复系数随燃烧室长度的增加而减小,随燃烧室扩张角度的增加而增大;一级燃烧室的结构参数对燃烧效率与总压恢复系数的影响最大。当补燃室的总长与出口面积一定时,以发动机的总体性能参数作为补燃室构型的优化目标,对一、二级燃烧室长度与一、三级燃烧室扩张角度进行优化。     

金属/水反应冲压发动机三维内流场数值模拟

采用颗粒轨道模型进行了燃气发生器式金属/水反应冲压发动机补燃室两相流的数值模拟,建立了水冲压发动机补燃室反应流模型,并对某发动机进行了模拟,研究了一次进水时不同喷注位置和喷孔个数对铝颗粒燃烧效率和发动机性能的影响规律,得出了反应物和产物组分、温度等发动机参数的变化趋势。结果表明,存在使发动机性能达到较优的进水位置,一次进水以2孔对称分布为宜。模拟结果可为发动机设计提供参考。     

Combustion performance and scale effect from N2O/HTPB hybrid rocket motor simulations

HRM code for the simulation of N₂O/HTPB hybrid rocket motor operation and scale effect analysis has been developed. This code can be used to calculate motor thrust and distributions of physical properties inside the combustion chamber and nozzle during the operational phase by solving the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations using a corrected compressible difference scheme and a two-step, five species combustion model. A dynamic fuel surface regression technique and a two-step calculation method together with the gas–solid coupling are applied in the calculation of fuel regression and the determination of combustion chamber wall profile as fuel regresses. Both the calculated motor thrust from start-up to shut-down mode and the combustion chamber wall profile after motor operation are in good agreements with experimental data. The fuel regression rate equation and the relation between fuel regression rate and axial distance have been derived. Analysis of results suggests improvements in combustion performance to the current hybrid rocket motor design and explains scale effects in the variation of fuel regression rate with combustion chamber diameter.     

固液火箭冲压发动机燃烧室流场数值仿真

固液火箭冲压发动机通过固液两种燃料匹配工作,相比传统的固体火箭冲压发动机和液体燃料冲压发动机具有较为明显的优势.基于离散相模型和单步反应模型,采用Fluent 对设计点飞行参数下,不同结构和不同工况条件下的燃烧室两相反应流场进行了数值仿真.结果表明,燃气发生器喷管参数和进气道进气角度主要影响空气与燃气流的撞击以及头部区...     

凝胶燃料单滴燃烧的建模、实验及应用

讨论了凝胶燃料单个液滴燃烧的建模、实验研究和应用问题。单滴燃烧建模的关键在于依据凝胶燃料的胶凝结构和组份物性,确定燃烧过程的关键步骤,提炼主要影响因素。单滴燃烧实验研究的水平主要依赖于微小液滴的生成技术,高分辨率和高速成像技术,燃气成份的准确快速测量技术等光学测试技术的发展。单滴燃烧研究的主要应用在于揭示燃料的燃烧机理,分析燃料的燃烧特性,提高燃烧装置的设计水平。     

一次进水角度对水冲压发动机比冲性能影响研究

为了研究一次进水角度对二次进水水冲压发动机比冲性能的影响规律,建立了发动机补燃室两相流反应模型,对镁基水冲压发动机补燃室流场进行了数值模拟,获得了发动机喷管出口温度、出口压力、出口气流速度及发动机比冲随一次进水角度的增大先升高后降低的变化趋势,在此基础上进行了水冲压发动机地面直连式试验研究.结果表明,一次进水角度在40°左右时,二次进水水冲压发动机比冲性能较优.     

燃烧室结构对固液火箭发动机燃烧与流动的影响研究

建立了85%H2O2-PE固液火箭发动机氧化剂H2O2催化分解、PE燃料热解以及热解气体与氧化剂分解气体扩散燃烧的综合模型,计算了固液火箭发动机燃烧室轴对称二维内流场,对不同结构燃烧室内流场的计算结果进行了对比,研究了补燃室和氧化剂入口突扩结构对发动机燃烧性能的影响.结果表明,增加氧化剂入口突扩段有利于发动机稳定工作和充分燃烧,增加补燃室长度可以提高发动机平均燃烧温度,使燃烧更加充分.