Aircraft flight parameter estimation using acoustic multipath delays

The signal emitted by an airborne acoustic source arrives at a stationary sensor located above a flat ground via a direct path and a ground-reflected path. The difference in the times of arrival of the direct path and ground-reflected path signal components, referred to as the multipath delay, provides an instantaneous estimate of the elevation angle of the source. A model is developed to predict the variation with time of the multipath delay for a jet aircraft or other broadband acoustic source in level flight with constant velocity over a hard ground. Based on this model, two methods are formulated to estimate the speed and altitude of the aircraft Both methods require the estimation of the multipath delay as a function of time. The methods differ only in the way the multipath delay is estimated; the first method uses the autocorrelation function, and the second uses the cepstrum, of the sensor output over a short time interval. The performances of both methods are evaluated and compared using real acoustic data. The second method provides the most precise aircraft speed and altitude estimates as compared with the first and two other existing methods.     

Crew station measurement methodology: a quantitative approach

An investigation of the difficulties associated with analyzing the geometric constraints placed upon the human operator in a work setting was conducted. Many workstations, such as a cockpit, have limited data available for creating the CAD models required for human performance analysis. To create a model, a time-consuming, labor-intensive process of collecting measurement data by hand must be performed, resulting in a CAD model of questionable accuracy. In order to conduct accurate repeatable analysis, CAD data for all workstations must be collected quickly and in a standardized format. A demonstration project assessed the feasibility of using Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) technology to collect workstation geometry and create a CAD Model. Baseline data for comparing hand collection methods was derived from previous aircraft cockpit CAD modeling projects. This method involved approximately two weeks for data collection alone and another week to create the CAD model. The CMM technology was determined to be a cost-effective method for creating CAD models of aircraft cockpits. This technology substantially reduced the time required to build a high fidelity CAD model while significantly improving the accuracy of the data     

Methods for determining unimpeded aircraft taxiing time and evaluating airport taxiing performance

The objective of this study is to improve the methods of determining unimpeded (nom-inal) taxiing time, which is the reference time used for estimating taxiing delay, a widely accepted performance indicator of airport surface movement. After reviewing existing methods used widely by different air navigation service providers (ANSP), new methods relying on computer software and statistical tools, and econometrics regression models are proposed. Regression models are highly recommended because they require less detailed data and can serve the needs of general per-formance analysis of airport surface operations. The proposed econometrics model outperforms existing ones by introducing more explanatory variables, especially taking aircraft passing and over-passing into the considering of queue length calculation and including runway configuration, ground delay program, and weather factors. The length of the aircraft queue in the taxiway system and the interaction between queues are major contributors to long taxi-out times. The proposed method provides a consistent and more accurate method of calculating taxiing delay and it can be used for ATM-related performance analysis and international comparison.     

基于贝叶斯网络的机场过站时间分析

航班延误是目前航空运输业发展所面临的一大难题。从航班延误链式波及反应的角度出发,将贝叶斯推理应用于航班过站时间的分析,分别建立实际航班数据的单机场和多机场过站时间贝叶斯网络模型。模型清晰呈现了机型类型、前航延误时间等因素对机场过站时间的影响以及首发延误等级、经停机场过站时间调整量等因素对末班延误的影响。通过从多角度对模型进行分析,结果表明发生前航延误时调整航班在机场的过站时间可以有效减少延误向下游机场的波及。     

基于粗糙集理论的终端区飞机排序综合评判

针对日益增长的空中交通流量所带来的严重航班延误,提出了一种全新的终端区（TMA）飞机排序方法。在介绍粗糙集综合评判方法的评判过程基础上,建立了TMA飞机排序问题评判指标体系,进行了飞机排序综合评判过程的算例仿真。仿真结果表明,方法简单可行,能够客观得到各评判因素权重,并且与先到先服务（FCFS）排序方法比较,影响范围减少50%,累计延迟时间减少23%,说明方法排序结果优于FCFS排序结果。     

Switched Ethernet testing for avionics applications

Switched Ethernet is being implemented as an avionics communication architecture. A commercial standard (ARINC-664) and an aircraft vendor-specific implementation known as avionics full duplex switched Ethernet (AFDX) have been developed that defines the topology and use of switched Ethernet in an avionics application. In avionics applications, the movement of data between devices must take place in a deterministic fashion and must be delivered reliably. All aircraft flight hardware must be tested to be sure that it will communicate information properly in the switched Ethernet network. The airframe manufacture must test the integrated network to verify that all flight hardware is communicating properly. Testing and maintenance testing is required to perform data communication level testing of switched Ethernet architectures for avionics applications to insure that all communication is deterministic and reliable. This paper provides an overview of a switched Ethernet avionics network and identifies the testing challenges associated with a switched Ethernet avionics application. A practical implementation performing the required tests is discussed.     

进场航班双目标调度的鲁棒优化研究

由于天气变化,导致进港飞机降落的处理时间不确定的情况经常发生.因此,需要在受到天气影响,进港飞机在跑道的处理时间不确定时提高跑道的利用率,减少飞机的延误成本.以最小化航班总延误成本和跑道总工作量为优化目标,建立降落飞机的处理时间的鲁棒优化模型,设计出Epsilon约束算法对能够快速得出进港飞机降落方案的Pareto前沿.通过实例证明了模型的可行性及有效性,对机场终端在天气变化时对进港航班的合理调度具有一定的指导作用.     

Contributions to data transmission at critical moments on unmanned aerial vehicles

As for unmanned aircraft, the knowledge of the aircraft performance is directly related with the navigation, guidance, and control system programming. Therefore, the measured data in each phase of the flight must be sufficiently precise to obtain a good characterization of aircraft. This article proposes new methods of sending information to ground, which make it possible to know the aircraft behavior accurately, and for this purpose, four contributions have been made for ALO (Avión Ligero de Observación, Spanish acronym for Light Observation Aircraft). Currently, the characterization is based on data obtained at ten samples per second, insufficient to acquire detailed knowledge of what happened during the whole flight of an aircraft. As a result of these contributions, many more samples per second of accelerations and angular velocities are obtained at the most critical moments of the flight, such as takeoff or landing. Among the improvements included are data compression techniques, providing references to locate the measured data in time and identifying labels of each parameter.     

阻拦索断裂对螺旋桨舰载机着舰安全影响数值分析

喷气动力舰载机着舰拦阻滑跑，如阻拦索断裂，其逃逸复飞的概率极小。螺旋桨动力舰载机零升阻力大，推重比小，其安全复飞的能力值得研究。本文基于建立的螺旋桨舰载机逃逸复飞仿真模型（含阻拦索工作模型、发动机动力响应模型、升降舵操纵模型与气动力的动力影响修正模型），数值模拟了E-2C舰载预警机着舰阻拦索断裂情况下，其逃逸复飞的过程。仿真计算显示对象飞机在不同气动力、离舰速度与舵面操纵逻辑状态下，其纵向动力学方程中敏感参数与航迹下沉量的动态变化，结合视频数据分析其复飞成功的原因。研究表明：动力对螺旋桨舰载机俯仰力矩与升力特性的影响是其逃逸复飞成功的关键。动力影响使对象飞机的俯仰力矩曲线上移0.15，8°迎角下纵向静稳定性减小85%，升力线斜率增大29.7%、最大升力系数增大39%。这显著改善了螺旋桨飞机逃逸复飞状态下俯仰操纵的敏捷性，升降舵操纵效率与失速特性。动力影响使螺旋桨舰载机可在较小的加速度、离舰速度与有限的留空时间情况下，迅速改变其航迹角，减小航迹下沉量，保证逃逸复飞安全。     

鸭式旋翼/机翼飞机悬停状态飞行动力学特性

针对鸭式旋翼/机翼(Canard Rotor/Wing,CRW)飞机独特的气动布局,常规的分析方法及经验公式很难准确地对CRW飞机进行飞行动力学研究,通过飞行辨识对CRW飞机悬停状态特性进行了研究。首先,设计了飞行试验并获得了高质量的飞行数据,基于频率响应对CRW飞机的状态空间模型进行了简化。然后,在频域内对飞机的动力学参数进行了拟合优化,获得了CRW飞机悬停状态的动力学模型,并用飞行数据对所建模型进行了验证。最后,用辨识所得参数与常规直升机悬停状态时的参数进行了对比。结果显示悬停时CRW飞机的操纵导数和阻尼导数均比常规直升机小,经分析,操纵导数的减小主要是CRW飞机独特的旋翼设计所致,阻尼导数减小的原因主要是旋翼气动影响以及鸭翼、平尾、垂尾的结构影响。动力学特性分析结果为CRW飞机旋翼模式总体设计的进一步优化提供了指引和参考,所建立的模型可用于控制系统设计。     

两类常用篦齿密封和临界特性的分析与比较

对于根据大量实验数据提出的计算两类篦齿流量系数的经验公式相对于理论公式所做的各种修正进行了讨论。对它们的密封特性作了深入的分析和比较,指出了各自的特点和适用条件。探讨了篦齿的临界特性,提出了新的能够准确计算两类篦齿临界压比的经验公式。      

遥控驾驶无人机时间延迟与飞行品质分析

时间延迟是影响遥控驾驶无人机飞行品质的一个重要因素,在有人驾驶飞机飞行品质标准中,存在有效时间延迟和等效时间延迟两种概念以及相应的评估指标。对比有人驾驶飞机时间延迟的概念,分析了无人机时间延迟的组成,从飞行品质的角度出发给出了无人机时间延迟的定义和测量方法。利用飞行试验的手段,在遥控操纵模式下进行了典型试飞任务的试验,并基于试飞数据和试飞员评价,初步给出了时间延迟的试飞评估方法。     

弹射救生数值仿真及不利姿态下救生性能分析

 国内弹射座椅救生性能预测分析主要依赖地面弹射试验。由于国内相关试验设备的缺乏,不利姿态下弹射座椅的救生性能很难通过试验获得,因此国内不利姿态下弹射座椅救生性能的分析研究比较薄弱。采用数值仿真的方法对弹射座椅的救生性能进行预测和分析,针对弹射座椅弹射过程的4个阶段分别建立了数学模型,其中自由飞阶段采用四元数法代替欧拉速率方程,以解决传统的六自由度方程出现的奇异性问题。采用四阶龙格-库塔法对数学模型进行求解,计算结果与地面弹射试验结果吻合较好。在此基础上,对某新型弹射座椅的弹射姿态轨迹进行计算,分析研究了弹射座椅在不利姿态下的救生性能,得到不利姿态下弹射座椅救生性能不佳的主要原因是座椅高速稳定性差以及飞机向下的牵连速度和飞机滚转角的影响,并根据分析结果提出了改善弹射座椅不利姿态下救生性能的基本方法。     

飞行器机动规避空空导弹生存力仿真研究

飞行器规避空空导弹的逃逸机动策略对于提高其本身的生存力至关重要。为了得到飞行器规避敌方空空导弹的机动方式和过载的最优解,对空空导弹和飞行器等进行数学建模,并通过数字仿真对机动规避生存概率进行计算分析。当飞行器在低、中、高空以不同的速度,进入角与来袭的空空导弹遭遇时,通过飞行器以不同机动方式、机动过载进行对抗,统计了飞行器有效逃离攻击的生存概率,得到了机动方式和过载的最优解。飞行器的机动方法正确,机动过载增大到一定数值其生存概率达到 100%。此时的机动过载为飞行器重量设计、主传力结构布置等提供依据。     

PI controller relay auto-tuning using delay and phase margin in PMSM drives

This paper presents an auto-tuning method for a proportion plus integral（PI） controller for permanent magnet synchronous motor（PMSM） drives, which is supposed to be embedded in electro-mechanical actuator（EMA） control module in aircraft. The method, based on a relay feedback with variable delay time, explores different critical points of the system frequency response.The Nyquist points of the plant can then be derived from the delay time and filter time constant.The coefficients of the PI controller can then be obtained by calculation while shifting the Nyquist point to a specific position to obtain the required phase margin. The major advantage of the autotuning method is that it can provide a series of tuning results for different system bandwidths and damping ratios, corresponding to the specification for delay time and phase margin. Simulation and experimental results for the PMSM controller verify the performance of both the current loop and the speed loop auto-tuning.     

History of Time-Frequency Technology

Present-day collision avoidance systems (CAS) of the time-frequency variety employ modes of operation similar to those of airborne equipment which has been operating in military aircraft since 1959. A fleet operational evaluation of these systems began in 1961 in aircraft of U. S. Navy Helicopter Squadron HS-4, based on the aircraft carrier U.S.S. Yorktown. This equipment utilized a local clock in each aircraft, a separate time slot for each aircraft's interrogation signal, air-to-air coarse synchronization of all stations, and sufficient free-drift stability for time slot keeping. Operational use of one-way ranging with elimination of propagation delay offsets, higher clock stability for open-loop time keeping in the SNS-64 ... AN/APN-169 family of systems began in 1964 in U. S. Air Force C-130E turboprop aircraft. In 1965, use of the EROS I collision avoidance system began during flight testing of F-4 Phantom supersonic aircraft.     

放宽静稳定度飞机时间延迟稳定边界

针对飞机初步设计阶段其放宽静稳定度（RSS）与电传飞控系统时间延迟边界之间的定量关系求解问题，以战斗机纵向短周期方程为基础，分析了飞控系统中的时间延迟因素，描述了放宽静稳定度与方程参数间的关系。并以等效输入延迟的形式构建了含飞控系统时间延迟的闭环系统特征方程，通过根轨迹趋势理论和数值计算方法确定了放宽静稳定度与飞控系统时间延迟边界的定量数值关系，同时探讨了舵效与动导的参数不确定性对所求时间延迟边界的影响。本文方法对飞机初步设计阶段飞控系统时间延迟指标和可放宽静稳定度边界的确定具有一定的工程实践意义。     

飞机操纵拉杆自振频率工程估算问题

国内目前使用的航空设计参考资料中对于操纵系统拉杆自振频率的工程估算公式,大多形式上接近但各参数的量纲单位却不一致,估算得到的结果差别较大;对于操纵拉杆与飞机发动机转速达到共振的描述也不尽合适。从机械振动原理推导证明使用公制量纲参数的拉杆自振频率计算的工程公式,并用Nastran软件分析非等截面拉杆的自振频率。     

密集编队中飞机发动机的疲劳损伤差异

选取典型密集编队飞行任务,利用实测飞行数据,研究了在飞行动作几乎完全相同的条件下飞机发动机疲劳损伤的差异.经过二次雨流法统计循环次数和线性累积损伤理论折合到标准循环,得出了密集编队中长、僚机因位置不同而造成的发动机疲劳损伤的差异及其统计规律,发现疲劳损伤差异分布为威布尔分布,单机差异一般为2～4倍,最大可以达到9～10倍.进一步揭示了发动机疲劳载荷/损伤的分散性和单机疲劳寿命监控的必要性.      

牵引救生装置性能仿真研究

为了获得牵引救生装置最佳性能,根据牵引救生装置的工作原理,针对牵引救生过程的不同阶段,建立相应的数学模型,用仿真计算的手段来确定弹射筒和牵引火箭的动力配置以及前后舱乘员程序离机的时间间隔,结果表明该牵引救生装置的设计方案为：弹射筒出口速度13m／s,火箭牵引动力5000N,工作时间0．7S,前后舱飞行员同时弹射。牵引救生装置性能仿真研究为救生装置的总体设计提供初步性能依据和最终技术方案。