基于MBSE的副翼及其操纵系统研发技术及应用

飞机的设计研发是一项涉及多学科领域、多目标、多约束的复杂系统工程过程,系统耦合紧密、参与人员众多、设计信息庞杂,以文档为中心的需求管理等传统研发方法突显出一定的困难,亟需探索新的飞机设计研发方法。以副翼及其操纵系统为研究对象,对基于模型的系统工程(Model Based System Engineering,以下简称MBSE)方法进行了探索研究:采用达索MBSE方法论-MMS(Modeling Methodology for Systems,以下简称MMS),从使命、服务、功能和组件不同视角对副翼及其操纵系统研发的各个方面进行解析,进而完整定义系统;利用达索3D Experience平台,通过RFLP系统工程架构,进行了副翼及其操纵系统的需求开发、功能分析及逻辑架构设计,完成了需求、功能、逻辑架构、系统仿真、物理设计等模型的关联追溯,实现了以达索MBSE方法论为核心的研发技术的有效应用。     

基于模型的载人航天器研制方法研究与实践

载人航天器具有系统规模大、技术难度高、单件小批量、无法通过多次飞行持续完善设计、可靠性要求高等特点。当前载人航天器研制中仍存在着参数化和模型化程度不高、基于模型的系统综合仿真验证不足、研制各环节缺乏数字化集成等问题，传统基于文本的系统工程方法已无法满足研制需求，亟需采用基于模型的系统工程方法。本文针对载人航天器的研制现状和应用需求，提出了面向载人航天器全生命周期的模型体系，定义了需求模型、功能模型、产品模型、工程模型、制造模型、实做模型等六类模型，提出了基于模型的研制流程，包含系统设计闭环验证、产品设计闭环验证、实做产品闭环验证3个验证环节，并深入探索了各研制环节中不同模型间的传递与关联关系。以某型号载人航天器为应用基础，系统地验证了提出的方法。     

Got software? what managers and engineers need to know

As part of a JPL-wide software quality initiative aimed at addressing the challenges of developing, managing, and acquiring software, a team at JPL generated a detailed Software Training Plan for both managers and engineers. The team took the approach of treating the software training program as though it were a system development task and went through all the typical phases of system development including requirements, design, and implementation. During the requirements collection phase, the team conducted dozens of interviews and identified the specific skills needed. The skills fell into categories such as software management, software engineering, systems engineering, and other technical areas. However, an equally important finding was that several "soft" skills were deemed critical for the successful and timely management and implementation of software-intensive systems. This discusses JPL's approach and "lessons learned" from planning and delivering a software training program in an engineering and scientific environment.     

Development Engineering on System 465L

The development engineering involved in large scale systems is but one of many problems included in acquisition of these systems. The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the engineering problems encountered in the development of the Strategic Air Command and Control System 465L and to indicate how the interaction between the technical problems and the nontechnical problems affects the final engineering decisions. In this paper we will indicate the basic requirements for the system and show how the system was configured to meet these requirements. The deficiencies uncovered in the design and first cut solutions to the problems and the compromises which were necessary to implement the system will also be discussed. Illustrative examples will be used to show how the design evolved into the final system configuration which is now in use.     

Network centric interoperability - using a variable message format (VMF) based data-link to improve situational awareness and close air support (CAS)

Clearly demonstrated in the recent military deployments in Afghanistan and Iraq, one of the most significant challenges now facing the warfighter is how to seamlessly interface the myriad of disparate stand-alone situational awareness (SA) and close air support (CAS) systems into the DoD's Network Centric Warfare (NCW) infrastructure. This point was recently highlighted in the Secretary of Defense's testimony to the Senate Armed Services Committee. Referring to mission critical shortfalls that occurred during the IRAQ deployment, the Secretary discussed the state of the current warfighting environment (Rumsfeld and Franks, 2003). Although tremendous progress has been made in the integration of new and emerging technologies and their applications on the battlefield, there is still a significant lack of interoperability between various communication systems. To address these battlespace management environment issues, Raytheon Technical Services Company's Engineering and Production Support facility underwent a product development effort to provide a network centric interoperability demonstration for CAS. This demonstration utilized various Raytheon-fielded SA and CAS products in a representative CAS scenario interfacing to variable message format (VMF) based data links. This paper addresses the systems and software issues encountered during this successful demonstration of CAS battlespace connectivity. This presentation will also discuss lessons learned during our product development from both a systems and a software engineering perspective.     

跨声速风洞全模颤振试验技术

介绍了跨声速全模颤振试验的发展现状和存在的问题。探讨了全模颤振试验对风洞和支撑系统等试验设备的要求。对于风洞,主要从风洞洞体和流场等方面分析了进行颤振试验所需要具备的性能,并以中国空气动力研究与发展中心的2.4m跨声速风洞为例,介绍了进行颤振试验必须要采取的控制措施。对于支撑系统,则从模型运动自由度、支撑系统稳定性和支撑系统频率等方面的要求,阐述了设计支撑系统的困难,并简要分析了目前国内外发展的多种全模颤振支撑系统的结构原理及其优缺点。然后介绍了系统安全的保证措施,包括支撑系统稳定性分析、风洞紧急停车控制系统和模型保护装置等。最后根据飞行器发展的需求,探讨了今后需要完善和发展的几个主要问题。     

系统工程方法在民用航空产品研制中的应用思考

随着航空产品研制日益复杂,越来越多的民用航空企业都期望在产品研制中应用并推广系统工程的方法,以提高企业民用航空产品的研制能力,为此需要按系统工程的方法构建民用航空产品研制体系。针对该问题,从要求层、程序层、方法层、作业层四层体系架构进行了阐述,对顶层的系统工程要求如何在具体实践之间的落地进行了探索。     

Lessons learned using software-assisted systems engineering on large satellite development contracts

Over the years, the world's defense industries have become quite proficient at developing large, complex hardware and software systems. In recent years, the ubiquitous deployment of personal computers has changed the way we work. Additionally, took designed to facilitate systems engineering have recently matured enough to start having a major impact on many major systems development efforts. Finally, the government's faster-better-cheaper acquisition philosophy has started driving prime contractors to a concurrent engineering approach toward systems engineering. This confluence of experts is has had unexpected impacts on both the flexibility and rigor of requirements management processes. While the maturing requirements and design took hold great promise in maintaining requirements traceability throughout the design process, the widespread use of desktop computing systems has inadvertently lulled many experienced systems engineers into sloppy processes because it now appears to be a simple matter to make a requirements change in a softcopy of a requirements document. Without strong process and management support, requirements changes inevitably start being derived in a broad spectrum of incompatible took and formats. This author is currently participating in the design phase of a major classified government satellite development effort. As an integral member of an extremely experienced requirements management team (boasting over 150 years of combined experience in the defense industry), this author has had the opportunity to watch the team navigate straight into many of the systems engineering potholes created when talented engineers implement concurrent engineering using a variety of tools without a consistent process framework. This paper, therefore, specifically addresses process and implementation challenges that arose when establishing a software-assisted concurrent-engineering approach on a large satellite development contract.     

Systems engineering execution and knowledge management

The purpose of this is to refocus programs back to the basic objectives of systems engineering execution and capturing key domain knowledge during the time when organizations are adopting new processes, procedures, or technology. While change is necessary, the discipline of the systems engineering and development process (requirements, design, implementation, test, delivery, product feedback, and sustainment) can be adversely impacted in the predicament of checking the updated process and/or procedure compliance box. Simplified approaches will be provided to better manage products and teams including discussion of web and database tools. These approaches provide the ability to better understand and manage products in an age of, sometimes, overwhelming circumstances. This identifies simplified solutions, improvement suggestions, and work flow diagrams with key entry points (framework) for new and legacy programs that include: appointment of improvement focals; maximum use of web portals (one-stop shopping); maximum focus on information that is "need to know," and is provided in a simple, database-driven manner (project domain knowledge management); minimum focus on information that is "nice to know" but is provided for career advancement; common sense entry points for existing programs by utilizing data obtained from quick assessments and Peer Reviews including standard meeting agendas, intergroup coordination meetings, and common status report templates.     

先进战斗机生命保障系统

生命保障系统为适应新型战斗机发展需求,围绕"以人为保障对象"系统特征,采用基于系统工程的需求/功能分析方法,从飞机总体、生理、六性、飞管、任务等需求出发,提出系统需求,开展需求分析向工程实践转化研究,确定分解了系统、成品的设计及指标要求。通过系统架构优化、提高快速响应能力研究,建立大系统综合的系统架构。基于数据共享、控制融合的飞管平台以及氧气介质传感器技术,结合六性、FMECA和FTA,开展数字协同环境下生命保障系统综合设计,系统电子信息化程度取得突破,具备高度综合的全数字显示与控制、自主诊断和状态监测能力,获得高效维修保障能力,为实现玻璃化座舱、快速出动、快速布防、跨区域作战、自主保障提供有力支撑。     

A database for crew system design: lessons-learned

To aid designers in overcoming problems of technical oversights or designer unfamiliarity with the operational environment, a database of lessons learned has been specified to highlight previously identified design deficiencies and prevent their perpetuation. Interface design requirements, search and retrieval procedures, and special system features are described, and a user interface is proposed for such a system. The content and organization of the lessons learned and a form to guide contributors through performance of new lessons are presented     

ISE: intelligent synthesis environment for future aerospace systems

The Intelligent Synthesis Environment (ISE) being developed by NASA, UVA, and JPL for significantly enhancing the rapid creation of innovative affordable products and missions is described. ISE uses a synergistic combination of leading-edge technologies, including high-performance computing, high-capacity communications and networking, virtual product development, knowledge-based engineering, computational intelligence, human-computer interaction, and product information management. The environment will link scientists, design teams, manufacturers, suppliers, and consultants who participate in the mission synthesis, as well as in the creation and operation of the aerospace system. It will radically advance the process by which complex science missions are synthesized, and high-tech engineering systems are designed, manufactured, and operated. The evolution of engineering design is described along with the shortcomings of current product development techniques. The need for ISE to create high-science payoff missions and aerospace systems at affordable costs is discussed. The five major components critical to ISE and some of their sub-elements are described: namely, human-ISE interaction; infrastructure for distributed collaboration; rapid synthesis and simulation tools; intelligent life-cycle system integration; and cultural change in the creative process. Related government and industry programs are outlined and future impact of ISE on complex missions and aerospace systems is discussed.     

识别民机产业发展特点 提高民用航空产品研发水平

就基本的管理规律和参数而言,所有航空产品的研制基本一致,但因为市场和客户的不同,民用航空产品研制在体系建设和技术覆盖面方面有自己的特点,尤其是适航规章要求和客户使用环境不同,使得民用航空产品的研制必须要更多地把产品全寿命周期的技术成功和运行支持纳入早期的研制活动,这必然带来在研制体系和技术能力建设方面的差异化,而早日识别和把握这些差别是民用航空产品产业健康发展的必须。     

The Development of Systems Engineering

Systems engineering is described as the design of the whole as distinguished from the design of the parts. Systems engineers create the architecture of the system, define the criteria for its evaluation, and perform tradeoff studies for optimization of the subsystem characteristics. In addition to their own brains, the principal tool of systems engineers is the computer. Systems engineering has evolved during a long series of major developments, in particular the intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) program. The major growth of systems engineering is expected to be in the improvement of its tools and in the enlargement of the range of problems to which it is applied.     

Pilots's Associate Demonstration One

A brief overview is given of the DARPA- and AFWAL-sponsored Pilot's Associate Demonstration One project. The project developed prototypes for four avionics expert systems, with an emphasis on a crew station information manager (CSIM) system. CSIM operated on information from three supporting subsystems: a situation assessor, a mission planner, and an integration controller. These expert system (ES) prototypes were demonstrated in both a stand-alone environment on an symbolic processor and integrated with an engineering flight simulator. Some of the lessons learned during the project and potential future research directions for avionics ES are examined     

MBSE在航空飞行控制系统的应用研究

现代飞机系统的复杂性不断增长,传统的开发方法在管理和维护方面变得越来越具有挑战性。首先,对航空飞控系统研发过程在当前系统工程实践方面进行了评估,阐述了传统开发方式的不足和基于模型的系统工程（MBSE）的核心原则和优点,以及在实现中常用的工具和方法;然后,展示了MBSE如何在飞行控制系统研发时使用模型来支持复杂系统的规范、设计、分析、验证和确认的过程;最后,结合先进的MBSE工具和方法的发展,MBSE结合敏捷的开发前景,以及提高MBSE实践的互操作性和标准化的需求对未来的研究方向进行了展望。本文研究为利用MBSE方法论和工具来改进飞行控制系统的设计、开发和性能感兴趣的航空工业专业人员、系统工程师提供资源和解决思路。     

Mission/flight systems integration study: a long-term electronicsplanning project

The objective of the Mission/Flight System Integration Study (M/FSIS) is to identify the requirements and development objectives for electronics systems technologies and conceptual architectures in future weapon system applications (in and around the year 2005), based on analyses of future missions, threats, scenarios, aerospace system concepts, and technology trends. The products are substantiated requirements for future electronics functions, systems, and architecture; technology development objectives and roadmaps; and conceptual electronics architectures and functional definitions. The study outputs will serve to guide laboratory technology development planning and programs; guide weapon system program office long-range electronics planning; illustrate user needs in terms of electronics requirements; and guide air logistics center weapon-system master planning     

A Digital Map Set for the Night Attack Aircraft

There has been much interest recently in applying cartographic digital data bases to advanced avionics systems as a solution to specific problems associated with night attack aircraft missions. The tremendous computer horsepower required to accomplish this task in real-time in an airborne environment is well documented. Hardware implementation of complex algorithms traditionally has produced custom devices which accomplish a specific function on a specific data structure. Historically, this has resulted in powerful but inflexible systems incapable of adapting to the changing requirements of military missions. In an age of evolving technology, these pitfalls must be avoided by incorporating expected changes into the design of digital map systems. If they are made to accommodate a variety of cartographic data bases and allow for programmable manipulation of those bases, this new class of digital map sets can be reconfigured at the software level to meet the changing requirements of aircraft missions. This paper addresses current design concepts for such a map system on a Night Attack aircraft. The focus is on issues concerning the development and handling of existing map data products to meet current system requirements. This system, called the Digital Map Set (DMS), is being designed to accomplish the classical manipulations of Defense Mapping Agency Digital Land Mass System data. Additionally, aeronautical charts, aerial reconnaissance photos, flight plan data, and other two-dimensional bit mapped graphics also are accommodated. Mission requirements relating to the cartographic data bases shall be discussed along with ground support station and airborne system design issues.     

面向测试性虚拟验证的功能-故障-行为-测试-环境一体化模型

 由于测试性预计和测试性试验验证客观存在的困难及问题,测试性虚拟验证将在测试性工程领域发挥重要作用.根据测试性虚拟验证对模型的需求,针对传统测试性模型存在的定量特征少、导致测试性评估结果不准确等问题,提出一种功能-故障-行为-测试-环境一体化模型.首先,分析并指出该一体化模型由功能、故障、行为、测试、环境5大类要素构成.然后,在数学上对该一体化模型及其子模型进行定义和描述,分析并建立各子模型之间的关联关系.最后以某导弹及其测试系统为案例进行实验和应用研究.结果表明,在建模信息量充足的情况下,基于该一体化模型得到的测试性虚拟试验验证与评估结果较准确,能较好地支持装备测试性摸底、鉴定与验收等.     

Feature analysis on US military aircraft engine advanced technology programs

US military aircraft engine advanced technology programs were overviewed and analyzed from light weight gas generator (LWGG) program initiated in 1960s through integrated high performance turbine engine technology (IHPTET) program started in 1980s, then to versatile affordable advanced turbine engine (VAATE) program. Some features and trends were summarized and concluded by literature statistics method, such as teams based on closely corporation among government, industries and academics, goals oriented with national defence strategies and weapon system development requirements, engineering manufacture and development including all relative disciplines and areas, verification measured by technology readiness level, the application extending to military aircraft engine, civilian engine, gas turbine and space vehicle, etc. The experience and lessons obtained can provide reference and guide for technology research and engineering manufacture and development of military aircraft engines in the world.