月面热环境的反演研究

以嫦娥三号巡视器月面日食期间非稳态的温度遥测数据为基础,通过建立月壤及巡视器的传热模型,反演了日食期间月面温度的变化,并给出了符合巡视器温度遥测的月壤热物性参数取值范围。在此基础上,对月面热环境进行了分析研究。结果表明,本文反演的月壤平均导热系数大于常见取值,而比热却明显小于常见取值。采用反演的热物性值计算的月表温度与之前认识相符,但对月壤内部热环境有新发现,其温度梯度相对减小而恒温层厚度则明显增大。     

航天用传热强化工质导热系数和粘度的实验研究

通过在航天器热控系统用的某型液体传热工质中添加铜纳米粒子，研制一种新型航天用传热冷却工质-纳米流体。分别运用瞬态热线法和NXE-1型粘度计测定了不同纳米粒子体积份额配比的纳米流体的导热系数和粘度，分析了纳米粒子体积份额、温度等因素对纳米流体导热系数和粘度的影响，实验结果表明，在液体中添加纳米粒子，显著增加了液体的导热系数和传热性能。     

使用T3Ster对宇航电子元器件内部热特性的测量

文章介绍了使用MicReD公司的热测试仪33Ster测量元器件内部热特性的方法。T3Ster测试仪可以测试各类IC、LED、散热器、热管等电子器件的热特性以及PCB、导热材料等的热阻、热客及导热系数、接触热阻等热特性。使用33Ster测试仪对某航天器用电子元器件内部热特性进行了测量,并与器件资料中的热特性数据进行比对,二者相对误差为0．07％,验证了q3Ster测试仪具有测试高可靠度要求的宇航级电子元器件热特性的能力。为宇航电子元器件的热设计与热分析提供重要的试验依据。     

导热脂低温热导率的测试研究

导热脂的低温热导率是研究宇航用导热脂的重要参数,“瞬态热线法”是常用的测量方法之一,但受使用条件限制,实际应用中容易产生较大误差。本文提出采用改进的“瞬态热线法”即对标准流体与试样进行测量比对的方法,用于导热脂低温热导率的测量,减小了测试方法的系统误差,因而保证了测量的相对误差小于6％。在测量装置上,采用廉价的康铜丝取代了传统使用的铂丝,设计采用了容易进行拆洗的低温试验装置。文章讨论了影响导热脂低温热导率的因素。提出测量加热时间要在2 s～3 s之内以防止对流,分析了比对状态的误差影响,并给出了两种导热脂低温热导率与温度关系曲线。分析表明本文提出的试验方法可以满足宇航用导热脂研究的需求
     

热防护系统多层隔热结构传热分析及性能研究

由外部高温合金壳板及内部多层隔热结构组成的金属热防护系统被认为将在未来重复使用运载器上大面积采用。分析了多层隔热结构内导热与辐射的复合换热问题。采用二热流近似方法分析了纤维席内的辐射热流。分析了多孔介质纤维席内气体、固体有效导热系数。并应用有限差分法建立了多层隔热结构瞬态传热数值分析模型。反射屏层数、发射率及纤维席厚度、密度是多层隔热结构重要的设计参数。详细的分析了这些参数对多层隔热结构隔热性能的影响，总结了提高多层隔热结构隔热性能的方法。     

月球表面及月壤内温度分布特征的数值模拟

文章建立了月表辐射与月壤内二维非稳态导热的耦合传热模型,采用控制容积法数值模拟月壤内的温度分布,主要研究了月表、月壤内温度的分布和变化规律及探测器对局部月表温度的影响。计算结果表明一昼夜期间月壤内存在明显的温差:浅层月壤处的昼夜温差较大且受纬度的影响明显;随着深度的增加,月壤昼夜温差降低并趋于稳定,且受纬度的影响较小。探测器的存在遮挡了月表接受的太阳辐射,导致其阴影区域内月表温度发生突变,新的平衡温度接近探测器底面温度,且受探测器驻留时间的影响较小;当探测器移开,月表温度又迅速恢复到原有的变化规律。     

月球坑的温度分布与瞬态热响应特性研究

建立了球状月坑表面热辐射与月壤内一维非稳态导热的耦合传热模型,采用蒙特卡罗法结合控制容积法数值研究了月坑的温度分布与瞬态响应特性。考察了月坑表面与平面月表的热响应差别以及月坑形状因子、月坑所处纬度对月坑表面温度分布的影响。研究结果表明,月坑表面与平面月表的热响应有明显差别,月昼期间坑内的最高温度总是高于同时刻、同纬度的平面月表温度;低纬度、深度较大的月坑内温度分布存在很大的瞬态不均匀性。     

低密实度基础月壤的钻进压力建模及试验验证

基于钻采过程中月壤颗粒的运动规律提出了一种钻具与月壤相互作用区域的等效方法,并由此从宏观角度建立了一种新型月壤钻进压力解析模型.通过70％密实度基础月壤地面钻采试验验证了该模型对低密实度月壤钻进压力的预测能力,得到了相关修正系数与钻进比之间的关系并分析了模型的可扩展性.该建模方法为复杂工况下钻具-土体相互作用建模提供了...     

短型热电偶导热误差影响因素数值仿真分析

在航空航天发动机技术的研究过程中,通常需要准确测量高温、高速环境下的气流温度以衡量发动机的性能,由于传感器强度等因素的限制,温度传感器插入高温气流深度较小,造成很大的导热误差,影响发动机工作特性的评判。对此专门开展了短型热电偶温度传感器导热误差的研究,建立相应的短型热电偶导热误差仿真模型,并进一步验证了仿真模型的准确性。在此基础上通过仿真手段研究不同热电偶插入深度、不同来流马赫数、不同来流总温和不同基底温度对导热误差修正系数的影响规律,并建立了热电偶导热误差修正系数的响应面模型。仿真研究结果可以为短型热电偶导热误差的抑制提供思路并为热电偶使用过程中测量数据的修正提供支持。     

一种月表采样器合理铲挖深度的研究

铲挖深度是月表采样器的重要技术指标,合理的铲挖深度需既能降低采样器安全风险又可确保一定的采样效率。设计了一种斜插式铲挖方法的月表采样器,针对其构型与铲挖方法,在Reece模型的基础上,通过离散元法推导了月表采样器铲挖阻力矩的表达式。参考历次阿波罗飞船(Apollo)月壤样本数据,在实验室环境下构筑了与月壤物理特性相匹配的模拟月壤,并测得模拟月壤的物理特性参数。然后,根据所测得模拟月壤的物理特性参数,利用所推导的铲挖阻力矩表达式,对月表采样器典型输出力矩下的铲挖深度进行了仿真分析与试验验证,仿真分析结果与试验结果吻合。根据试验结果与月表采样器设计参数确定了合理的铲挖深度,可为月表采样器在月面采样时提供参考。     

月球表面热环境数值分析

月球表面热环境的研究对探月活动有重要意义,本文用数值方法分析了月球表面的热环境.首先计算了不同纬度地区地表辐射平衡温度的周期波动,然后建立了月球地表土壤的一维非稳态热传导模型,用此模型计算了不同纬度地区地表温度的波动、月壤温度的波动及恒温层温度和深度,并讨论了月壤热物性对温度波动的影响.结果表明白天的地表温度主要取决于地表的辐射平衡温度,而夜晚的地表温度受到月壤热物性的影响.     

月球探测器着陆过程羽流热效应数值模拟研究

考虑到月球探测器着陆过程变推力发动机工作可能引发羽流热效应,通过差分求解N S方程与直接模拟蒙特卡洛(DSMC)耦合的方法,针对探测器变推力发动机羽流的连续流区与稀薄流区进行了数值模拟,获得了着陆过程不同状态探测器表面的羽流气动热流密度分布,分析了探测器在不同高度及坡度受到的羽流热效应,研究了探测器因落月惯性与发动机延时拖尾等特殊工况羽流气动热的影响程度。数值模拟结果表明,探测器受到的羽流气动热影响总体随着发动机出口与月面间距离减小而急剧增强,随着距离减小至0.434 m,热流密度最大值为429 kW/m 2 ,而且月面坡度对羽流热效应有减弱作用。研究结果可为探测器关机策略的制定提供支撑,为探测器关键部位的热防护提供输入,为探测器整体的设计优化提供服务。     

浅表层月壤铲挖采样的振动减阻技术仿真研究

文章对振动铲挖技术在浅表层月壤采样过程中的适用性进行了研究。根据月壤宏观、细观参数,采用离散元法建立了月壤模型,对月球表面低重力低气压环境下的月壤应力—应变特性进行仿真,并结合采用Balovnev机—土交互模型描述的月壤铲挖阻力公式,对月壤的振动减阻机理进行了分析。在此基础上,通过向采样器施加不同振幅和频率的振动,开展了浅表层月壤铲挖仿真,给出了铲挖过程中不同振动参数与月壤采样阻力的关系。同时,通过对比不同工况下的月壤孔隙率,验证了月壤的振动铲挖减阻机理及适用性。     

月球无人采样返回探测器一体化热管理方案

针对我国首个月球无人采样返回探测器"嫦娥五号"所面临的散热难题,在调研国外月球采样返回探测器热控方案的基础上,通过论证提出一种"泵驱小型单相流体回路热总线+水升华器"的一体化热管理方案。该方案能够实现"嫦娥五号"着陆器、上升器热量与热沉的综合管理与利用;同时在国内首次将高适应能力主动热控体系结构应用到深空探测航天器中,推动了我国深空探测航天器热控技术的跨越式发展。     

An inversion approach for lunar regolith layer thickness using optical albedo data and microwave emission simulation

An approach to inversion of the lunar regolith layer thickness by using multi-channel brightness temperature observation in passive microwave remote sensing is developed. To first make simulation of brightness temperature from the lunar layered media, the lunar regolith layer thickness (d) is proposed being constructed by available lunar DEM (digital elevation mapping) and on site measurements. The physical temperature distribution (T) over the lunar surface is also empirically assumed as a monotonic function of the latitude. Optical albedo of the lunar nearside from the telescopic observation is employed to construct the spatial distribution of the FeO+TiO₂ content (S) in the lunar regolith layer. A statistic relationship between the DEM and S of the lunar nearside is further extended to construction of S of the lunar farside. Thus, the dielectric permittivity (ε) of global lunar regolith layer can then be determined. Based on all these conditions (d,T,ε), brightness temperature of the lunar regolith layer in passive microwave remote sensing, which is planned for China's Chang-E lunar project, is numerically simulated by a parallel layering model using the strong fluctuation theory of random media.Then, taking these simulations with random noise as observations, an inversion method of the lunar regolith layer thickness is developed by using three- or two-channels brightness temperatures. When the S is low, and the four channels brightness temperatures in China's Chang-E project are well distinguishable, the regolith layer thickness and physical temperature of the underlying lunar rock media can be inverted by the three-channels approach. When the S becomes high that the brightness temperature at high frequency channels such as 19.35, 37 GHz are saturated, the regolith layer thickness is alternatively inverted only by the two-channels approach.Numerical simulation and inversion approach in this paper make an evaluation of the performance for lunar passive microwave remote sensing, and for future data calibration and validation.     

月球表面次级中子辐射环境仿真研究

由于缺少磁场和大气,宇宙线高能粒子轰击月壤可以形成月球特有的强中子辐射环境,并对航天员和电子设备造成潜在威胁。文章采用蒙特卡罗方法仿真研究宇宙线高能粒子辐射与月壤成分核反应产生的次级中子能谱特征,给出不同太阳活动、不同月壤深度下月球中子能谱特征和空间分布特征。仿真结果表明,宇宙线高能粒子导致的次级中子随着月壤深度的增加先增大后减小,大约在1 m深度达到最大值,深度越深银河宇宙线诱发的中子贡献越大。相关结果可为我国后续载人月球探测任务的辐射防护设计提供参考。     

Effect of variable solid phase thermal properties on propellant combustion

Mathematical models derived for describing the combustion of solid rocket propellants have in the past assumed that the thermal properties, specific heat, and thermal conductivity are constant throughout the solid phase portion of the combustion zone. The values for specific heat and thermal conductivity can vary as much as 50–100 percent for the temperatures in the solid phase combustion wave, values from about 250 to 1100 K. Thus, the variation in solid phase properties due to the temperature variation in the solid phase have significant effects on the burning rate, the temperature sensitivity and the pressure coupled response. The paper is concerned with predicting the effect of the variable solid phase properties on the combustion properties. Parametric calculations were made to illustrate the effect of the magnitude of the variation of solid phase properties with temperature. The results indicate that significant differences exist between the values for the combustion parameters calculated using variable thermal properties as compared to those calculated using constant thermal properties.     

Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology

3D-printing technologies are receiving an always increasing attention in architecture, due to their potential use for direct construction of buildings and other complex structures, also of considerable dimensions, with virtually any shape. Some of these technologies rely on an agglomeration process of inert materials, e.g. sand, through a special binding liquid and this capability is of interest for the space community for its potential application to space exploration. In fact, it opens the possibility for exploiting in-situ resources for the construction of buildings in harsh spatial environments. The paper presents the results of a study aimed at assessing the concept of 3D printing technology for building habitats on the Moon using lunar soil, also called regolith. A particular patented 3D-printing technology – D-shape – has been applied, which is, among the existing rapid prototyping systems, the closest to achieving full scale construction of buildings and the physical and chemical characteristics of lunar regolith and terrestrial regolith simulants have been assessed with respect to the working principles of such technology. A novel lunar regolith simulant has also been developed, which almost exactly reproduces the characteristics of the JSC-1A simulant produced in the US. Moreover, tests in air and in vacuum have been performed to demonstrate the occurrence of the reticulation reaction with the regolith simulant. The vacuum tests also showed that evaporation or freezing of the binding liquid can be prevented through a proper injection method. The general requirements of a Moon outpost have been specified, and a preliminary design of the habitat has been developed. Based on such design, a section of the outpost wall has been selected and manufactured at full scale using the D-shape printer and regolith simulant. Test pieces have also been manufactured and their mechanical properties have been assessed.     

遮挡阴影对月球探测器热设计的影响分析

月球探测器遮挡形成的阴影是探测器着陆月面之后热设计需要考虑的重要因素,文章从理论上分析了月球探测器着陆于平坦月面地区之后形成的阴影对探测器侧面和底面的影响,并通过建模计算对理论分析结果进行了验证,从而为月球探测器在侧面和底面开设散热面的可能性提供理论依据。