Adaptational changes in the neural control of cardiorespiratory function in a confined environment: the CNEC#3 experiment

The goal of the study was to characterize the changes in neurovegetative control of the circulation, attending the presumed physiological and psychological stress originated by the isolation and confinement typical of the living condition of space stations, as simulated in a ground based unit, using time and frequency domain analysis. As a secondary goal we sought to verify the implementation of real time data acquisition, for off line spectral analisys of R-R interval, systolic arterial pressure (by Finapres) and respiration (by PVF2 piezoelectric sensors).

We addressed the cardiorespiratory and neurovegetative responses to standardized, simple Stressors (active standing, dynamic and static handgrip) on the EXEMSI 92 crew, before, during and after the isolation period.

On average the appropriate excitatory responses (to stand, dynamic and static handgrip) were elicited also in isolation and confinement.

Active standing and small masses muscular exercises are easy to be performed in a confined and isolated environment and provide a valuable tool for investigating the adaptational changes in neural control mechanisms.

The possibility there exists of using this time and frequency domain approach to monitor the level of performance and well being of the space crew in (quasi) real time.     

美国航天飞机故障一览

美国航天飞机在22年的飞行中曾发生过大大小小的故障无数起。挑战者号和哥伦比亚号悲剧只是这些故障的最高“体现。这里我们有选择地把美国航天飞机此前发生的各类故障罗列于此，不难看出偶然出现的飞行灾难其实有其必然性。     

Space for science, enterprise and environment: the UK draft Space Strategy

For the UK, space is primarily a means to an end and not an end in itself. This approach has been described as utilitarian. The British National Space Centre describes it as user oriented: the purpose of going into space should be to provide cost-effective information or services to the users, whether these are the science community, commercial operators and customers, or public sector bodies. The new draft UK Space Strategy, published on 22 January 2003, provides the underpinning rationale for this approach, which derives in part from the very individual way in which the UK organises its interests in space.     

A socio-economic evaluation of the lunar environment and resources: II. Energy for the selenosphere

This first of several study papers, based on a fundamental paper presented in 1972, provides an independent conceptual analysis and evaluation of the lunar environment as industrial base and habitat. A selenosphere system strategy is outlined. The underlying concept is that of one or several lunar industrial zones for resource extraction and on-surface processing, integrated with a circumlunar zero-g processing capability, serving markets in geolunar space. A classification of lunar elements by utilization category is presented. Lunar oxygen is a prime candidate for being an initial economic “drawing card”, because of its value for fast transportation in geolunar space, requiring significantly fewer ships for equal transfer capability per unit time than electric transports which, however, have value, especially between geosynchronous and lunar orbit. The reduced development difficulties of controlled fusion outside the atmosphere and its advantages for extracting oxygen and other elements in quantity are summarized. Examples of lunar cycle management as fundamental exoindustrial requirement for economic resource enhancement are presented. The principal initial socio-economic value of lunar industry lies in the use of lunar resources for exoindustrial products and operations designed to accelerate, intensify and diversify Earth-related benefits. In the longer run, lunar settlements are a highly suitable proving ground for studying and testing the complex matrix of technological, biological, cultural, social and psychological aspects that must be understood and manageable before large settlements beyond Earth can have a realistic basis for viability. The lunar environment is more suitable for experimentation and comparatively more “forgiving” in case of failures than is orbital space.     

Transcultural group performance in extreme environment: Issues, concepts and emerging theory

A simulation for flight of international crew on space station took place in Moscow from July 1999 to April 2000 (SFINCS) at the State Biomedical Institute of Russia (IBMP) isolation chambers. Objectives of this study were to identify concepts of psychosocial adaptation and of social interactions to develop an explanation of the transcultural group performance. Method: constructivist epistemology with grounded theory research and fourth generation evaluation were used. Data on processes and interactions were gathered during 110 days of confinement as a subject and extended to 240 days as an outside scientist. Results indicate that coping is influenced by usual coping strategies and coping behaviors inside. Several stresses and human factor issues were identified altering well being and performance inside the chambers. Enabling and limiting forces are discussed. A theory on transcultural group performance is proposed. Issues are raised that appear critical to selection, training and group performance.     

美日跨国公司经营战略比较

跨国公司自出现以来。特别是二战以后,经历了很大的发展。在进入20世纪90年代以后,跨国公司在对外投资经营战略上出现了一些新的特征。美国和日本作为世界上跨国公司最为集中的国家。其跨国公司的发展尤其值得我们密切关注和研究、以为中国跨国公司的进一步发展和壮大提供经验。     

When inspiration fails to inspire: A change of strategy for the US space program

A pressing issue facing the US space program is the projected shortfall in the skilled aerospace workforce, as the number of students in space-related fields wanes. This has prompted many to emphasize the rhetoric of inspiration that prevailed during the Cold War, at the expense of concrete arguments for space that are thought to be lackluster and insufficient. This essay argues that the logic of inspiration fails to consider the changed context and attitudes of this younger public. Instead, such an approach proves counterproductive in attracting generations compelled by a host of ideas, some incompatible with the rhetoric of competition and prestige that prevailed before. Arguments that draw attention to the pragmatic elements of space, and that successfully align space with the notions that make sense now, may in turn prove to be the solution to draw the best and the brightest to the space program.     

European thoughts on the new US defence strategy: A major repositioning in a difficult budgetary context

The USA adopted a new defence strategy in 2012 which responds to the changing geopolitical landscape and straightened economic circumstances. The emphasis is on leaner, more flexible and diversified operations, while priority areas have shifted from Europe to the Asia-Pacific (in acknowledgement of China's growing military might) and the Middle East. This will have consequences for Europe, which is now expected to take a greater share of the strategic burden. The major developments in the strategy – such as eschewing the pursuit of lengthy engagements on more than one front, and using the military to complement diplomatic and economic initiatives – are discussed. Europe is urged to respond by maintaining its national strategic and industrial autonomy, including in access to space and missile defence.     

A systematic review of the Space technology transfer literature: Research synthesis and emerging gaps

In order to justify high expenditure during this period of financial crisis, Space Agencies have attempted to increase the returns on their investments in Space missions by encouraging the commercial use of advanced technologies. The development of a technology transfer process from Space to Earth not only benefits the Aerospace industry but also the network of national companies. Technology transfer has been shown to stimulate innovation in business and commerce, support economic growth and provide a return on public investment in research and development (R&D). The aim of this paper is to systematically review the Space technology transfer literature and to suggest directions for future research. The range of research and studies in the literature on this topic requires a systematic review to summarize the results in an unbiased and balanced manner and to interpret these in a way that highlights the research gaps. This article presents an overview of the dominant thinking (explicit in selected articles from 1995 to present), indicating the problems of analysis, research gaps and a future research program.     

按照科学发展观要求深化创新拓展思想政治工作

思想政治工作作为党的建设新的伟大工程的重要组成部分,是我们的优良传统和政治优势。在由计划经济向社会主义市场经济转型的过程中,任何企图削弱或取消思想政治工作的观点和做法,都是错误和有害的;然而思想政治工作如果不面对新形势新情况,完成由传统形态向现代形态的转换,也将不能发挥其应有的作用。在新形势下,做好新时期思想政治工作,认真研究新形势下思想政治工作的特点和规律,     

大型机载 SIGINT系统的任务、设计原则及技术体制探析

简要叙述了大型机载SIGIN T 飞机在现代战争中的主要任务,归纳给出了机载SIGIN T 系统的设计原则,并在分析外军现役机载SIGIN T系统技术特点的基础上,提出了大型机载SIGIN T系统的功能结构和技术体制,为深入研究提供参考。     

正交设计遗传算法在固体火箭优化设计中的应用

提出了一种基于正交设计的遗传算法,给出了其在固体火箭优化设计中的一个应用实例。结果表明：对于固体火箭优化设计问题,该算法可有效减少搜索次数,加快收敛速度。     

A review of lighter-than-air progress in the United States and its technological significance

Lighter-than-air vehicles are being studied and developed as solutions to problems in transportation and in communications and service. These vehicles include balloons, balloon-airship systems and airships. Tethered balloons of streamline form have been developed for both military (surveillance) and civil (telecommunications) applications. These are capable of flying at 4600 m altitude in 100 km/hr winds and supporting payloads up to 1678 kg. Other applications include use of natural shaped balloons for logging in forested areas and for transport of cargo from ship-to-shore. Free balloons have been flown up to 51, 812 m and 7624 kg have been carried to 34,440 m. Balloon-like remotely piloted airships are being studied and developed as high altitude geo-stationary platforms for telecommunication and surveillance. Many new and lower cost benefits would result from the successful development of this type. The carrying of heavy large-volume cargoes promises to be an important and unique application for airships which are designed to achieve precise hovering while being loaded or unloaded. Several types are being studied for this purpose. Other new applications include use of airships for airport feeder passenger transport, and as large long endurance naval patrol vehicles. Technology programs must be developed which will enable new airships to be designed and built. These would include studies in aerodynamics, materials, structures, propulsion, and operational techniques. The advancement of these new concepts is handicapped by the lack of an established industry, confidence, and the complexity and cost of development. Yet where success has been achieved, it has been worth the risk. Government support is required to achieve these goals.     

A socio-economic evaluation of the lunar environment and resources—III: Selenospheric economics and cislunar/terrestrial market analysis

Geosocio-economically useful lunar development requires adoption of a development strategy designed to balance investments and returns as attractively as possible. This paper deals with a systematic approach to developing early and profitable returns through an appropriate investment strategy and through cislunar and terrestrial market research. In addition, long-term aspects are outlined, including the production of helium-3 for terrestrial fusion power plants and of water from fusion products and lunar oxygen.     

Critical issues in connection with human planetary missions: protection of and from the environment.

Activities associated with human missions to the Moon or to Mars will interact with the environment in two reciprocal ways: (i) the mission needs to be protected from the natural environmental elements that can be harmful to human health, the equipment or to their operations: (ii) the specific natural environment of the Moon or Mars should be protected so that it retains its value for scientific and other purposes. The following environmental elements need to be considered in order to protect humans and the equipment on the planetary surface: (i) cosmic ionizing radiation, (ii) solar particle events; (iii) solar ultraviolet radiation; (iv) reduced gravity; (v) thin atmosphere; (vi) extremes in temperatures and their fluctuations; (vii) surface dust; (viii) impacts by meteorites and micrometeorites. In order to protect the planetary environment. the requirements for planetary protection as adopted by COSPAR for lander missions need to be revised in view of human presence on the planet. Landers carrying equipment for exobiological investigations require special consideration to reduce contamination by terrestrial microorganisms and organic matter to the Greatest feasible extent. Records of human activities on the planet's surface should be maintained in sufficient detail that future scientific experimenters can determine whether environmental modifications have resulted from explorations. Grant numbers: 14056/99/NL/PA.     

The effects of maps and textual information on navigation in a desktop virtual environment

This study presents an experimentthat investigates how individuals perform anavigation test in a desktop virtualenvironment. The participants were randomlyassigned to one of the five test conditions:(C1) a map as information material during theentire test, (C2) the map only visible beforethe test, (C3) textual information during theentire test, (C4) textual information onlybefore the test and (C5) no additionalnavigational cues. The results were thatadditional information during the entire testwas more effective than short periods ofstudying the map or textual information onlybefore the test. However, participants weremore accurate in finding their route when anykind of navigational cues were used than whenno navigational cues were used. The results ofan additional questionnaire indicate thatbetween the test groups there were nodifferences in estimating the travelleddistances. The performance to draw the coveredpath into a sketch map of the landscape did notdiffer significantly between the test groupswith additional navigational cues. Theseresults indicate that in certain environmentstextual information may provide an effectivealternative to navigation training with a map.     

复杂电磁环境对通信侦察装备效能发挥的影响及对策

分析和探讨了复杂电磁环境对通信侦察装备效能发挥的影响及对策.首先简单介绍了复杂电磁环境的概念和特点,以及通信侦察的主要技术指标,然后具体分析了其对通信侦察装备效能发挥的影响,提出了对策.总结提炼了截获概率、目标分选、样式识别等方面的影响,以此为基础,探讨了优化设置侦察门限、解调样式、搜索步进等技术参数;灵活运用分段控守、视听结合、控旧抓新等侦察方法,为复杂电磁环境下实施通信侦察提供了参考和借鉴.     

美国民航导航业务现状及GNSS、RNP／RNAV发展战略

一、现有导航业务状况根据2006年统计的NAS各类导航设施为15253个,总运行费用3.89亿美元。其中传统的地基导航和着陆系统:无方向性信标台1126个,塔康共574个,全向信