空间航天器低吸收-低发射率热控涂层的设计与制备

针对密封舱类航天器在载人登月、天地往返以及绕月飞行的极端工况下保持舱内热平衡的问题,提出了适应于空间与地面环境特性的低吸收-低发射率热控涂层材料体系,采用铝粉与有机硅树脂为主要制备原材料,通过Bruggeman模型有效介质理论与Fresnel公式计算出体积分数与涂层反射率之间的变化规律,最后制备了不同配比的热控涂层,并进行了热辐射性能测试。结果表明:低吸收-低发射率型热控涂层太阳吸收比α_S=0.15、半球发射率ε_H=0.15;涂层的铝粉填料占比越高,热辐射性能越低,该规律符合体积分数与涂层反射率之间的模拟计算结论。     

新型无机热控涂层的性能及应用

采用自制新型无机白色填料、无机黏结剂制备了高稳定无机热控涂层。对热控涂层的厚度、面密度、热辐射性能、真空挥发性、热循环性能、空间环境稳定性(真空-紫外、真空-质子、真空-电子、原子氧)及多种基材的适应性进行了测试与验证。结果表明:新型无机热控涂层的太阳吸收比≤0.07、半球发射率≥0.90、面密度200～360 g/m~2,经过地面模拟空间环境试验后涂层的太阳吸收比退化量较小,具有优异的空间环境稳定性,适用于多种基材表面。     

环氧改性有机硅/Al-Sm_2O_3复合涂层的耐温性能

以Al粉、Sm_2O_3为颜料,环氧改性有机硅为黏合剂,采用喷涂法制备了环氧改性有机硅/Al-Sm_2O_3复合涂层。研究了不同耐热温度及耐热时间对涂层外观、微结构、近红外反射率、红外发射率及力学性能的影响。结果表明:所制备涂层在300℃下热处理5 h后,其外观、微结构保持不变;发射率和1.06μm近红外反射率可分别低至0.607和64.7%;涂层的硬度、附着力和耐冲击强度等力学性能可分别保持在4 H、1级和50 kg·cm;所制备涂层在250℃下热处理100 h后,其外观、微结构仍然保持不变;发射率和1.06μm近红外反射率可分别低至0.624和67.1%;涂层的硬度、附着力和耐冲击强度等力学性能可分别保持在4 H、1级和50 kg·cm。     

雷达/激光复合隐身材料的实验研究

采用双层涂敷法,在雷达隐身材料表层喷涂薄层的激光隐身材料,制备了双层型雷达/激光复合隐身材料,并用紫外-可见-近红外分光光度计分别测试了涂敷激光涂层前后的激光反射率以及在微波暗室内测试了涂敷激光涂层前后的雷达波反射率.结果表明：涂敷激光涂层后,在1.06 μm处的反射率由2.24%降低到0.13%,在8～15 GHz范围内,对雷达波反射率没有不利影响,均小于-7.5 dB,且有一定的改善,显示该材料在8～15 GHz范围内可以很好地实现雷达与激光的复合隐身,在其他波段的兼容性有待于进一步研究.     

黑色电镀工艺的现状和发展

在太阳能利用方面,目前最为人们重视的是太阳辐射热能的利用.太阳能集热器是太阳能转换系统的核心部分.高效率的太阳能集热器必须考虑使热幅射损失减少到最低限度.也即集热器对太阳辐射能量的吸收率(α)要高,而对红外线的反射率(ε)又要低,其吸收/反射比(α/ε)必须具有较高的数值.实践已经证明,各种光谱选择性涂层是实现上述目标的有效措施.在众多的光谱选择性涂层里,黑色电镀尤其为人们所注意.同黑色化学转化膜工艺一样,黑色电镀的出现起初是为了装饰目的,但是随着太阳能利用的普及,黑色电镀作为一种高效的光谱选择性涂层,最近十年来也迅速发展,诸如黑镍、黑铬工艺在太阳能集热器中被成功     

陶瓷前驱体基高温高辐射涂层制备及表征

以陶瓷前驱体树脂为成膜物,以过渡金属氧化物和硼化物为填料,采用空气喷涂工艺在镍基高温合金和C/C基材上制备出了高温散热性能好、抗热震性好的高温高辐射涂层,并用DSC-TG、光学显微镜和风洞对涂层性能进行表征。结果表明:该涂层室温~827℃发射率达到0.85~0.92,827℃~室温抗热震循环20次后涂层不剥离、不脱落;该涂层在290 k W/m2冷壁热流、300 s时长的风洞考核条件下,可将镍基高温合金基材温度从686℃降到646℃,降温40℃。     

改性三元乙丙橡胶用于红外隐身涂层的研究

采用正交试验制备了三元乙丙橡胶接枝马来酸酐(EPDM-g-MAH),并以此为黏合剂,铜粉为填料制备了发射率可调的热红外隐身涂层,对涂层进行了红外光谱、红外发射率、微观形貌、力学性能等方面的分析.结果表明该涂层发射率可低至0.15左右,且可以显著减少填料的用量,明显提高涂层的力学性能:附着力可以从3级提高到1级,铅笔硬度从2B提高到3H,柔韧性都为1 mm,耐冲击力都大于50 cm.根据正交试验得到了优化试验条件,获得了涂层力学性能较好、红外发射率低的黏合剂材料.     

填料法制备SiC_f/SiC复合材料的力学性能和高温介电性能

为获得性能优异的耐高温结构吸波材料,以纳米SiO_2颗粒为填料,采用有机先驱体浸渍裂解法(precursor infiltration and pyrolysis,PIP)制备SiC_f/SiC复合材料,研究填料对复合材料力学性能和高温介电性能的影响。结果表明:随着SiO_2含量从3%(质量分数,下同)增加至15%,SiC_f/SiC复合材料的弯曲强度先增加后减小,最高可达275 MPa;低介电常数SiO_2填料的引入使得复合材料的复介电常数逐渐减小,室温吸波性能得到有效改善,15%SiO_2含量的复合材料厚度为3.2~4.0 mm时,室温反射率在整个X波段均达到–8 d B以下;复合材料的复介电常数随着温度的升高逐渐增大,而SiO_2能显著降低高温复介电常数及其增幅,700℃时15%SiO_2含量复合材料在2.7~3.0 mm厚度范围具有优异的吸波性能。     

防静电白色热控涂层的耐空间环境及工艺性能

研究了防静电白色热控涂层（ACR-1）的耐空间环境性能及工艺性能。在模拟空间环境设施中研究了紫外辐照、电子辐照和质子辐照对涂层太阳吸收率（αs）的影响。结果表明ACR-1在地球静止轨道环境中具有较高的稳定性；经过3000当量太阳小时（ESH）的紫外光辐照后，△αs为0．02；质子辐照效应对涂层仅。的变化影响较大。另外，研究了涂层厚度对αs和其与基材结合力的影响，以及基材表面处理工艺对涂层在-196—150℃冷热交变循环试验中可靠性的影响。     

深空辐射环境对高吸收率消杂光涂层的性能影响

为了研究深空辐射环境对SCB-1型空间高吸收率消杂光涂层的太阳光谱吸收性能影响。采用5 000 ESH剂量的真空-紫外、2.5×10¹⁵ p/cm²注量的真空-质子和2.5×10¹⁶ e/cm²注量的真空-电子依次对SCB-1消杂光涂层进行串联辐照试验,分析各项辐照试验前后消杂光涂层外观、太阳吸收比α_s及半球发射率ε_H的变化情况。并采用热失重分析（Thermal Gravity Analysis）判断消杂光涂层受辐照试验后的分解情况与热稳定性变化。经串联辐照试验后,SCB-1消杂光涂层全波段太阳吸收比总变化值Δα_s下降了0.011~0.012,400~1 100 nm波段太阳吸收比总变化值Δα_s下降了0.011~0.013,以上三项串联辐照过程中SCB-1消杂光涂层的半球发射率总变化值Δε_H无明显变化。SCB-1消杂光涂层呈现了极佳的深空辐射环境下的消杂光持久性,可对未来深空探测领域的光学技术发展提供有力支持。     

有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计难点问题

有翼高超声速再入飞行器是近年来的研究热点,气动设计是飞行器设计的关键。为了更清楚地认识有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计的难点问题,对有翼高超声速再入飞行器的发展、优势及总体任务剖面进行了介绍,从5个方面详细介绍了该类飞行器气动设计的难点问题,包括多约束复杂面对称气动布局设计、高温真实气体效应对气动特性影响、天地差异与天地换算方法、反作用控制系统(RCS)喷流干扰对气动特性的影响以及气动数据不确定度等,简要阐明了这些难点问题对总体设计的重要性以及初步的解决思路,为有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计提供了一些参考。     

Simulation and Analysis of Crashworthiness of Fuel Tank for Helicopters

Crashworthiness requirement of fuel tanks is one of the important requirements in helicopter designs. The relations among the protection frame, textile layer and rubber layer of the fuel tank are introduced. Two appropriate FE models are established, one is for an uncovered helicopter fuel tank without protection frame, and the other is for fuel tank with protection frame. The dynamic responses of the two types of fuel tanks impinging on the ground with velocities of 17.3 m/s are numerically simulated for the purpose of analyzing energy-absorbing capabilities of the textile layer and protection frame. The feasibility of the current crashworthiness design of the fuel tank is examined though comparing the dynamic response behaviors of the two fuel tanks.     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

ν-gap度量及其在飞行控制律评估中的应用

 传统控制律评估方法主要用于单输入单输出（SISO）系统，且对模型参数摄动考虑不够全面,针对这些不足，研究了ν-gap度量方法。在介绍系统广义稳定裕度相关概念的基础上，给出了ν-gap度量的定义、特点和性质以及近似摄动模型的计算，提出ν-gap度量评估控制律的步骤。实例结果表明，该方法不仅克服了上述传统评估方法的缺陷，而且还有根据所求的各摄动影响情况忽略影响小的元素，以减少计算量及可以找到最坏情况下的参数摄动组合等优点。     

突破技术趋同，波音再现竞争优势

 波音公司面临着来自空客公司的巨大挑战,企业战略性创新才是公司成功的关键。为此波音公司的全部战略性研究集中在扩大产品的差异性上,体现在3个方面：电子化（e-Enabled）运营环境、整体复合材料机身部件的制造技术和支持波音787客机的全球协同环境（GCE）。     

临近空间飞行器测控与信息传输系统频段选择

 临近空间飞行器是高性能信息化武器平台,测控（TT&;C）与信息传输系统是其信息保障的核心,而选择合理、可行的频段是展开系统设计的前提和基础。频段选择影响到整个技术方案的制定,是一个需综合考虑、影响深远并具有战略意义的关键问题,从国际电联（ITU）国际标准、高速数传、接收信噪比（SNR）、“三抗”、超视距中继、黑障、雨衰以及设备研制成熟度8个方面全面、细致论证了近空间平台测控系统的频段选择问题,最终得出在视距链路中以Ka频段为宜,在超视距链路中以Ku/Ka双频段为宜的结论。     

基于弯曲激波压缩系统的高超声速进气道反设计研究进展

总结了近十年来弯曲激波压缩研究的主要成果。提出了弯曲激波压缩系统的新概念,即利用特殊设计的楔形弯曲压缩面或空间弯曲压缩面,产生一系列与前缘弱激波相互交汇或叠加的压缩波系,从而使前缘激波弯曲,形成特殊的弯曲激波,它与波后的等熵压缩波来共同完成对气流的压缩。在此基础上,实现了由给定出口气动参数的超声速内流道反设计,实现了由给定压缩面压力分布和给定压缩面马赫数分布要求的型面反设计,实现了由给定激波波面的压缩型面反设计。研究证明,弯曲压缩面-弯曲激波压缩系统具有良好的综合气动性能,为高性能高超声速进气系统的气动设计提供了一种全新的设计方法。     

Integrated Entry Guidance for Reusable Launch Vehicle

A method for the implementation of integrated three-degree-of-freedom constrained entry guidance for reusable launch vehicle is presented. Given any feasible entry conditions, terminal area energy management interface conditions, and the reference trajectory generated onboard then, the method can generate a longitudinal guidance profile rapidly, featuring linear quadratic regular method and a proportional-integral-derivative tracking law with time-varying gains, which satisfies all the entry corridor constraints and meets the requirements with high precision. Afterwards, by utilizing special features of crossrange parameter, establishing bank-reversal corridor, and determining bank-reversals according to dynamically adjusted method, the algorithm enables the lateral entry guidance system to fly a wide range of missions and provides reliable and good performance in the presence of significant aerodynamic modeling uncertainty. Fast trajectory guidance profiles and simulations with a reusable launch vehicle model for various missions and aerodynamic uncertain-ties are presented to demonstrate the capacity and reliability of this method.     

Experimental Study on Effects of Fuel Injection on Scramjet Combustor Performance

In order to investigate the effects of fuel injection distribution on the scramjet combustor performance, there are conducted three sets of test on a hydrocarbon fueled direct-connect scramjet test facility. The results of Test A, whose fuel injection is carried out with injectors located on the top-wall and the bottom-wall, show that the fuel injection with an appropriate close-front and centralized distribution would be of much help to optimize combustor performances. The results of Test B, whose fuel injection is performed at the optimal injection locations found in Test A, with a given equivalence ratio and different injection proportions for each injector, show that this injection mode is of little benefit to improve combustor performances. The results of Test C with a circumferential fuel injection distribution displaies the possibility of ameliorating combustor performance. By analyzing the effects of injection location parameters on combustor performances on the base of the data of Test C, it is clear that the injector location has strong coupled influences on combus- tor performances. In addition, an inner-force synthesis specific impulse is used to reduce the errors caused by the disturbance of fuel supply and working state of air heater while assessing combustor performances.     

(高)超声速流动试验技术及研究进展

近年来,与高速飞行器相关的(高)超声速流动受到了极大的关注。这类流动所具有的非定常性、强梯度和可压缩性对试验方法和风洞设计技术提出了挑战。超声速纳米示踪平面激光散射(NPLS)技术是由作者所在团队研发的非接触光学测试技术。它能够以较高的空间分辨率来揭示超声速三维流场的一个瞬态剖面的时间解析的流动结构。介绍了NPLS技术以及基于NPLS开发的密度场测量、雷诺应力测量和气动光学波前测量等方法,并回顾了这些技术在超声速边界层、超声速混合层、超声速压缩拐角、激波/边界层相互作用和光学头罩绕流等流动中的应用,清晰地再现了边界层、混合层、激波等典型流场结构及其时空演化特性。另外,为了模拟和研究高空大气条件下边界层自然转捩和超声速混合层的转捩特性,介绍了高超声速静风洞、超-超混合层风洞的设计技术以及层流化喷管的设计方法。