Canada's role on space station

The paper addresses the evolution of the Canadian Space Station Program between 1981 and 2003. Discussions with potential international partners, aimed at jointly developing the current International Space Station program, were initiated by NASA in 1982. Canada chose, through the further development of the technologies of Canadarm on the space shuttle, to provide and operate an advanced and comprehensive external robotics system for space station, and to use the space station for scientific and commercial purposes. The program was to become a corner-stone of the new Canadian Space Agency. The development phase of the Canadian Space Station Program has been completed and two of the three major elements are currently operational in space.     

Flunking on space station cooperation?

This article looks at the collaboration between the USA and Europe to develop a permanently manned space station. The US view was initially somewhat conjectural and European involvement has become a matter of dispute. The problem started with President Reagan's vague invitation which has not been followed up. NASA, directed by Congress, has already established a programme to which European contributions would appear as afterthoughts. While, on the other hand, the Europeans have asked for a collaboration, at the same time insisting on separate ownership, jurisdiction, use and control of the elements they intend to provide.     

The space station and Mars

This article presents a plan for reconfiguring the US-international Space Station, which could be used to undertake exploration of Mars. The author believes that there is an urgent need to give a unified purpose to the US Shuttle, Space Station and space science activities, and that planning for an international Mars sample return mission along the lines outlined here could start the US space programme moving again within budgetary requirements.     

Law aboard the space station

For over two decades, multilateral treaties have governed the spaceborne activities of nations in a variety of situations. In recent years, however, it has been apparent that a legal vacuum exists concerning the activities of individual citizens who are sent into space by the spacefaring nations. Few laws exist which are specifically intended to regulate private individuals and entities in space. This situation has led to uncertainty for potential participants in NASA's international Space Station programme. Moreover, it now appears that the Intergovernmental Agreement concerning the Space Station may not solve the problem.     

Eye light flashes on the Mir space station

The phenomenon of light flashes (LF) in eyes for people in space has been investigated onboard Mir. Data on particles hitting the eye have been collected with the SilEye detectors, and correlated with human observations. It is found that a nucleus in the radiation environment of Mir has roughly a 1% probability to cause an LF, whereas the proton probability is almost three orders of magnitude less. As a function of LET, the LF probability increases above 10 keV/micrometer, reaching about 5% at around 50 keV/micrometer.     

Telemedicine for the international space station

The medical care for the integrated crew of the International Space Station (ISS) will require close co-operation between the partner agencies in the areas of selection, medical surveillance, countermeasures, and handling of acute medical problems. Based on a commonly accepted policy of shared care and responsibilities medical guidelines, procedures, and standards for medical data and communication need to be harmonised under the responsibility of the Multilateral Medical Operations Panel (MMOP). A supporting telemedical network connecting the partners on an organisational and technical level will facilitate the harmonisation process and provide new tools for effective co-operation between medical professionals. Earth bound projects with similar application areas can profit from and contribute to this development and need to be considered for efficient implementation and exploitation.     

空间站热分析综述

作为空间站研制、试验和运行管理的重要基础,系统级热分析已在国内外广泛开展。文章对空间站舱内空气流动分析、温湿度控制分析和以流体回路为核心的整体热建模分析等进行了综述,以国际空间站为重点介绍了这些技术的发展、实施方法、技术特点和作用。     

空间站在轨密封检漏技术研究

空间站除了在地面需要进行充分的总装检漏试验之外,还必须进行在轨运行时的密封检漏,这对于保证航天员的安全和飞行任务的成功非常重要。文章提出了空间站总漏率实时监测技术、空间站结构泄漏点定位与定量检测技术、航天员舱外检漏技术,以及空间站结构泄漏堵漏技术的具体方案和技术途径,并对关键技术做了比较充分的分析。该系统技术的研究与发展能为空间站的在轨泄漏检测提供可靠的保障。     

标准化与空间科学探测

介绍空间科学探测活动的特点与标准化工作情况,提出我国在空间科学探测领域实施标准化工作的思路和顶层构架。     

空间辐射对空间站航天员的剂量影响分析

为有效实施对航天员的空间辐射防护,采用计算机断层扫描数据（CT）建立了精细化男性体素模型;基于Geant4建立蒙特卡罗程序计算空间站轨道辐射经过舱壁（5 g·cm^-2等效铝屏蔽）后在体模中的辐射剂量;分析了不同辐射粒子在体素模型组织或器官中的吸收剂量、当量剂量和有效剂量。计算结果表明：航天员体内吸收剂量大约80%来源于地球辐射带（ERB）质子;大约14%来源于银河宇宙线（GCR）质子;α粒子的剂量贡献占比约为5%;其余重离子的剂量贡献占比在1%左右。另外,航天员吸收的当量剂量和有效剂量50%左右来自于ERB质子,另50%左右来自于GCR粒子。计算结果将有助于评估航天员在空间站舱内的潜在辐射风险并提供辐射防护参考。     

The challenge of the US space station

We are on the verge of a new era of commercial and industrial expansion in space that will have a major impact on America's future and on the future of the world. It is a turning point that will set the US national agenda in space well into the 21st century, and, as such, will have an important impact on space-related activities worldwide. The USA is now gearing up to face the challenges of this new era. James Beggs, NASA Administrator, describes the US space station programme.     

A space station experiment on large antenna assembly and measurement

The large assembly antenna in space can meet future requirements of both high frequency and large aperture. This paper proposes an experiment on assembling a large antenna at the Space Station, and discusses a realizable procedure of the experiment. The objective of this experiment is that a large antenna of a 10-m diameter is assembled in space and at the same time problems occurring in the assembling process are clarified by conducting the following experiments: assembly of test articles by manipulators, measurement of both mechanical and electrical performance of the assembled antenna, test of the pointing control system, and operational test. In the operational test, the weather radar development test and the large aperture microwave radiometer development test are conducted. Furthermore, the problem areas and items of further study are discussed in this paper.     

对领导干部廉洁自律工作的几点认识

空管系统一体化管理后，民航局空管局科学判断发展形势，提出了“安全运行、队伍稳定和廉政建设”是空管系统面临的三大压力，找准了工作的关键。当前，空管建设正处在一个高速发展时期，各项工作任务重，党风廉政建设是我们面对的新课题．为实现空管又好又快发展．如何把握领导干部廉洁自律工作基本规律。笔者谈几点认识。     

Launch vouchers for space science research

Recent US space policy proposes the use of space transportation ‘vouchers’ for space science payloads. Vouchers could affect the pace of space science and developments in space transportation both in the USA and internationally. This article focuses on the economic costs and benefits of vouchers, and strategies for effective programme design.     

Setting priorities in US space science

Two new long-range US space science strategy studies are notable not only for what the new reports say and do for their respective discipline areas but also for what they demonstrate in terms of shared conclusions and in terms of the feasibility of forging consensus on community priorities. Both studies engaged a broad segment of the research community to survey their respective fields, recommend top priority scientific goals and directions for the next decade, provide recommendations for programmatic directions and explicit priorities for government investment in research facilities, and address issues of advanced technology, infrastructure, interagency coordination, education, and international cooperation. The two studies demonstrate that cross-program priorities can be established when a community sees the effort as being beneficial to the long-term health of the field.     

Basic space science and developing countries

Basic science — including space science — is vital for national development, but developing countries often meet obstacles to participation in the international scientific community. This can be mitigated by international cooperation, particularly in the field of education. The author calls for a concerted effort to increase such cooperation regionally, internationally and bilaterally; international organizations should also become involved. Various forms of cooperation are suggested and UN efforts in the promotion of basic space science are described.     

Life science research in space brings health on Earth

Leading scientists and physicians review groundbreaking research that is leading the way to better health care for astronauts and new treatments for medical problems on Earth. This research includes the development and testing of a new Ventricular Assist Device for patients with heart failure awaiting heart transplantation; advancements in telemedicine that bring medical care to remote areas on Earth and aid in the diagnosis and treatment of illness during space flight; advanced technologies, such as a miniature mass spectrometer, cardiac ultrasound equipment, bone imaging, non-invasive High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound, non-invasive techniques for blood and tissue chemistry measurements; and advances in the treatment of spinal cord injuries.     

Making space law relevant to basic space science in the commercial space age

Space science has been at the heart of humanity's activity in space, a fact reflected in the body of space law set up to regulate such activity. The increase in commercial utilisation of space may threaten the conduct of space science; reform of space law, however, could alleviate this situation. Using the examples of radio and light interference, and space debris, this articles examines ways in which the law could be reformed to improve conditions for scientists. It also discusses the need for, and equitable ways of, prioritising space activities. The forthcoming IHY 2007 should provide an opportunity for scientists to showcase their achievements.