低雷诺数下协同射流关键参数对翼型气动性能的影响

协同射流是一种高效的新型主动流动控制技术,至今缺乏关键参数对翼型气动性能影响规律的系统研究。通过引入螺旋桨激励盘模型,发展了一种新的协同射流翼型流动模拟方法,使得射流反作用力计算更符合实际。在低雷诺数条件下,以NACA6415为基准翼型开展了射流动量系数、开口尺寸和位置等关键参数对翼型气动性能的影响规律研究,并探讨了相应的物理机制。结果表明：大迎角分离流状态下,射流动量系数对翼型气动性能的影响规律比小迎角附着流状态更复杂;随着吹气口尺寸增加,气泵功率系数先减后增,有效升阻比先增后减;随着吸气口尺寸增加,气泵功率系数逐渐减小,有效升阻比先增加后趋于平稳;吹/吸气口位置对翼型气动性能和气泵功率系数的影响很小。     

低雷诺数下翼型层流分离泡及吹吸气控制数值研究

在低雷诺数下Eppler387翼型表面会出现层流分离泡现象,因此本文使用Fluent求解器开展吹/吸气控制翼型表面层流分离泡的数值研究,主要探究了射流位置、射流角度、射流速度比三个控制参数对层流分离泡控制的影响规律.研究结果表明,采用与SSTκ-ω湍流模型耦合的γ～(Reθt)转捩模型可以准确预测层流分离泡的位置;吹/吸气可以有效抑制低雷诺数下层流分离泡的发展,明显提高低雷诺数下翼型升阻比.固定射流位置,较大吸气速度比和较小吹气速度比可分别获得较好的流动控制效果,且吸气控制比吹气控制对层流分离泡的抑制作用更加有效.     

二维翼型抽吸气层流控制技术的数值研究

数值模拟了表面开孔吸气控制下的翼型绕流流场。主要研究了孔径、孔间距、吸气区大小和位置等吸气参数对二维翼型气动性能的影响。计算选用SSTk-ω湍流模型,并对标准的Wilcox转捩模式进行了修正。计算结果表明:修正的转捩模式能较好地模拟表面吸气引起的转捩位置的变化;在不同孔径、孔间距和吸气区位置的吸气控制下,翼型总阻力随吸气系数的增加均呈先减小后增大的变化规律;采用较大的孔径、孔间距以及较小的吸气区域进行吸气控制,具有较大的翼型阻力恢复吸气系数和较低的相对阻力最小值。     

喷气吹气襟翼对翼型气动性能影响研究

用雷诺平均N-S方程模拟方法对翼型上下表面局部增加喷流和吹气的增升效果进行计算分析,内容包括改变喷流压比,喷流角度,舵面状态和吹气位置,以此研究吹气襟翼和喷气襟翼对翼型气动性能的影响规律.模拟结果表明:喷气增升主要通过上下翼面压力分布实现的.在一定范围内升力随喷流的压力比升高而升高;上翼面吹气可以推迟上翼面分离且吹气位置前移推迟分离效果更加明显.     

增升减阻流动控制技术的数值模拟研究

针对微型涡流发生器、实体鼓包这两种被动流动控制技术和零净质量射流这种主动流动控制技术进行了数值模拟。研究了微型涡流发生器的高度和弦向安装位置对超临界机翼增升减阻的影响规律,高度合适的微型涡流发生器对机翼上表面的流动分离控制起着有利作用;微型涡流发生器最佳气动效率的取得与其弦向安装位置有关。研究了实体鼓包的高度对超临界翼型减少激波阻力和增加升阻比的影响规律,在激波的波脚位置有效地使用实体鼓包,可以减小激波阻力;在中高升力系数情况下,使用实体鼓包可提高升阻比。还研究了零净质量射流的速度幅值和射流频率对翼型增加升力的影响规律,随着射流速度幅值的增加,翼型的平均升力系数和阻力系数都要增加;射流频率对升力的影响呈非线性。     

基于联合射流的翼型动态失速流动控制研究

动态失速控制对于提高翼型气动特性具有重要意义。采用联合射流方法对翼型俯仰动态失速控制进行数值模拟,完成两方面的研究:一是射流关闭时射流通道对动态失速特性的影响,二是射流开启时不同射流动量系数对动态失速控制的影响和分析。结果表明:射流关闭时,射流通道的存在对翼型上仰过程中附着流阶段的气动特性产生不利影响,使得升力系数明显下降,但是对翼型下俯过程中失速分离流阶段的气动特性影响不明显;射流开启后,动态失速特性得到极大改善,迟滞环面积显著减小,升力增加,阻力减小,且阻力和力矩的峰值显著减小,原基准翼型力矩曲线的负阻尼区域消失。     

圆柱绕流的环量控制

对用壁面射流控制圆柱绕流的问题进行了研究,并探讨了喷口位置、多喷口吹气等问题。结果表明,喷口位置对圆形翼型的气动特性影响很大;多喷口吹气既可以提高圆形翼型的最大升力系数又可以降低吹气的能量消耗。     

地面效应对射流增升翼型性能影响实验研究

采用射流控制可以有效增加飞机升力、改善起降性能,而地面效应是分析飞机起降性能必须要考虑的因素。为了研究地面效应对射流增升翼型气动性能的影响,通过表面压力测量和PIV流场测量,详细对比研究了无射流条件下基本翼型、定常射流控制翼型及脉冲射流控制翼型在地面效应影响下的气动性能和流场特性。研究表明:受地面效应影响,基本翼型和射流增升翼型升力线斜率降低,升力减小,失速提前;有无地面效应时,脉冲射流的增升效果都大于定常射流;相同的射流动量系数下,距地越近,分离控制效果越差,升力也越小。     

边界层吹吸气对高负荷扩压叶栅性能的影响

采用边界层流动控制能够有效抑制扩压叶栅的流动分离。以某大弯折角低稠度扩压叶栅为研究对象,利用数值模拟手段研究了原型、叶片表面边界层单独吹气以及吹吸气相结合等边界层控制手段下的流场和叶栅性能变化情况。结果表明,无论是单独吹气还是吹吸气相结合的边界层控制方法,都能有效控制扩压叶栅中的边界层分离,从而较大幅度地增大叶栅负荷,并降低气动损失;计算表明,吹气和吸气的效果不尽相同,且吹吸气口位置及吹吸气流量对边界层的流动亦有较为明显的影响。其中采用1.7%的吹气流量,结合1.38%的吸气量,可以使静压增压比提高15%以上,而损失系数降低至原型的20%以内。     

Gurney Flap绕流气动特性研究

采用C-H型多块结构网格和SST k-ω湍流模型求解二维定常雷诺平均NS方程,对NACA4412单段翼型后缘附近和NACA63(2)-215B多段翼型襟翼后缘附近的Gurney Flap绕流进行了数值模拟。讨论了局部网格对计算结果的影响,重点研究了Gurney Flap位置和高度对气动特性的影响。计算结果表明:对于NACA4412单段翼型,Gurney Flap位置对气动性能的影响较小,但随着高度的增加,零升攻角和失速攻角减小,最大升力系数增大,同时阻力系数和力矩系数增加;对于NACA63(2)-215B多段翼型,Gurney Flap对气动性能的影响类似于NACA4412单段翼型情形。     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement of co-flow jet airfoil with simple high-lift device

The present study performed a numerical investigation to explore the performance enhancement of a co-flow jet (CFJ) airfoil with simple high-lift device configuration, with a specific goal to examine the feasibility and capability of the proposed configuration for low-speed take-off and landing. Computations have been accomplished by an in-house-programmed Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solver enclosed by k-ω shear stress transport turbulence model. Three crucial geometric parameters, viz., injection slot location, suction slot location and its angle were selected for the sake of revealing their effects on aerodynamic lift, drag, power consumption and equivalent lift-to-drag ratio. Results show that using simple high-lift devices on CFJ airfoil can significantly augment the aerodynamic associated lift and efficiency which evidences the feasibility of CFJ for short take-off and landing with small angle of attack. The injection and suction slot locations are more influential with respect to the aerodynamic performance of CFJ airfoil compared with the suction slot angle. The injection location is preferable to be located in the downstream of the pressure suction peak on leading edge to reduce the power expenditure of the pumping system for a relative higher equivalent lift-to-drag ratio. Another concluded criterion is that the suction slot should be oriented on the trailing edge flap for achieving more aerodynamic gain, meanwhile, carefully selecting this location is crucial in determining the aerodynamic enhancement of CFJ airfoil with deflected flaps.     

Gao-Yong模型用于吹气环量控制翼型的研究

应用Gao-Yong湍流模型模拟了吹气对翼型表面分离流控制的影响.结果表明,该模型不仅能够对翼型绕流的分离点、表面压力分布、升阻特性等做出较好预测,而且还能模拟出控制分离的吹气效果:①有效消除翼面分离涡;②"裹携"翼面来流进一步提高升力系数.提高吹气动量系数,升力曲线上移的幅度也相应增加;而吹气角度对吹气射流"裹携"作用的强弱也有一定的影响,当吹气方向相对于翼弦偏上时,吹气射流"裹携"来流与消除分离涡的作用增强,升力提升更为明显.      

翼型喷气增升效应的数值模拟

应用数值方法模拟了飞行器升力面下表面喷气的增升作用。数值模拟的出发方程是Ｎ－Ｓ方程,格式为Ｂｅａｍ－Ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ格式的改进型。模拟结果表明：喷气增升主要是通过改变上、下翼面的压力分布实现的。在一定范围内升力随气流出口速度增加而加大,气流出口速度超过一定值后升力开始下降。喷口位置后移增升效果较好。单一增大气流出口压力时增升效果无明显变化。     

喷流流动控制增升效应数值模拟

飞机的增升系统是影响其起降性的重要因素,为了研究飞机下表面喷流流动控制增升效应,采用数值模拟方法与结构网格求解不可压Navier-Stokes方程,对NACA0012翼型和机翼进行研究。通过改变喷气口的参数来研究其对翼型和机翼气动特性的影响。对于翼型,主要研究喷气口速度和位置对翼型气动特性的影响;对于机翼,主要研究喷气口区域沿展向分布和喷气速度对机翼气动特性和能量利用率的影响。计算结果表明:采用喷气控制可以获得较好的气动特性,增升效果也比较明显,控制效果和上述几个参数均有一定关系。本次研究为机翼喷气口设计以及机翼局部喷气控制展向分布的选取提供了依据。     

零质量射流推迟翼型失速的数值模拟

 通过在具有分离流动的翼型表面局部地引入零质量射流干扰,可以较小的能量代价实现对翼型绕流的全局性主动控制,从而达到抑制分离、推迟翼型失速的目的。本文发展了零质量射流与翼型绕流干扰的数值分析方法。在格心有限体积法的基础上,空间离散采用AUSM+up格式,时间推进运用含牛顿型LU-SGS子迭代的全隐式双时间法,且引入了预处理方法和多重网格法等技术。以TAU0015翼型失速主动控制为算例,通过在翼型上表面前缘附近引入零质量射流控制,使翼型失速特性得到改善。将计算结果与实验结果做了比较,验证了本文发展的数值模拟方法及程序的正确性。还以NACA0015翼型为例研究了射流动量系数、射流频率、射流偏角等关键参数对失速控制效果的影响,得出一些关于如何选择控制参数的结论。     

Parametric analyses on dynamic stall control of rotor airfoil via synthetic jet

The effects of synthetic jet control on unsteady dynamic stall over rotor airfoil are investigated numerically. A moving-embedded grid method and an Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) solver coupled with k-x Shear Stress Transport(SST) turbulence model are established for predicting the complex flowfields of oscillatory airfoil under jet control. Additionally, a velocity boundary condition modeled by sinusoidal function has been developed to fulfill the perturbation effect of periodic jet. The validity of present CFD method is evaluated by comparisons of the calculated results of baseline dynamic stall case for rotor airfoil and jet control case for VR-7 B airfoil with experimental data. Then, parametric analyses are conducted emphatically for an OA212 rotor airfoil to investigate the effects of jet control parameters(jet location, dimensionless frequency, momentum coefficient, jet angle, jet type and dual-jet) on dynamic stall characteristics of rotor airfoil. It is demonstrated by the calculated results that efficiency of jet control could be improved with specific momentum coefficient and jet angle when the jet is located near separation point of rotor airfoil. Furthermore, the dual-jet could improve control efficiency more obviously on dynamic stall of rotor airfoil with respect to the unique jet, and the influence laws of dual-jet's angles and momentum coefficients on control effects are similar to those of the unique jet. Finally,unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of rotor via synthetic jet which is located on the upper surface of rotor blade in forward flight are calculated, and as a result, the aerodynamic characteristics of rotor are improved compared with the baseline. The results indicate that synthetic jet has the capability in improving aerodynamic characteristics of rotor.     

襟翼吹吸气控制技术在二维多段翼型中应用的数值模拟

飞机在增升装置打开的情况下,襟翼后缘流动分离严重,阻碍升力系数的增加,可以采取主动流动控制的方法控制分离,提高升力系数。本文利用FLUENT 6.3.26软件,针对某多段翼,在襟翼上翼面设置吹吸气孔,分别进行吹、吸气控制,通过改变流量和孔的位置,进行了襟翼上翼面吹、吸气流动控制对二维多段翼型升力性能影响的数值模拟。计算结果表明:应用吹、吸气技术均可获得更高的升力系数,且能延迟边界层的分离;不同的吹吸气孔流量、位置,对多段翼升力增量有不同程度的影响。     

翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制试验

针对动态失速引起的翼型气动性能恶化的问题,利用小型化的激励电源和介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器,借助动态压力测量和外触发式粒子图像测速（PIV）等手段开展了翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制试验研究。结果表明,等离子体气动激励能够有效控制翼型动态失速,改善平均气动力,提高翼型气动效率,减小气动力随迎角变化的迟滞区域。等离子体诱导出前缘附近的贴体翼面涡,促进分离流再附;增加了上翼面0.2~0.4弦长区域的吸力,减小了升力系数功率谱密度（PSD）分布的二、三、四阶能量幅值,在研究工况下实现了平均升力系数增加7.1%、失速迎角推迟1.3°和迟滞区域减小4.5%的明显控制效果;4°~9°迎角段,等离子体使得翼型平均阻力系数减小40%。此外,振荡频率增加使翼型绕流的非定常性增强,较高雷诺数下的翼型动态分离涡更加难以被抑制,均需要增加等离子体激励强度才能达到较好的控制效果。     

Separation control on NACA23012 using synthetic jet

A numerical study of separation control has been made to investigate aerodynamic characteristics of NACA23012 airfoil with synthetic jets. Computed results demonstrated that stall characteristics and control surface performance could be substantially improved by resizing separation vortices. The maximum lift was obtained when the separation point coincides with the synthetic jet location and the non-dimensional frequency is about 1. In addition, separation control effect was proportional to the peak velocity of the synthetic jet. It was observed that the actual flow control mechanism and flow structure is fundamentally different depending on the range of synthetic jet frequency. For low frequency range, small vortices due to synthetic jet penetrated to the large leading edge separation vortex, and as a result, the size of the leading edge vortex was remarkably reduced. For high frequency range, however, small vortex did not grow up enough to penetrate into the leading edge separation vortex. Instead, synthetic jet firmly attached the local flow and influenced the circulation of the virtual airfoil shape which is the combined shape of the main airfoil with the separation vortex. As a way to reduce the jet peak velocity, performance of a multi-array synthetic jet was investigated. Moreover, a high frequency multi-location synthetic jet was exploited to efficiently eliminate the unstable flow structure which was observed in low frequency range. Finally, by changing the phase angle in multi-location synthetic jets, highly controlled flow characteristics could be obtained with multi-array/multi-location synthetic jets. This shows efficiency of the current approach in separation control using synthetic jet.