双模态超燃冲压发动机点火方案对比试验

在来流马赫数2、总温840K的双模态超燃冲压发动机扩张型燃烧室的冷启动工况下,对凹腔上游的煤油横向射流喷雾的三种点火方案(热射流点火、乙烯引导点火、凹腔内局部补氧点火)进行了试验对比研究.采用高速相机拍摄了不同点火方式下的初始火焰生成和发展过程,对比分析了各种点火方案的点火接力过程和压力响应特点.试验研究表明,热射流火焰和喷雾下游掺混燃烧后通过火焰逆传形成凹腔驻留火焰,室压受热射流供应及其与喷雾作用的非定常特性的影响较大;乙烯引导点火受乙烯燃烧强度的影响,在研究的参数范围内,由于生成的乙烯火焰较弱,易被煤油喷雾浇熄,旨在凹腔内形成接力火焰的点火方法未能实现乙烯引导的成功点火;在凹腔内局部补氧能够改善煤油喷雾的点火性能,点火接力过程过渡平稳.     

基于高速摄影图像处理统计分析的点火过程试验

针对空气来流马赫数为2.1、总温为846K,总压为0.7MPa的条件下凹腔内的强迫点火过程,利用高速摄影观测了凹腔主动喷注方式的乙烯强迫点火试验.基于高速摄影图像的合成分析和概率统计,提出了能够定量分析出点火过程凹腔火焰稳定和燃烧室火焰分布的试验研究方法;利用该研究方法,采用主动喷注方式在全局当量比为0.15和0.17(相应的主动喷注当量比分别为0.04和0.06)的条件下,对比研究了采用凹腔后壁面喷注的喷注方案和采用凹腔前壁喷注和后壁面喷注相结合的喷注方案的点火试验过程;定量分析了这两种喷注方案点火后的凹腔火焰稳定和燃烧室内的火焰分布.当凹腔主动喷注当量比为0.04时,点火凹腔内并没有形成良好的局部压力反馈,火焰在点火凹腔内常以不连续形式稳定存在.当主动喷注当量比达到0.06时,整个燃烧室的火焰分布要更加均匀.针对超声速来流条件下的点火过程瞬态图像,该方法能够有效地开展定性分析和定量研究.      

低马赫数下多凹腔燃烧室非稳态燃烧过程

作为稳定火焰的有效手段之一,凹腔构型在冲压发动机燃烧室研究中占有重要地位。在对以煤油为燃料的多凹腔燃烧室冷/热态流动特性分析的基础上,重点研究低进口马赫数条件下燃烧室点火起动初期非稳态过程。结果表明：上游凹腔内大涡结构有助于提高燃料的驻留时间,未燃混气被高速主流带入下游凹腔内继续反应,进一步提高燃烧效率;燃油喷射速度决定被卷吸进回流区的燃油质量分数的大小,进而影响燃烧效率高低;燃烧室点火起动初期出现了主流熄火、火焰逆流传播以及主流再着火等复杂现象,火焰逆流传播现象是在上游凹腔内燃料自燃与下游燃烧释热压缩来流两种机制共同作用下完成的。     

自点火氢燃料超燃火焰形成与传播过程数值模拟及分析

针对氢燃料超燃冲压发动机燃烧室内的燃烧细节,采用数值方法研究了喷注初期不同喷注位置及当量比下超燃燃烧室氢燃料自点火火焰形成与传播过程,结合OH、HO2自由基与温度分布分析了点火燃烧过程的火焰精细流场结构。结果表明：凹腔下游喷孔距凹腔后缘较近时,若喷注压力超过2 MPa,会发生下游火焰通过回流区卷入凹腔的现象;凹腔内喷注会在凹腔剪切层前沿形成稳定反应面,造成反应区分离;喷注压力相同时,上游布置喷孔燃烧室出口氧耗率更高,总压恢复系数降低,而在喷注位置相同时,随喷注压力的升高,燃烧室出口氧耗率提高,总压恢复系数降低;喷注当量比不同会影响火焰的稳定位置与结构,在当量比较低时氢气燃烧主要发生在凹腔、剪切层及燃烧室下游,在当量比较高时则发生在燃烧室下游。     

超声速气流中乙烯点火试验与影响因素

对超声速气流中的非预混乙烯燃料扩散点火过程进行了试验研究,采用高速摄影、纹影技术获得了点火过程的火焰成功传播与失效图像和激波动态演化过程。基于点火前喷注混合流场的NPLS（纳米粒子散射）、PIV（粒子图像测速）试验数据和大涡模拟结果对影响点火结果的关键因素进行了研究,分析了点火过程的燃料分布、回流区尺寸、激波串作用、气动壅塞效应等关键流动特征对火焰传播过程和点火失效模式之间的影响关系。研究结果表明,点火过程的激波串前移过程会对燃料的分布造成影响,并进而影响凹腔内的燃料质量分数分布;凹腔角回流区是初始火焰形成的关键区域,点火能量在该区域累积建立凹腔角回流区火焰后,分别扩展形成凹腔驻留火焰,并向下游输运、掺混燃烧,建立预燃激波串,形成点火过程的正向压力反馈;凹腔内燃料分布受喷注位置、喷注压力的影响,采用凹腔内主动喷注的方法能够主动调节凹腔内的燃料分布,有助于初始火核的形成,能有效避免点火过程中由于压力反馈对燃料分布影响造成的熄火现象。      

超声速气流中煤油喷雾的热射流强迫点火

在来流马赫数为2、总温为840K的双模态超燃冲压发动机扩张型燃烧室的冷起动工况条件下,对凹腔上游的煤油横向射流喷雾的热射流强迫点火过程进行了试验研究.采用高速相机拍摄了点火过程中的煤油喷雾阴影和自发光火焰的动态发展图像,对比分析了热射流喷射位置和喷射方向对点火试验结果及其凹腔驻留火焰形成的影响.试验结果表明:热射流点火主要以凹腔下游热射流与煤油喷雾的掺混燃烧为主要特征;远场的火焰逆流传播形成凹腔驻留火焰是热射流实现成功点火的主要机制.      

基于500 Hz OH-PLIF技术的超声速燃烧室火焰结构

针对超声速燃烧室火焰驻留时间短和高湍流度的特点,利用500 Hz高频OH-PLIF(planar laser induced fluorescence)技术,研究了氢燃料超声速燃烧室火焰结构,结合壁面压力,获得了点火、稳焰以及熄火过程的规律。结果表明：隔离段入口来流马赫数为2的情况下,氢气当量比0.1和0.3,在火花塞点火下,2 ms均能点燃并获得PLIF火焰图像,其中当量比为0.1凹槽内存在爆燃现象,火焰达到稳定燃烧状态较慢(约65 ms)。稳焰过程中,当量比为0.3燃烧相对不充分,燃烧区域更靠近下壁面,燃烧位置和火核位置变化较大。当量比为0.1和0.3,熄火时间均在6 ms内,其中当量比为0.1熄火时火焰是从凹腔中部传播到凹腔前缘位置熄灭并伴随有一个短暂火焰增强的过程,并且在传播至凹腔前缘时已接近熄灭,当量比为0.3在熄灭前则是慢慢变弱,最终在凹腔前缘至喷氢位置间熄灭。     

准直流放电等离子体对超燃燃烧室中碳氢燃料燃烧的影响研究

为研究低燃空比条件下,准直流放电等离子对超燃燃烧室中乙烯燃烧流场的影响,在凹腔上游以及底部前壁面处布置电极产生等离子体,通过数值模拟方法,分析了不同等离子体激励强度下,燃烧室凹腔后缘附近压力分布、燃烧室总压损失、乙烯燃烧效率和燃烧室中水的分布情况。研究结果表明:准直流放电等离子体激励强度越高,对凹腔后缘附近压力场稳定能力越强。等离子体的存在,使得燃烧室出口总压损失微弱增加,损失最大值增加1.9%。燃烧室中乙烯燃烧效率平均提高1.77倍,随着激励强度的提高,燃烧效率呈现先增高后降低的趋势。等离子体改善了燃烧室中水的分布,凹腔内部产物分布范围更广、燃烧更加充分。     

用小支板及凹腔组合提高火箭冲压组合发动机的燃烧性能

为了研究RBCC亚燃模态的高效稳定燃烧,对小支板及凹腔结合的火焰稳定及燃烧组织方式进行多次试验研究,结果表明,凹腔与支板的火焰稳定及燃烧组织方式能有效地改善燃料的燃烧性能,提升燃烧室压强,凹腔与支板相对位置对燃烧的放热位置及燃烧性能也有影响。为了进一步研究燃烧流场内部参数变化,选取其中一种试验工况进行数值模拟,结果表明,在RBCC混合燃烧模式中,采用支板与凹腔组合的火焰组织及稳定方式,能够在较短距离实现煤油的高效燃烧,获得较好的燃烧性能,并且可以从中发现热力喉道的形成与凹腔的后斜壁收缩有关联,在实现稳定高效燃烧的条件下,获得直扩的双模态燃烧室内较为稳定的热力喉道。     

并联凹腔火焰稳定器超声速燃烧特性实验研究

为研究并联凹腔火焰稳定器的超声速燃烧特性,通过在凹腔上游喷注乙烯,采用单边扩张型燃烧室在当量比φ=0.43~1.07内进行了一系列直连式燃烧试验。模型燃烧室入口参数为Ma=3.46,总温Tt=1430K。基于燃烧室壁面静压分布、推力增益、燃料比冲和燃烧流场的可见光与纹影图像分析了并联凹腔在不同当量比下的火焰结构、流场特征和燃烧性能。结果表明,上、下壁面凹腔附近的流动条件差异显著,燃烧过程与当地流动条件之间的强烈耦合作用使得燃烧室内火焰分布显著不对称。发动机燃烧性能对当量比十分敏感,壁面静压水平和推力增益随当量比增加持续升高,但φ=0.43~0.62时的增加速率远大于φ=0.76~1.07时的。φ=0.43~0.62时,燃料比冲和燃烧效率随当量比增加而升高;而φ=0.76~1.07时,燃料比冲和燃烧效率随当量比增加而降低。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.