新一代智能座舱总体结构设计

传统座舱通过引入各种自动化功能,辅助飞行员完成任务,减小操控负担。随着战场态势变化的日趋繁杂,传统座舱设计辅助飞行员的能力达到了瓶颈,亟需研究总体结构设计改进方法,提升辅助决策能力。深入分析了传统座舱存在的问题,研究了适应新型战机的座舱设计,并综合运用态势评估、故障诊断等技术,以任务为核心,对新一代智能座舱的结构及其辅助决策等级进行了设计,阐述了各系统内部结构及功能,探讨了智能座舱与飞行员之间的关系转变。最后,梳理了相关技术途径,指明了下一步的研究重点。     

Human Factors R&D Requirements for Future Aerospace Cockpit Systems

Cockpits are rapidly changing from dedicated instruments to multifunction displays, integrated controls, and computer controlled subsystems. Solid-state displays, voice recognition, and artificial intelligence are just a few of the emerging technologies that will help the pilot perform his mission in the future. Early investigations involving mission analysis, sensor data, software development, and evaluations will be required to insure total integration. These new technologies will require extensive human factors research in the areas of anthropometry, displays, controls, human/computer interface, automation, and workload assessment to support the integration process. This research will help provide weapons systems that have increased survivability and reduced pilot workload. This paper addresses some of the human factors research that will be needed to help develop future cockpit systems. It also reviews the basic evolution of the crew station and some of the emerging technologies that will drive human factors research in the 1990s. In the past, crew systems were designed to provide each aircraft function with a corresponding instrument display, such as airspeed indicator, altimeter, attitude direction indicator, vertical velocity indicator, etc. The bulk of the information had to be integrated by the pilot. Present systems are in a state of transition. We are rapidly moving from individual instruments to multifunction displays. The C-17, HH-60, F-15E, B-1B, F-111D, and F-16C/D aircraft use multifunction, cathode-ray tube displays, some of which are color. Another trend is the continued increase in the use of integrated controls.     

民机新一代驾驶舱显示技术

在研究最新大型民用客机驾驶舱显示技术及平视显示器、电子飞行包、视景增强、合成视景等一系列新兴在研技术基础上,提出新一代驾驶舱显示技术的构想。新一代驾驶舱显示技术将以形象化的信息表达能力为基础,显示更丰富的周围环境,以达到降低飞行员工作量及提高飞行员情景意识和态势感知能力的目的。     

Aiding vertical guidance understanding

A study was conducted to evaluate training and displays for the vertical guidance system of a modern glass cockpit airliner. The experiment consisted of a complete flight performed in a fixed-base simulator with airline pilots. Three groups were used to evaluate a new flight mode annunciator display and vertical navigation training. Results showed improved pilot performance with training and significant improvements with the training and the Guidance-Flight Mode Annunciator. Using actual behavior of the avionics to design pilot training and FMA is feasible and yields better pilot performance.     

Cockpits for 2010 and Beyond

Truly optimal weapon system performance is highly dependent on the level of man-machine cockpit integration resulting from the intelligent application of crew station technologies. Future cockpits will incorporate a wide range of enhancements. Heavy application of artificial intelligence techniques can be expected to encompass the entire spectrum of crew station technologies; from data fusion, to optimized display resource management, to real-time onboard maintenance and fault reporting, and even to the optimization of pilot physiological needs. Emphasis on exploiting applications of the ultimate human resource, the mind, can be expected through the use of biocybernetics; initially to control previously manual and/or automated cockpit functions, and eventually to allow bidirectional communications. Future enhancements can also be expected to improve aircrew performance by allowing the pilot to take full advantage of aircraft maneuvering capability, and to operate effectively in hostile chemical, biological and radiological environments. New high resolution, full color, three dimensional crew station display devices will complement enlarged sensor suites and enhance aircrew situational awareness. Does the pilot really need to see the outside world to fly and fight effectively? Or, can panoramic display techniques, in an encapsulated environment, coupled with 4? steradian sensor coverage, increase performance? This paper strives to illustrate some ``no holds barred' approaches to making future fighter cockpits an ``in-tune' extension of the operator, based on current and projected tactical needs.     

民用飞机驾驶舱设计变革

民用飞机驾驶舱设计历经了数代的发展,从原始简单衍变至复杂集成,继而往简约智能化方向发展。同时驾驶舱设计理念也在不断进步,从"以功能为中心"的设计理念衍变为"以人为中心"的设计理念,但不同制造商对此理念的理解存在差异,体现在对使用者"驾驶员"角色的定位差异明显。从该设计理念出发,提出了基于驾驶舱运行场景的正向设计方法,通过充分识别运行场景并提取和转化设计需求,设计出人机匹配度高的驾驶舱。随着各种新技术的成熟应用,"以人为中心"设计理念为牵引,利用基于驾驶舱运行场景的驾驶舱正向设计方法,将引领新一代民用飞机驾驶舱设计的变革,并展望了民机驾驶舱在人机交互方式、驾驶舱布置和布局、驾驶舱视景和驾驶舱综合环境等方面的发展趋势。     

General aviation aircraft avionics: integration & system tests

The avionics of current-day aircraft is termed as modular integrated full glass cockpit. Unlike lots of dials and gauges, the pilot will interact with Multi-Function Displays (MYD). This means that the systems are coupled with multi-function displays, communication and navigation radios with control units, multi-mode interactive instruments for control and navigation, recording and fault management systems, airframes and health monitoring diagnostic capabilities. Pilot Vehicle Interface (PVI) is an important measure of good avionics and cockpit layout, which implies the optimization of man-machine interface, enhancement of the economy, and safety of flight operations. This presents the avionics architecture of a 14-seat Light Transport Aircraft (LTA) for general aviation, which has multi-role commuter capabilities. LTA is a twin turbo-prop, multi-role aircraft, with air taxi and commuter services as its primary roles. The avionics is built on the digital communication mode for both command and control with current requirements of TCAS, digital Autopilot, and AMLCD multi-purpose glass displays. The LTA Avionics suite is grouped into six major groups based on functionality: Display System, Communication System, Navigation System, Recording System, Radar System, and Engine instruments and other cockpit displays. This paper also covers details about the extensive tests carried out to prove the avionics design in terms of functionality, inter-operability, interference, and compatibility. Various practical integration and flight-test issues, methodologies, and details of the scenarios is presented herein.     

The C-17 multifunction display: a building block for avionicsystems

The multifunction display (MFD) developed for use as the primary cockpit display system on the US Air Force C-17A military air transport is described. The 6-in by 6-in color cathode ray tube (CRT) display features a self-contained 1750 processor and vector generator capable of processing MIL-STD-1553B aircraft data and raster video into any of 10 formats as selected by the pilot or copilot. The MFD can display stroke, raster, or hybrid formats in 16 colors. Raster images are driven by sensor inputs with an RS-170 or RS-343 interface. The CRT uses a taut mask delta gun design and provides the best available brightness and line-width performance. The display features small size, low weight, low power, standard interface, and adaptable software. Reconfigurability in the aircraft is enhanced by using four identical cockpit displays     

民用飞机驾驶舱照明光辐射安全问题探讨The Discussion of Civil Aircraft Cockpit Lighting light radiation safety issue 魏培坤 吴春泽

民用飞机驾驶舱照明旨在为飞行员创造一个舒适安全的视觉环境,保证飞行员能准确地操作各种控制开关和清晰地判读仪表、显示器等的显示信息。照明的安全除了传统意义上的安全外也应包括光辐射安全,随着LED在驾驶舱照明中的应用,光辐射安全问题日益突出,必须制定出一种对驾驶舱照明环境中的光辐射危害水平进行评估的方法,以保证飞行员的眼睛和皮肤不受到潜在的光辐射伤害。     

基于虚拟设计的民机驾驶舱工效布局评价

提出了一种基于虚拟设计的民机驾驶舱工效布局评价方法,并对某型民机驾驶舱进行了工效布局评价.将某型民机驾驶舱CATIA模型导入工效分析软件JACK并进行优化,创建了5%、50%和95%我国飞行员人体模型,进行了座椅、仪表板、遮光罩、方向舵踏板、操纵杆(盘)、中央控制台、顶部仪表板的布局评价.发现了布局设计中若干不符合工效特性的地方,并提出了改进建议.该方法可预先在虚拟设计中进行布局评价,节约了设计费用,提高了设计效率.     

2010: The Symbionic Cockpit

The cockpit of the year 2010 is described in terms of both the capabilities and systems it contains and how the pilot interacts with it. A brief mission narrative is provided describing seveal hours in the life of the Manta air superiority fighter. This is followed by a discussion of the pilot interface components employed in the cockpit including hueristic voice, instrument panel display, canopy display, and holographic display systems. The concept of a ``symbionic' system is then introduced, describing in some detail the capabilities and features of a cockpit system that senses the physiological and mental state of the pilot and responds accrodingly. Finally, conclusions and predictions are made that summarize and emphasize the points made in the paper.     

合成视景系统的机遇与挑战

基于三维地形显示的合成视景系统结合空中隧道等新技术,为飞行员提高情形认知、降低工作量,同时也给传统驾驶舱显示、飞行安全、航线运营等带来不同程度的影响,特别是对驾驶舱显示将是划时代变革。综述机遇与挑战并结合航空发展,预测合成视景系统在10～15年内必将广泛应用。     

民机驾驶舱显示触控系统人机工效综合评价

未来民机驾驶舱将广泛采用触控技术,但目前尚未形成针对民机驾驶舱显示触控系统的人机工效评价体系与评价方法。针对上述问题,首先梳理民机驾驶舱显示触控系统相关的现行标准与规范,结合适航规章中人为因素考察项,提出民机驾驶舱显示触控系统人机工效评价指标体系。其次,考虑到评价指标的模糊性与灰色性,基于灰色关联分析,对传统模糊层次综合评价算法从数据集结处理和指标权重确定两个方向进行改进,通过构造专家信度系数修正秩次矩阵,实现专家认知特性的定量描述,建立民机驾驶舱显示触控系统人机工效综合评价模型。最后,结合ACROSS项目下的民机驾驶舱显示触控系统人机工效评价试验案例,分析驾驶舱显示触控系统配置策略对系统人机工效的影响,验证了评价体系与评价方法的适用性和合理性。     

并列式座舱布局的直升机正驾驶位置分析研究

在直升机人机工效研究中,很重要的一个环节是确定直升机驾驶员的位置,合适的驾驶员位置对明确驾驶员之间的分工,在保证飞行安全的前提下高效执行所承担的任务使命至关重要。从历史上关于并列式驾驶舱直升机正驾驶位置的讨论入手,结合直升机驾驶舱布局以及直升机的飞行作业特点,对直升机正驾驶员位置进行剖析,提出分析意见建议。     

飞机座舱内饰视觉仿真方法研究

讨论了飞机座舱内饰视觉仿真的研究内容及方法,建立了飞机内饰视觉仿真方法框架模型。以CATIA为平台,依据GJB、HB等有关标准建立了飞机座舱模型,并根据视线追踪算法利用SPEOS CAA V5的LM模块对驾驶员的视线进行追踪仿真,在飞机设计阶段针对座舱眩光问题开展了虚拟分析并提出了解决方案。     

Evaluation on novel architecture for harmonizing manual and automatic flight controls under atmospheric turbulence

Pilot uncertainty in aircraft response under automatic flight control has triggered aircraft accidents/incidents in the past. This uncertainty compels a pilot to disengage autopilot and switch to manual control. However, the decision to disengage autopilot and when to do it can be difficult: especially if there is not enough time to monitor the cockpit displays, for instance while countering atmospheric turbulence. Against this background, we proposed the “human as a control module” architecture for harmonizing pilot and autopilot controls. The architecture blends pilot maneuver with autopilot control instead of switching between them when simultaneous inputs are given to the aircraft. By automatically adjusting pilot and autopilot control inputs, the architecture avoids overlaps of both control authorities and helps to circumvent the effect of conflicting actions. This paper applies the architecture to the situations of past aircraft incidents which had been caused by the transfer from autopilot control to pilot maneuver after encountering atmospheric turbulence. The effectiveness of the architecture is evaluated via simulation study for the specific incident examples. Furthermore, this paper extends the architecture with an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) based observer and evaluates its robustness under errors in wind estimation.     

飞机座舱人机工效评定实验台研制

为解决飞机人机界面设计在新形势下面临的问题,研制了一套基于飞行模拟器的驾驶员工效评定实验台,以便在更加实际的飞行情况下对飞行员的认知特性进行研究.该实验台由飞机座舱、仿真软件、计算机系统和生理参数测量系统等组成,能开展座舱优化布局、界面信息显示适人性、脑力负荷的综合评定等研究.该实验台的研制为飞机人机界面的工效设计和评定提供了一种新的方法.     

基于Jack的人体建模与人机工效分析

针对Jack中重建非美国人人体模型的不确定性和不准确性,基于作业任务类别重新细化的七个方面的人机界面类型,提出了一种用于战斗机驾驶舱工效分析的中国飞行员人体模型的构建方法.在此基础上给出了运用Jack进行人机工效分析的具体思路,并阐述了战斗机驾驶舱多项工效分析包括运动仿真、可达性、舒适性、力和力矩分析、可视性的实现技术和技巧.该人体建模方法、工效分析思路、技术技巧在某型战斗机驾驶舱实际应用中已取得了良好效果.     

民机驾驶舱扬声器啸叫成因研究与抑制方法

民用飞机驾驶舱扬声器是一个电声换能器件,安装在飞机驾驶舱中,可将电信号转为声信号输出,并将声学功率辐射到驾驶舱。驾驶舱扬声器不仅能够为驾驶舱内的机组人员提供与客舱乘务人员以及塔台管制人员的通话语音,还能够提供飞行导航音、选呼音和告警音的发声。因此,驾驶舱扬声器是飞机上不可或缺的机载设备,为飞机的飞行安全提供了保障。驾驶舱扬声器产生的尖锐刺耳啸叫让人难以忍受,导致飞行机组无法听到其他声音,甚至无法使用语音通信系统,严重时会影响到飞行安全。指出驾驶舱扬声器"啸叫"的危害,分析啸叫的成因,并在此基础上探讨驾驶舱扬声器"啸叫"的抑制方法,为民机驾驶舱音频系统的防啸叫设计提供一定的参考依据。     

民用飞机驾驶舱人机界面评估方法研究

驾驶舱人机界面(Human Machine Interface,以下简称HMI)是连接飞行员和飞机的重要桥梁,人机界面的好坏直接关系到飞机的使用效率及运行安全。以民用飞机为例,分析研究了在飞机的设计过程中驾驶舱领域的人机界面设计评估相关问题和理论,并结合实际,建立了人机界面评价指标,提出了以适航规章为基础的驾驶舱人机界面评估方法。该方法有助于设计过程中的设计评估验证活动,可提高评估效率,促进设计更为合理的符合适航规章和使用需求的驾驶舱人机界面。