一种单矢量风洞天平校准系统设计

介绍了一种单矢量六自由度风洞天平校准系统的设计。采用砝码匀速运动过程中碰撞卸载的方法,实现对压电天平的瞬时加载;通过控制天平姿态以及砝码在加载头上的挂点位置实现单矢量加载;并采用多元校准方法对天平信号进行处理,满足超高速风洞测力试验对六分量压电天平校准的需求。校准系统主要由天平姿态调整机构、砝码加载机构、碰撞卸载机构以及控制系统、测量系统等部分组成。系统构造简单、系统误差源少,具有校准效率高,校准精度高等优点。     

DOA estimation and mutual coupling calibration with the SAGE algorithm

In this paper, a novel algorithm is presented for direction of arrival（DOA） estimation and array self-calibration in the presence of unknown mutual coupling. In order to highlight the relationship between the array output and mutual coupling coefficients, we present a novel model of the array output with the unknown mutual coupling coefficients. Based on this model, we use the space alternating generalized expectation-maximization（SAGE） algorithm to jointly estimate the DOA parameters and the mutual coupling coefficients. Unlike many existing counterparts, our method requires neither calibration sources nor initial calibration information. At the same time,our proposed method inherits the characteristics of good convergence and high estimation precision of the SAGE algorithm. By numerical experiments we demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms the existing method for DOA estimation and mutual coupling calibration.     

On-orbit calibration of satellite antenna-pointing errors

A pragmatic approach is presented to the on-orbit calibration of the spaceborne gimbaled parabolic reflector antennas to enhance their pointing and tracking accuracies in the presence of unknown structural deformations and other errors. The technique described is based on the second-order extended Kalman filter. Except for some knowledge of Kalman filtering, the work is self-contained and tutorial in character, developing necessary error models and deriving most pertinent equations from first principles. Preliminary simulations, from which covariance analysis results have been obtained, indicate a 66% improvement in the accuracy of the antenna pointing angles     

70kN载荷应变天平校准系统研制进展

研制了70kN量级的应变天平校准系统,以满足2m量级高速风洞测力试验天平的静态校准需求。70kN载荷应变天平校准系统基于传统的单元校准方法,采用四自由度复位式体轴系自动校准方案,加载力源为标准砝码,采用砝码独立控制技术的自动加载装置实现天平校准载荷的自动加载。砝码产生的重力通过双十字铰链施力定位装置和刚性加载头准确地传递到天平上,无间隙复位传动机构可以保证天平的精确复位。建成后的校准系统可满足20~70kN量程范围的杆式天平和环式天平等不同类型天平的校准需求。     

翼尖支撑双天平校准技术研究

翼尖支撑测力试验技术采用两台天平同时对同一风洞模型进行测力,开展双天平校准技术研究是实现该项试验技术成功应用的关键。基于双天平测量机理,研究并建立了双天平校准技术：利用两台单天平的校准公式,根据空间力系合成原理和天平载荷分量干扰修正技术构建了双天平同时工作的公式。通过对某专用双天平的单独校准、组合校准及风洞试验,对提出的双天平校准技术进行了验证。结果表明：双天平校准技术合理、可靠,可操作性强,能够为翼尖支撑测力试验技术提供必要的理论基础和试验依据。     

Fast alignment and calibration algorithms for inertial navigation system

Algorithms for fast estimating the azimuth misalignment angle and calibrating gyro drift rates are approached from the point of view of control theory. By introducing the Lyapunov transformation, the equivalence of Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (SINS) and Gimbaled Inertial Navigation System (GINS) is discussed, and it shows that the analysis results of GINS can be applied to SINS directly by using such kind of equivalence. A similar transformation that based on physical essence is introduced, so that the true states can be replaced by the so-called pseudo-states, and then the observable states of INS can be dynamically decoupled with the unobservable states. Consequently, the best completely observable subsystem model of INS can be obtained. Based on the simplified subsystem model of INS, the algorithms for fast estimating the azimuth misalignment angle and calibrating gyro drift rates are proposed. The proposed algorithms show that the azimuth misalignment angle and gyro drift rates can be estimated from the rates of leveling misalignment angles without using the gyro output signals.     

基于飞行试验的模拟器气动模型校准方法

针对模拟器客观测试标准要求及仿真模型模拟逼真度需求,提出了一种基于飞行试验的模拟器气动模型校准方法。首先,以经过预处理的飞行试验数据和模拟数据为基础分别辨识得到气动导数;然后分析两辨识结果的统计关系,以确定修正系数;最后,根据不同状态点修正系数随动压变化规律建立了修正系数插值表,达到对仿真模型进行校准的目的。飞行试验数据验证表明,校准后的仿真气动模型容差范围能满足模拟器客观测试要求,显著提高了仿真模型模拟逼真度。     

Accuracy of using point targets for SAR calibration

The peak and integral methods for radiometric calibration of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) using reference point targets are analyzed. Both calibration methods are shown to be unbiased, but the peak method requires knowledge of the equivalent rectangle system resolution which is sensitive to system focus. Exact expressions for the RMS errors of both methods are derived. It is shown that the RMS error resulting from the peak method is always smaller than or equal to that from the integral method for a well-focused system. However, for robust radiometric calibration of SAR, or when nonlinear phase errors are present, the integral method is recommended, because it does not require detailed knowledge of the impulse response and the resulting RMS error is not dependent on system focus     

Strategies for in-orbit calibration of drag-free control systems

Drag-Free Satellites (DFS) are a class of scientific satellite missions designed for research on fundamental physics as well as geodesy. They consist, basically, of a small inner satellite (test mass) located in a cavity inside a larger satellite, the normal one. The Drag-Free Attitude Control System (DFACS) is the most complex technology on-board these satellites. This key technology allows the residual accelerations on experiments on board the satellites to be significantly reduced. In order to achieve this very low disturbance environment (for some missions <10⁻¹⁴ g) the drag-free control system has to be optimized. This optimization process is required because of uncertainties in system parameters that demand a robustness of the control system. This paper will present approaches for in-orbit calibration of drag-free control systems. The discussion includes modeling, with scale factors and cross couplings, possible excitation signals, comparison of different parameter identification/estimation methods as well as simulation results.     

结冰风洞水滴直径标定方法研究

过冷水滴粒径大小是重要的结冰云雾参数,获知结冰风洞中的水滴直径,是得到定量结冰风洞实验结果的基础。对于结冰风洞内水滴直径单一或者分布比较集中的情况,提出了一种采用数值计算和结冰风洞实验相结合的手段标定水滴直径的方法。该方法首先采用拉格朗日法数值计算水滴运动轨迹,得到撞击极限随水滴直径变化的关系曲线,在此基础上,进行结冰风洞实验,测量实验得到的水滴撞击极限,通过在撞击极限与水滴直径关系曲线上进行插值,进而得到实验水滴直径大小。采用该方法对0.3m×0.2m结冰风洞内的水滴直径进行了标定,分别计算和测量了25m/s和35m/s两种速度条件下的水滴撞击极限,得到的水滴直径值相差不超过1μm,初步说明该方法的合理性。同时,对于结冰风洞内水滴粒径多尺寸分布的情况,还提出了相应的标定其容积平均直径MVD的方法,该方法在计算水滴收集率的基础上,通过测量驻点处的结冰厚度,实现对MVD的测量。采用本文提出的两种方法进行结冰风洞水滴粒径标定,只需要一般的长度测量工具即可进行,操作方便,成本低廉,克服了常规的水滴直径测量或标定需要专门设备的不足。     

Linear filtering approaches for phase calibration of airborne arrays

Phase calibration of a large fluctuating millimeter-wave airborne antenna array is considered. The technique exploits properties of the correlation of the measured voltages arising from clutter returns at adjacent or nearby element pairs. The proposed calibration algorithm trades smoothing of the observations to reduce random errors with the ability to track the time-varying calibration phase. Algorithm performance is considered for an arbitrary linear filter, which generalizes previous work on analogous pulse-pair problems, and the results are used to choose optimal filter parameters. Numerical results are provided for a field experiment employing a 32-element Ku-band antenna array     

星敏感器低频误差与陀螺漂移离线校正方法

获取高精度事后姿态数据是提高遥感平台成像质量的必要条件之一,离线处理可有效降低敏感器测量误差,从而获得更高的姿态确定精度。基于滤波的校正方法中,星敏感器低频误差(LFE)与陀螺漂移将产生耦合影响导致校正精度低,本文针对该问题推导了耦合误差的数学模型,并设计了一种两步双向平滑事后处理算法,将陀螺漂移与低频误差分两步校正,通过反复滤波剥离陀螺漂移与低频误差。同时,针对低频误差参数收敛速度慢、噪声参数调节困难的问题,利用一种基于极大似然估计(MLE)的固定窗口自适应双向滤波算法进行处理以获得更好的噪声估计,提高了收敛速度和收敛精度。文中仿真工况下,离线姿态确定精度可达到0.8″(3σ),低频误差参数完全收敛时间不超过4个轨道周期。     

交流电能表检定装置的测量不确定度评定

为了避免用传统误差体系的概念表示测量结果可能引起的不足，近年来在国内外科技文献中，讨论测量结果的误差时都已采用了测量不确定度来表示。根据测量不确定度的评定与表示方法，通过对交流电能表检定装置的各项误差源的分析，对交流电能表检定装置的不确定度进行了分析，最后对0．02级三相交流电能表检定装置的不确定度进行评定。     

均速管流量计流量系数数值校验方法研究

针对较大口径均速管流量计的流量系数获取、校验十分困难的问题,采用仿真和实验结合的方式对有效长度为300mm的均速管流量计的测量特性进行对比研究。利用标准k-ε双方程湍流模型,在直管段充分发展流下,计算该流量计端面是否粗糙处理情况下的输出差压及流量系数等测量特性,结果显示端面粗糙处理对流量计测量特性影响很小。采用数值仿真的方法对均速管流量计的流量系数进行了计算,并在实验室标准装置中对其特性进行实验验证。仿真和实验测得的流量计输出特性相似性较好,相对偏差可在±0.3%以内。该结果显示,对流量系数的数值仿真可为较大口径均速管流量计的校验提供新的思路和途径。     

A methodology for laser tool setters calibration and its precise mathematical model

On-machine tool setting is a pivotal approach in achieving intelligent manufacturing,and laser tool setters have become a crucial component of smart machine tools. Laser tool setters play a crucial role in precisely measuring the dimensions of cutting tools during the part machining process, focusing on tool length and diameter. As a measuring instrument, the positions of the laser axis of the laser tool setter need to be accurately calibrated before use. However, in actual calibration scenarios, traditional calibration methods face challenges due to installation errors in the tool setter and geometric errors in the measuring rod. To address this issue, this study proposes a novel calibration method. Initially, the calibration mechanism of the laser beam axis is established. Based on the accurate mathematical model of the laser beam and the measuring rod, and using the polygon clipping algorithm, the mathematical mechanism of the laser tool setter's work is established.Then, a novel method is introduced to calculate the compensation distance between the laser beam reference point and the rod bottom center point at each moment during calibration. Furthermore,by utilizing the kinematic chain of the tool setter calibration system, a new calibration method is developed to accurately calibrate the position of the laser beam axis in the machine tool coordinate system. Finally, the accuracy of the calibration method is verified through simulation experiments and calibration tests. This method improves the calibration accuracy of the tool setter, and the mathematical model of the laser tool setter can be extended to the measurement of tools, thereby improving the precision of tool measurements. This research significantly improves the efficient production performance of smart machine tools.     

Effects of finite weight resolution and calibration errors on theperformance of adaptive array antennas

Adaptive antennas are now used to increase the spectral efficiency in mobile telecommunication systems. A model of the received carrier-to-interference plus noise ratio (CINR) in the adaptive antenna beamformer output is derived, assuming that the weighting units are implemented in hardware, The finite resolution of weights and calibration is shown to reduce the CINR. When hardware weights are used, the phase or amplitude step size in the weights can be so large that it affects the maximum achievable CINR. It is shown how these errors makes the interfering signals “leak” through the beamformer and we show how the output CINR is dependent on power of the input signals. The derived model is extended to include the limited dynamic range of the receivers, by using a simulation model. The theoretical and simulated results are compared with measurements on an adaptive array antenna testbed receiver, designed for the GSM-1800 system. The theoretical model was used to find the performance limiting part in the testbed as the 1 dB resolution in the weight magnitude. Furthermore, the derived models are used in illustrative examples and can be used for system designers to balance the phase and magnitude resolution and the calibration requirements of future adaptive array antennas     

Determination of optimal samples for robot calibration based on error similarity

Industrial robots are used for automatic drilling and riveting.The absolute position accuracy of an industrial robot is one of the key performance indexes in aircraft assembly,and can be improved through error compensation to meet aircraft assembly requirements.The achievable accuracy and the difficulty of accuracy compensation implementation are closely related to the choice of sampling points.Therefore,based on the error similarity error compensation method,a method for choosing sampling points on a uniform grid is proposed.A simulation is conducted to analyze the influence of the sample point locations on error compensation.In addition,the grid steps of the sampling points are optimized using a statistical analysis method.The method is used to generate grids and optimize the grid steps of a Kuka KR-210 robot.The experimental results show that the method for planning sampling data can be used to effectively optimize the sampling grid.After error compensation,the position accuracy of the robot meets the position accuracy requirements.     

Joint calibration algorithm for gain-phase and mutual coupling errors in uniform linear array

The effect of gain-phase perturbations and mutual coupling significantly degrades the performance of digital array radar (DAR). This paper investigates array calibration problems in the scenario where the true locations of auxiliary sources deviate from nominal values but the angle intervals are known. A practical algorithm is proposed to jointly calibrate gain-phase errors and mutual coupling errors. Firstly, a simplified model of the distortion matrix is developed based on its special structure in uniform linear array (ULA). Then the model is employed to derive the precise locations of the auxiliary sources by one-dimension search. Finally, the least-squares estimation of the distortion matrix is obtained. The algorithm has the potential of achieving considerable improvement in calibration accuracy due to the reduction of unknown parameters. In addition, the algorithm is feasible for practical applications, since it requires only one auxiliary source with the help of rotation platforms. Simulation results demonstrate the validity, robustness and high per-formance of the proposed algorithm. Experiments were carried out using an S-band DAR test-bed. The results of measured data show that the proposed algorithm is practical and effective in appli-cation.     

2.4m跨声速风洞槽壁试验段调试及流场校测

介绍了新研制的2.4m跨声速风洞槽壁试验段调试情况及流场校测结果。结果表明：该试验段边界层厚度、消波特性等满足使用需求,具有较大的流场均匀区,在M数为0.30～1.00范围内的核心流场M数分布均方根偏差满足GJB1179-91高速风洞与低速风洞流场品质规范合格指标要求,部分马赫数的均方根偏差达到或接近先进指标要求,可投入型号试验。槽壁试验段的成功研制提高了2.4m跨声速风洞承担大型飞机试验任务的能力,在中国大型飞机工程气动设计中将发挥重要的平台作用。