新型复合材料的无损检测

分析了新型复合材料在加工、制造和作用过程中所产生的缺陷与损伤。介绍了新型复合材料的无损检测现状，重点阐述了目前常用的无损检测方法和应用，并对其的优缺点作了比较。提出新型复合材料的无损检测技术的重要性。     

复合材料压力容器在航天领域的应用研究

综述了复合材料压力容器在航天领域的最新应用进展,列举了国外空间系统应用的几个典型实例,从金属内衬、纤维材料及树脂基体方面给出了比较重要的技术信息.论述了低温复合材料压力容器的研发与应用趋势,金属内衬和缠绕纤维在低温环境下的性能表现优异及低温环境下树脂基体的选择.探讨了复合材料压力容器无损检测方法的研究现状及展望.未来复合材料压力容器无损检测技术将向着高效实时、精确定位、定量分析及由局部缺陷检测向整体缺陷检测的方向发展.     

纤维增强塑料复合材料的无损检测简介

纤维增强复合材料今天已发展成为一种高性能新型结构材料,在它的发展过程中,应用于它的无损检测技术,也同样获得迅速发展. 本书第一卷介绍了今天已应用于复合材料的几种主要的无损检测技术,如X射线照相,声发射,以及热、光、振荡等方法. 本书第二卷进一步综述了应用于纤维增强塑料全部范围的无损检测技术的现状.主要论述了超声方法,这是纤维增强塑料复合材料无损检测目前实际使用的一种普遍技术.此外,还论述了包括计算机层析X     

微波在复合材料领域中的研究与应用

综述了微波对复合材料的作用机理及微波在复合材料制造，修补、连接，分离以及无损检测等领域的研究与应用，展望了微波在航空航天领域中的应用前景。     

“复合材料损伤力学及无损检测”简介

“复合材料损伤力学及无损检测”一文,发表于《材料科学与工程》1990年第一期,作者是洛阳大学梁伟荣。该文除“前言”外,包括 a.损伤起始;b.损伤扩展;c.应力重新分布;d.无损检测等4部分。     

声发射技术在复合材料结构无损检测中的应用

简述了复合材料AE技术的发展概况、AE特性和破坏类型;讨论了几种不同破坏机理的AE判据;着重介绍了AE技术在复合材料压力容器无损检测中的应用及压力容器水压试验时应注意的某些问题。     

苏联复合材料结构无损检测方法和仪器设备述评

对苏联复合材料结构无损检测方法、仪器设备、技术特长和发展方向做了简要述评,并对其采用的典型仪器设备系统技术参数给以简要介绍。最后联系我国固体火箭发动机无损检测工作实际提出了两点建议。     

复合材料宇航压力容器损伤破坏研究的进展

本文简要介绍了纤维增强复合材料损伤研究及其宇航压力容器损伤破坏研究的现状,着重介绍了复合材料结构损伤力学和无损检测的研究情况,并提出了其设计,工艺、运输、存放及实验中应注意的某些关键问题。     

混杂复合材料空间光学遥感器拉压承力杆件RTM成型工艺及性能研究

文章结合型号任务需求，开展了混杂复合材料拉压承力杆件干丝缠绕-RTM成型工艺研究，研制成功的制件进行了力学性能、物理性能试验及无损检测，试验结果表明，各项技术指标满足设计指标要求，其研究成果为混杂复合材料应用于空间光学遥感器承力杆件奠定了基础。     

混杂复合材料空间光学遥感器拉压承力杆件 RTM成型工艺及性能研究

文章结合型号任务需求,开展了混杂复合材料拉压承力杆件干丝缠绕-RTM成型工艺研究,研制成功的制件进行了力学性能、物理性能试验及无损检测,试验结果表明,各项技术指标满足设计指标要求,其研究成果为混杂复合材料应用于空间光学遥感器承力杆件奠定了基础。     

固体火箭发动机无损检测和无损评价技术的现状

无损检测和评价技术在固体火箭发动机研制中起着重要的作用,该文介绍了国外固体发动机无损检测和评价技术的新进展,论述了无损检测和评价技术是保证固体发动机质量和可靠性的关键技术之一,并预示了未来的发展趋势。     

液体火箭发动机钎焊、扩散焊质量检测技术研究

现代液体火箭发动机的推力室钎焊身部、发生器钎焊身部及游机推力室钎焊身部均是在高温、高压环境下工作，采用波纹板和铣槽式结构，而这种结构的钎焊和扩散焊的焊接质量直接关系到产品的承压强度及冷却效果。因此，对钎焊和扩散焊的质量检测尤为重要。着重讨论了对波纹板结构和铣槽结构的钎焊、扩散焊质量采用不同无损检测方法进行检测时，方法的可行性和存在的问题，并给出不同方法对产品的可检测性结论。     

复合材料(结构)粘接质量检测的错位散斑技术

系统地分析了错位散斑条纹的形成机制,并在多种条件(真空荷载、热流荷载、音频扫描荷载等)下对各种复合材料结构粘接质量进行了检测及评估,可检测出厚1mm层合板内直径>5mm的缺陷,夹芯结构内直径>10mm的缺陷;对于包覆层结构可检测出深度在12mm以内、直径>5mm的空隙脱粘缺陷,而零粘接力缺陷也能检测出厚度为2mm、直径>30mm的缺陷。同时引入相移技术使错位散斑检测方法不仅具备非接触、高精度和全场实时观测等特点,而且也实现了复合材料结构粘接质量的定量无损检测。     

承压管道壁厚自动化检测系统研制

研制一套自动化超声检测系统,对1~2 mm壁厚承压管道的均匀性进行检测,获得承压管道全壁厚信息,为航天系统中的承压管道可靠性和安全性设计提供依据。超声检测系统采用六点矩阵控制方法,获取承压管道周向的全壁厚信息。文中研制的系统包括超声硬件系统;机械执行系统,实现超声换能器的夹持与运动;超声软件系统,搭建数据算法,对检测信号进行分析处理。试验结果表明该自动化超声检测系统对承压管道全壁厚信息的检测精度不低于0.02 mm。该超声检测系统对其它无损检测研究和系统开发具有很好的参考价值。     

An endogenous growth pattern of roots is revealed in seedlings grown in microgravity

In plants, sensitive and selective mechanisms have evolved to perceive and respond to light and gravity. We investigated the effects of microgravity on the growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype Landsberg) in a spaceflight experiment. These studies were performed with the Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) hardware system in the middeck region of the space shuttle during mission STS-131 in April 2010. Seedlings were grown on nutrient agar in Petri dishes in BRIC hardware under dark conditions and then fixed in flight with paraformaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, or RNAlater. Although the long-term objective was to study the role of the actin cytoskeleton in gravity perception, in this article we focus on the analysis of morphology of seedlings that developed in microgravity. While previous spaceflight studies noted deleterious morphological effects due to the accumulation of ethylene gas, no such effects were observed in seedlings grown with the BRIC system. Seed germination was 89% in the spaceflight experiment and 91% in the ground control, and seedlings grew equally well in both conditions. However, roots of space-grown seedlings exhibited a significant difference (compared to the ground controls) in overall growth patterns in that they skewed to one direction. In addition, a greater number of adventitious roots formed from the axis of the hypocotyls in the flight-grown plants. Our hypothesis is that an endogenous response in plants causes the roots to skew and that this default growth response is largely masked by the normal 1?g conditions on Earth.     

SSO及GEO典型太阳质子事件单粒子翻转率估算

文章根据NOAA卫星和GOES卫星的测量数据,对太阳质子事件期间地球同步轨道（GEO）和太阳同步轨道（SSO）的质子辐射情况进行考察。采用Bendel双参数模型对GEO和SSO由质子引起的器件单粒子翻转率进行估算,并分析了影响翻转率的因素。在器件敏感度一定的情况下,单粒子翻转率与大于能量阈值的质子总通量以及质子能谱硬度呈正相关。SSO与GEO的质子辐射及单粒子翻转预测对比研究结果表明:由太阳质子事件引起的SSO质子能谱比GEO的要“软”。太阳质子事件对SSO卫星的影响与对GEO卫星的影响之间存在相关性。两轨道上DRAM型的D424100V器件和SRAM型的HM6516器件的翻转率比值接近,SSO翻转率约为GEO的13%～22%,而双极型93L422器件翻转率比值则在26%～57%之间。通过对比SSO与GEO翻转率的比值和两轨道辐射程度的比值发现,不同的器件对能谱硬度的反应各异,原因是每种器件产生SEU的能量阈值不同。     

Developments in space activities in Poland

Poland has a long-standing tradition in space activities. Polish institutions have participated as co-investigators in almost all European Space Agency (ESA) science projects, as well as on many other missions. However, the first Polish satellite (PW-SAT) was only launched in 2012. Poland was one of the first Eastern European countries to conclude a Cooperation Agreement with ESA in the peaceful use of outer space; it was signed in 1994 and followed by a second in January 2002. Negotiations on Polish membership in the ESA were started in autumn of 2011, and ended in April 2012. Following ratification of the agreement, Poland officially became the 20th Member State of ESA on 19 November 2012. This article examines how Poland is setting its way as a space nation. It describes recent developments in the Polish space programme, including the road to Poland's full membership in the European Space Agency.     

Motion sickness susceptibility during rotation at 30 rpm in free-fall parabolic flight

Free fall per se whether in parabolic or orbital flight may be regarded as a "partial" motion environment with respect to eliciting motion sickness, requiring an additional component to render this environment "complete" or stressful. Parabolic flight in toto falls in the category of a "complete" motion environment in that some persons became motion sick with head fixed and eyes closed. In the present experiment we selected subjects who were symptom free or nearly symptom free in the KC-135 with head fixed. All tests were conducted with the subject rotating at 30 rpm in a rotating litter chair, and comparisons were made between head-fixed and head-moving conditions (right-left) in the free-fall phase of parabolic flight and under simulated free-fall phases in the laboratory. With head fixed most subjects were insusceptible; with head moving left-right susceptibility was slightly higher in the laboratory than aloft. An additional comparison was made correlating susceptibility in the free-fall phases of parabolic flight with susceptibility to experimental motion sickness in Skylab. In both situations cross-coupled angular accelerations were generated by executing head and body movements out of the plane of rotation. In parabolic flight 9 of 15 subjects reached an endpoint just short of frank motion sickness. In the Skylab workshop all eight of the astronauts tested were symptom free at the end of the test. The explanation for the difference in susceptibility rests in two factors: (1) Basic susceptibility in free fall is lower than on the ground, and (2) in Skylab the astronauts who needed to adapt had achieved this goal prior to the first test on Mission-Day 8.     

The Swedish Interplanetary Society (1950–1969) and the formation of IAF and IAA

With a growing interest for rocket technology and space travel after WW II a number of new “space societies” were formed in the period 1948–1951 in addition to the ones already existing in Germany, the UK and the US since before WW II. Soon came the need for a common international platform for exchange of information and experience, and the concept of an international federation of astronautical societies emerged.Sweden was one of the 8 countries to sign the original declaration to create an International Astronautical Federation on October 2, 1950 in Paris at the 1st International Astronautical Congress. The Swedish Society for Space Research (Svenska Sällskapet för Rymdforskning) was formed a few days after the historical event in Paris. The name was soon to be changed to the Swedish Interplanetary Society (Svenska Interplanetariska Sällskapet, SIS). Sweden was one of the 10 countries to sign the IAF foundation in 1951 in London and in the following year the first Constitution of IAF in Stuttgart.The SIS quickly grow to a membership of several hundred persons and its membership in IAF promoted an intensive exchange of journals, and the annual participation at the IAC gave growth to start study projects on spacecraft and sounding rockets, and the publication of astronautical journals in Swedish. In 1957 the first Swede was elected vice-president of IAF.Not too long after the IAF foundation the idea of an international body of distinguished individuals emerged, in addition to the body of "member societies" (IAF). Upon the initiative of Theodor von Karman, Eugen Sänger and Andrew Haley the IAF council approval of an International Academy of Astronautical was given on August 15, 1960 during the 11th IAC in Stockholm. This IAC in Stockholm gave a large publicity to space research and astronautics in Sweden, and put the activities of the SIS in the focus of the general public.This paper presents the Swedish involvement in the foundation of IAF and IAA. It also gives an overview on the positive influence of these two organisations on the work and progress of the Swedish Interplanetary Society and the diffusion of astronautics to the general public in Sweden.     

Variations of ionospheric fluctuations of phase delay depending on solar activity: Data of the COSMIC experiment

We present the results of processing and analysis of more than 4500 events of radio occultation sounding of the Earth’s atmosphere observed in the course of the COSMIC experiment on the limb path ‘satellite-ionosphere-satellite’. Events observed in December 2011 (when a number of solar flares occurred) and in January 2012 (when a strong solar proton event took place) were analyzed. It is shown that small-scale variations of electron density increase in polar latitudes, equatorial region, and midlatitudes of the southern hemisphere in January 2012. In the same period, an increase of large-scale variations of electron density is observed during daylight hours in the equatorial region and in the southern hemisphere. No noticeable distinctions in comparison with days of quiet Sun were observed in December 2011.