Control strategies for aircraft airframe noise reduction

With the development of low-noise aircraft engine, airframe noise now represents a major noise source during the commercial aircraft’s approach to landing phase. Noise control efforts have therefore been extensively focused on the airframe noise problems in order to further reduce aircraft overall noise. In this review, various control methods explored in the last decades for noise reduction on airframe components including high-lift devices and landing gears are summarized. We introduce recent major achievements in airframe noise reduction with passive control methods such as fairings, deceleration plates, splitter plates, acoustic liners, slat cove cover and side-edge replacements, and then discuss the potential and control mechanism of some promising active flow control strategies for airframe noise reduction, such as plasma technique and air blowing/suction devices. Based on the knowledge gained throughout the extensively noise control testing, a few design concepts on the landing gear, high-lift devices and whole aircraft are provided for advanced aircraft low-noise design. Finally, discussions and suggestions are given for future research on airframe noise reduction.     

复合材料变厚度加筋板后屈曲耐久性/损伤容限一体化设计研究

在先进的复合材料飞机结构上大量采用复合材料加筋板这种结构形式。因此,本文着重研究了复合材料变厚度加筋板后屈曲、冲击损伤与冲击损伤对承载能力的影响,以及复合材料变厚度加筋板冲击损伤、后屈曲、耐久性/损伤容限设计一体化综合试验方法。最后,作者根据多年从事飞机型号结构设计经验,并结合本文的研究结果,总结出15项复合材料变厚度加筋板后屈曲耐久性/损伤容限一体化设计技术,以期对我国预研新机的复合材料飞机结构设计,对已研飞机的复合材料飞机结构改进、评定有所启示。     

高超声速飞行器机体/推进一体化设计的启示

机体/推进一体化设计是吸气式高超声速飞行器的关键技术。飞行器的前体和后体既是主要的气动型面,又是发动机进气道的外压缩型面和尾喷管的膨胀型面,一体化设计直接影响飞行器的气动与发动机性能。本文阐述了吸气式高超声速飞行器的主要特点,梳理了飞行器的推阻匹配、升阻比特性、操稳匹配等主要气动设计问题。通过对国外典型高超声速飞行器机体/推进一体化设计技术的综合分析,总结了前体/进气道、后体/尾喷管、边界层强制转捩装置等关键部件的气动设计方法,获得了有意义的启示,可为后续吸气式高超声速技术研究提供重要参考。     

一体化红外抑制器后机身狭缝进口布置对气流组织和红外辐射特性的影响

针对一体化红外抑制器后机身顶部狭缝进气口布局的精细化设计需求,提出了改变进气狭缝位置以及面积的4个方案,基于旋翼下洗气流和尾桨气流的简化模型进行了后机身内外流耦合流动传热数值研究,并运用正反射线追踪法计算得到了后机身3~5 μm波段和8~14 μm波段的红外辐射强度空间分布,通过对比分析了狭缝进气口布局对一体化红外抑制器后机身气流组织和红外辐射特性的影响。结果表明：旋翼下洗气流对于机身两侧排出的热喷流掺混作用有所差异,存在尾桨气流时排气热喷流对喷口附近机身壁面的局部加热效应更显著;后机身顶部进气位置影响旋翼下洗气流的进气流量以及机身内部气流流动,进气口布置在后机身顶部外侧不利于旋翼下洗气流的导入,而进气口布置在后机身顶部内侧则导致旋翼下洗气流在混合管与机身壁面之间的局部流动较弱,使得该区域的气流温度较高;进气口面积增大虽有利于减小表面局部热点区域,却导致后机身上方的红外辐射强度有较大的增强。因此,进气口的位置和面积是重要的设计参数,合理的后机身内部气流组织可以提供有效的混合管冷却和后机身壁面热防护,改善3~5 μm波段和8~14 μm波段的红外辐射强度空间分布。     

Analysis of airborne GPS multipath effects using high-fidelity EM models

Airborne GPS systems are being upgraded to provide sufficient positioning accuracy to support automatic landing operations in low visibility conditions. This is made possible by differential GPS (DGPS), in which the errors common to the airborne receiver and ground station are removed by knowledge of the latter's precise location. However, errors specific to the airborne system remain, of which the dominant components are receiver noise and multipath. To support the assessment of the integrity of the signal in space, these residual errors are incorporated in a statistically based error model, designated as the "standard model." The standard model is defined as the standard deviation of a Gaussian distribution that overbounds the residual pseudo-range (PR) error. It relates the standard deviation of the overbounding distribution to the elevation angle of the satellite relative to the local level coordinate system. The international community is currently developing improved standards to enable DGPS systems to support landings in the worst visibility conditions (i.e., CAT III). As a part of this development, the standard model for multipath is being re-evaluated and an improved model is sought. In order to better characterize the residual multipath errors, tools for accurate calculation of the airframe scattering effects are needed. Development of such tools is the subject of this paper. A new method for accurately computing pseudo-range error, based on the use of high-fidelity EM models, is described. This approach provides new insight into the mechanisms causing multipath error.     

飞机结构数字孪生关键建模仿真技术

飞机结构安全性设计思想经历了从静强度设计、安全寿命设计、损伤容限与耐久性设计到单机追踪的演变,未来有进一步向结构数字孪生的方向发展的趋势。飞机结构数字孪生是数字线程驱动的,多学科、多物理、多尺度、多保真度、多概率的模拟仿真系统,采用在线传感器监测、离线地面检查、飞机运行历史等多源数据,反映并预测对应飞机结构实体在全寿命周期内的行为和性能,有望革新现有的飞机结构使用和维护模式。面向疲劳寿命管理,提出飞机结构数字孪生的5项关键建模仿真技术,分别是载荷和损伤的数据获取技术、多尺度建模和力学分析技术、含裂纹复杂结构的精确高效仿真技术、基于降阶的数字孪生高效建模技术和考虑不确定性与多源异构数据的剩余寿命评估技术,并详细探讨这五项关键技术的研究现状与发展方向,为飞机结构数字孪生的系统研究与工程应用提供参考。     

Model and full scale high-lift wing wind tunnel experiments dedicated to airframe noise reduction

During landing approach, airframe noise has become a significant contributor to the overall radiated noise from commercial aircraft, when propelled by quiet high-bypass-ratio engines. The major sources of airframe noise are the landing gears and the wing high-lift devices (HLD). In view of European aviation industry to design and build a very large commercial aeroplane, the A3XX, a German National Research Project was initiated, culminating in a series of model- und full scale wind tunnel experiments on HLD. This paper discusses recent results from HLD-studies in the German Dutch Wind Tunnel (DNW) on a 1/7.5 scaled complete model aircraft and the outer section of an A320 full scale wing, employing farfield microphones, unsteady pressure instrumentation and source localization techniques to quantify airframe noise levels and identify the major aeroacoustic sources. The tests provided a baseline data set for the development of noise prediction schemes. Test results obtained on the full scale wing section revealed the importance of excess noise from construction details of a real wing HLD. Tonal components in scale model flap side-edge surface pressure spectra were found to originate from scale model Reynolds number effects. The acoustic effectiveness of initial noise reduction concepts was assessed.     

MEMS偏航角速度传感器在旋转导弹稳定回路中的应用

在旋转导弹稳定回路中,采用MEMS偏航角速度传感器用于弹体偏航角速度的测量,偏航角速度传感器是旋转导弹控制回路的重要组成部分。提出了一种全新的MEMS偏航角速度传感器技术方案,解决了MEMS偏航角速度传感器正交耦合、力学环境适应性、波形畸变等问题,实现了旋转导弹偏航角速度信号的精确测量。     

飞机结构全机有限元计算检查方法初探

为有限元模型组装、原始载荷处理、节点载荷生成、典型工况计算四个全机有限元计算步骤建立了数据校对和检查方法。对计算模型和载荷数据严格的检查流程不仅可以降低分析中人为疏失的概率,而且可以提高效率,进而提升飞机结构强度设计能力。     

HELICOPTER VIBRATION REDUCTION TECHNIQUE WITH HARMONIC ACTIVE CONTROL

ＨＥＬＩＣＯＰＴＥＲＶＩＢＲＡＴＩＯＮＲＥＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴＥＣＨＮＩＱＵＥＷＩＴＨＨＡＲＭＯＮＩＣＡＣＴＩＶＥＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＹａｎｇＹｉｄｏｎｇ；ＹｕａｎＳｕｏｚｋｏｎｇ；ＹｕａｎＷｅｉｄｏｎｇ（Ｄｅｐｔ．ｏｆＡｕｔｏｍａｔｉｃＣｏｎｔｒｏｌ，Ｎａｎ...     

改善乘坐品质纵向增稳器返馈系数的选择

 根据驾驶员位置处法向加速度反应近似为零的条件,选择了算例飞机的纵向增稳器返馈系数。按文献[2、3],估算了乘坐品质的改善情况,且分析了飞机和增稳器组合的动态特性。结果表明:当飞机和增稳器组合的操纵期望参数（CAP）值接近9.81/ι_x时,可满足乘坐品质要求。同时,增稳器的工作范围在平尾总偏角的10％以内。如果平尾的面积相对机翼面积较大,例如,则在分析飞机和增稳器组合的动态特性时,必须考虑升降舵偏转引起的升力项。     

超燃冲压发动机/机体一体化优化设计

构建了包括前体/进气道、燃烧室、尾喷管/后体的一体化性能计算程序和优化设计平台,对性能计算程序的适用性进行了验证.进行了燃料为氢的超燃冲压发动机/机体一体化优化设计,对优化设计得到的超燃冲压发动机/机体一体化构型进行了二维数值模拟.计算结果表明:氢燃料超燃冲压发动机/机体一体化性能计算程序准确性较好,优化结果具有较高可...     

尾桨与机体模态耦合动力稳定性研究

本文以工程设计案例对尾桨与机体模态耦合稳定性进行了研究,提出了建模应考虑的因素,研究了机体刚体模态和弹性模态与尾桨耦合产生不稳定性的特点,分析了一些设计参数及气动力对稳定性的影响.从提高稳定性的角度,对设计、分析与试验验证提出了建议.     

高超声速弹性飞行器前体压缩性能分析

针对全尺寸的吸气式高超声速飞行器的低阶弹性弯曲模态极易被控制和扰动输入激发的特点,提出了一种基于准定常激波膨胀波理论进行前体处于振动条件下的气流参数计算方法,然后用该方法分析了一个具有二维可调进气道的全尺寸吸气式高超声速飞行器机体弹性弯曲振动对前体压缩性能的影响.分析表明:对于实际飞行中可能发生的小振幅的低频弯曲振动,...     

大量程MEMS陀螺仪在高速旋转导弹上的应用

弹旋频率是影响旋转导弹制导精度的主要因素之一.本文提出了一种弹旋频率测量用大量程MEMS陀螺仪技术方案,开展了大量程MEMS陀螺仪在旋转导弹上的应用研究,解决了大量程MEMS陀螺仪在偏心安装、较大力学环境下提高测量精度等问题,通过了飞行试验验证,实现了旋转导弹弹旋频率的精确测量.     

基于改进的传声器阵列数据分析技术的飞机机体噪声实验研究

 发展了一种平面传声器阵列数据处理新方法——洁净信号处理算法,通过对传声器阵列混淆和旁瓣信号的有效抑制,改进了对声源的分辨。基于改进的数据分析方法,研究了真实飞机结构和真实飞行条件下飞机起落架、襟翼等声源的频谱特性、指向特性。研究结果表明,新的信号处理算法可以更加清晰地分离出飞机表面的气动噪声源。起落架噪声的频谱是由宽频随机噪声与一些较为明显的单音噪声源组成,在不同辐射角度时,起落架噪声的声级在不同频率范围有一定的差异。襟翼侧缘噪声频谱是一个包含有个别明显单音噪声的宽频噪声谱,襟翼内侧缘噪声谱和外侧缘噪声谱有明显的差异,在低频范围,襟翼侧缘噪声的指向性比较明显,但在高频范围,襟翼侧缘噪声没有明显的指向性。     

Investigation of lateral-directional aerodynamic parameters identification method for fly-by-wire passenger airliners

A new identification method is proposed to solve the problem of the influence on the loaded excitation signals brought by high feedback gain augmentation in lateral-directional aerodynamic parameters identification of fly-by-wire（FBW） passenger airliners. Taking for example an FBW passenger airliner model with directional relaxed-static-stability, through analysis of its signal energy distribution and airframe frequency response, a new method is proposed for signal type selection, signal parameters design, and the appropriate frequency relationship between the aileron and rudder excitation signals. A simulation validation is presented of the FBW passenger airliner＇s lateral-directional aerodynamic parameters identification. The validation result demonstrates that the designed signal can excite the lateral-directional motion mode of the FBW passenger airliner adequately and persistently. Meanwhile, the relative errors of aerodynamic parameters are less than 5%.     

大型飞机增升装置气动噪声研究进展

对于现代大型商用飞机而言,在飞机进场和降落阶段,由于飞机发动机处于低功率状态而起落架和增升装置全部打开,此时的机体噪声十分明显,在飞机总的噪声中所占的比重不容忽视。近几十年的大量研究,已经对增升装置的气动噪声特性和机理有相当程度的认识,并在流动控制和降噪技术方面取得丰硕成果。本文主要介绍国内外在大型飞机增升装置气动噪声领域所取得的研究成果和最新进展。增升装置的噪声主要是由前缘缝翼凹槽产生的低频离散噪声、襟翼侧缘的中频宽带噪声和前缘缝翼尾缘涡脱落的高频离散噪声三部分组成。目前,降噪技术主要分成被动流动控制降噪技术和主动流动控制降噪技术两类,被动降噪技术有前缘凹槽遮挡、前缘凹槽填充、前缘下垂等;主动流动控制手段有吹吸气、等离子体激励器等。     

高超声速弹性飞行器后体/外喷管建模与分析

考虑到全尺寸吸气式高超声速飞行器的机体弹性弯曲振动极易被激发,提出了一种包含机体弹性弯曲影响的外喷管建模和分析方法.该方法首先用虚拟激波膨胀波法确定剪切层的位置,然后用影响系数法求解外喷管中的准一维流,并用活塞理论修正后体下表面的压力.用该方法对一个全尺寸吸气式高超声速飞行器的后体/外喷管进行了仿真分析,结果表明,仅考虑低频、小振幅的后体弹性弯曲运动对外喷管性能的影响并不显著.     

旋翼/机身气动干扰的数值模拟

通过求解粘性非定常可压缩N-S方程,发展了旋翼/机身气动干扰的数值模拟方法,主要技术措施包括:(1)通过ADT数据结构,建立了高效的多块对接网格动态重叠技术;(2)在可压缩方程求解中引入低速预处理方法,克服低速流场求解时的刚性问题;(3)加入了多重网格方法,提高收敛效率;(4)湍流模型方程求解需要反复计算壁面最近距离,采用Wigton的优化算法很大程度上提高了计算速度。利用建立的计算方法对佐治亚大学(GIT)旋翼/机身干扰模型进行了数值模拟,分别比较了机身表面的平均压力分布、旋翼的下洗流场以及非定常压力脉动,对干扰现象及其流动机理进行了分析。