燃烧室宽度对煤油旋转爆震波传播模态的影响—“爆震专刊”

为研究基于煤油的旋转爆震波的传播特性,以煤油和含氧量40%的富氧空气作为燃料和氧化剂,基于燃烧室外径均为100 mm的无内柱燃烧室和燃烧室宽度分别为32 mm、26 mm和20 mm的环形燃烧室开展了对比实验。不同氧化剂流量下,共观察到四种燃烧波模态,分别为爆燃模态、准稳定爆震模态、双波对撞模态和稳定旋转爆震模态。无内柱燃烧室中,氧化剂流量较低时无法维持旋转爆震波的稳定传播,出现爆燃模态和准稳定爆震模态;当氧化剂流量超过120 g/s时,可以得到旋转爆震模态,旋转爆震波峰值压力超过0.7 MPa,平均传播速度为1750 m/s。对于环形燃烧室,旋转爆震波的传播速度仅为1245~1465 m/s,明显低于无内柱燃烧室中的传播速度。随环形燃烧室宽度减小,对应旋转爆震波模态的工况范围更窄,传播速度更慢。在本研究对应的工况范围内,增大燃烧室宽度,更有利于基于煤油的旋转爆震波的稳定传播。     

Accuracy performance of star trackers - a tutorial

An autonomous star tracker is an avionics instrument used to provide the absolute 3-axis attitude of a spacecraft utilizing star observations. It consists of an electronic camera and associated processing electronics. The processor has the capability to perform star identification utilizing an internal star catalog stored in firmware and to calculate the attitude quaternion autonomously. Relevant parameters and characteristics of an autonomous star tracker are discussed in detail     

Numerical simulation of rotating stall in a subsonic compressor

Rotating stall is generally the first instability met in multi-stages compressors, before surge. This 3D phenomenon is characterized by one or more cells of stalled flow which rotate at a fraction of the rotor speed ω. The present paper deals with the simulation and the analysis of the rotating stall in a stage of a subsonic compressor.The configuration used for the study is an axial single-stage low speed compressor. A numerical simulation is carried out with a quasi three dimensional in-house code which solves the Navier–Stokes equations on a stream surface. The simulation shows a rotating stall with two cells which rotate at 48% of the rotor speed. Particular emphasis is laid on the pre stall phenomena analysis. The spatial mode which is responsible for the rotating stall cells number is identified many revolutions before the stall inception thanks to a Fourier analysis. However, further investigations are needed in order to identify the destabilizing mode origin.     

反旋喷嘴进气旋转盘腔压力损失特性

针对旋转盘腔的压力损失问题,利用反旋喷嘴改变进入旋转盘腔的气流的切向速度,减少旋转腔内涡的生成,从而减小气体流经旋转盘腔的压力损失.通过实验的方法测得反旋进气条件下的流阻特性,应用k-ω SST模型模拟了不同工况下腔内的流场.研究表明:旋转盘腔内的压降由湍流参数和掺混后旋流系数共同控制.喷嘴自身压降所占比例为极大值时,腔内无大涡出现,而在非极值点的工况下,腔内均为对涡的流动结构.      

Analysis of the buoyancy-induced heat transfer in a rotating cavity

In order to get a better knowledge of the heat transfer in compressor cavities of aero-engines, the simplified rotating cavity with two-plane discs, a shaft and a cylindrical rim has been investigated numerically and compared with the available measurements. The numerical results in agreement with the available experiments show large-scale instabilities. The disk local Nusselt numbers show mainly radial rising distributions for the heated disks with radial rising temperature profiles. In the present work, at the Reynolds number of 20000, the disk local Nusselt numbers are the correlations of the local Grashof number to the power of 1.89~2.6, and the value of the power is increased as the rotational Reynolds number goes up. At the rotational Reynolds number of 800000, the local Nusselt numbers are the correlations of the local Grashof number to the power of 0.68~2.6, and the value of the power is decreased as Reynolds number goes up. The area-averaged disk Nusselt number is the correlation of the Reynolds number to the power of 0.479 and the rotational Grashof number to the power of 0.12.      

跨声速压气机转子旋转失速现象的非定常模拟

为研究跨声速压气机转子失速机理,全周非定常数值模拟了某跨声速压气机单转子的失稳过程。结果表明:该转子由叶尖Spike扰动诱发旋转失速。在小流量稳定工作状态,压气机转子叶尖区域存在"旋转不稳定"(Rotating Instability,RI)流动现象。压气机节流过程中,转子进出口的流量降低,叶尖区流场非定常波动幅值增大。近失速状态时,RI扰动团的典型流场结构"径向涡"在叶尖区域形成堵塞,导致相邻叶片前缘间歇性地出现溢流现象。随着压气机进一步节流,转子叶尖的负荷达到极值,叶片通道尾缘逆压力梯度过大,出现倒流。尾缘倒流的出现又进一步增加通道内的堵塞,最终形成Spike扰动。失速先兆对应的流场结构是沿叶片前缘额线向相邻叶片压力面周向运动的"径向涡"结构。     

跨声速轴流压气机间隙泄漏流触发旋转失速

通过对跨声速轴流压气机NASA转子37进行单通道定常及多通道定常、非定常数值模拟,单通道定常数值模拟结果与实验结果能较好吻合。多通道非定常数值模拟结果显示,间隙泄漏流及其与激波干涉的非定常振荡,触发突尖型旋转失速先兆,具体表现为叶顶前缘间隙泄漏流溢出。失速团首先在叶顶处形成,且速度约为80%转速。随着流量的下降,失速团进一步发展,在失速通道内,激波与叶片前缘完全分离,且在叶片尾缘出现回流。当转子完全数值失速时,失速团周向尺度约为4个通道,且径向占据约半个叶高。     

组合压气机旋转失速特征的小波分析

采用高频响动态压力探针测量了小流量轴流/离心组合压气机的旋转失速和喘振,并采用基于Morlet小波时频分析和小波系数奇异分解的方法分析了压气机失速信号.研究结果表明:稳定工况下,频率分量较多、幅值较小.失速工况下,特征频率能量较大、且成倍频关系.在该组合压气机的失稳过程中,并没有引起大幅度的压力脉动.压气机光滑地从失速前出现的模态波过渡到完全失速.周向存在2个失速团,失速团传播速度约为44.8%~45.9%转速.      

旋转状态下气膜偏转特性的实验

基于一个平板叶片模型对旋转状态下气膜冷却轨迹的偏转规律进行了研究,提出采用一个主流径向压力梯度与冷气所受惯性力之比的无量纲数Φ来评价气膜的偏转规律,并通过实验手段验证了这一理论,得出了此无量纲数与气膜偏转角度的关系.实验利用热色液晶测温技术对叶片表面的二维温度场进行测量,并采用无线旋转拍照系统对旋转坐标系中的图像信号加以采集.实验结果表明气膜沿径向偏转角度随Φ增大而减小.      

高旋转雷诺数下预旋进气转-静盘腔流动换热特性

运用RNG k-ε湍流模型对高旋转雷诺数和预旋进口速度下,静盘外缘预旋进气、转盘外缘轴向出流模型的流动和换热过程进行了三维数值模拟,主要研究了冷气流量Cw、旋转雷诺数R ee等参数对转盘对流换热系数和出流口温度分布的影响,并与垂直进气方式进行了对比。研究表明:预旋进气方式与垂直进气相比可降低涡轮叶片冷气入口总温;冷气流量增大以及旋转雷诺数增大均使得转盘平均换热增强;涡轮叶片入口温度随冷气流量增大而降低,随着旋转雷诺数的增大先升高后降低。      

旋转状态下方形通道内部流场特性热线实验

为了解决旋转条件下热线技术应用问题并且在此基础上精确测量旋转方形通道内部流场特性,搭建了用于旋转通道流场测试实验平台,采用了两种连线方式对热线进行了标定实验,获得了热线测量旋转通道内部平均速度的相对误差为±6%,对雷诺数和旋转数范围分别是5000~10000和0~0.222的旋转通道流场进行了测量,结果表明:旋转导致速度型整体向后缘面（Y/D=-0.5）偏转,X/D和旋转数越大,速度型偏转越明显;旋转数为0.222时,后缘面附近边界层速度型出现了一个拐点,可能与由哥氏力不稳定性引起的二次流有关.      

旋转环形截面弯管内粘性流动的摄动解

采用摄动方法求解了旋转环形截面弯管内的粘性流动，获得截面上轴向速度和二次流的二阶摄动解，系统地分析了主流速度、二次流动在科氏力和离心力共同作用下特性的变化情况；结果表明，当旋转方向和轴向速度方向相同时二次流强度将被加强；当旋转方向和轴向速度相反时，二次流涡结构变得复杂，环形截面上最多可出现八个涡，当科氏力和离心力之比F≈1．02时，二次流强度最弱。     

低速轴流压气机旋转失速特性试验

在一台双级低速轴流压气机上进行了均匀进气时的全流量特性试验研究,重点分析了该压气机旋转失速特性随流量系数的变化情况和失速起始特性.试验结果表明,压气机在失速前出现模态波扰动,其传播频率约等于40%转子旋转频率,范围贯穿整台压气机;压气机第二级在模态波扰动诱导下率先进入旋转失速,初始失速团旋转速度为83.3%转子转速;失速团在向第一级扩散传播过程中,其旋转速度逐步降低,最后稳定在41.9%转子转速;失速团旋转频率随着流量系数的降低而减小;失速团范围随着流量系数的减小而逐渐增加.      

Neutrino pair emission from the inner crust of a neutron star

It is shown that spin-orbital interaction of neutrons with clusters (nuclei or bubbles) immersed in the neutron sea of the inner crust of a neutron star can intensify substantially the neutrino pair emission (with respect to the neutrino emission in the uniform nuclear matter) at temperatures typical for the neutrino cooling epoch of the star. The neutrino pair emissivity of sub-nuclear matter is calculated both for the case when clusters are at random positions and for the case when clusters are ordered in a lattice.     

Fragmentation in rotating isothermal protostellar clouds

Summary From the extensive set of numerical calculations briefly described above, it seems apparent that rotating, isothermal gas clouds are unstable to fragmentation under a wide range of conditions. (Caution: This result for isothermal clouds cannot be generalized to all clouds, as is shown, for example, by Boss's analysis [these proceedings] of the stability of collapsing, adiabatic clouds.) It is of importance to note, however, that no fragmentation is apparent during a cloud's initial dynamic collapse toward a disk structure; rather it is the rotationally flattened disk/ring configuration that undergoes fragmentation. This is a considerably different picture of fragmentation than has been presented, for example, by Hoyle (1953).The degree of instability and the mode (ring vs. blob) of fragmentation is sensitive to , but insensitive to . The initial amplitude of a perturbation does not appear to be crucial--fragmentation should occur eventually even for low amplitude initial NAPs.Finally, it is of some interest to know what the properties are of the fragments that break out of these isothermal clouds. Before outlining these properties we emphasize that in this set of calculations we have specifically excited the m = 2 (binary) non-axisymmetric mode; hence we have in some sense suppressed the development of other modes and we have promoted the development of equal mass components in the binary systems. In these evolutions, a typical fragment contained 15% of the initial cloud mass; had a specific angular momentum 25–30% that of the original cloud; had a ratio of spin angular momentum to orbital angular momentum 0.2; and itself had a ratio of thermal to gravitational energy _frag < 0.1. The formation of a binary system has therefore resulted in a conversion of some of the original cloud's spin angular momentum into orbital angular momentum, and has produced protostars with reduced specific angular momenta. It is also evident that each fragment is unstable to further collapse (having low ) under the isothermal assumptions imposed here.     

具有离散出气孔的旋转盘冷却效果的实验

为了获得中心进气的冷气对具有离散出气孔的旋转盘的冷却效果,分别采用热色液晶和热电偶来测量转盘表面温度分布。影响冷却效果的主要因素是旋转雷诺数和冷气流量系数,分析了其对无量纲过余表面平均温度和无量纲径向表面温差的影响。随着旋转雷诺数和进气流量系数增加,转盘无量纲过余表面平均温度和无量纲径向表面温差全都下降。转盘上的通孔有利于对转盘的冷却,并且转盘通孔的尺寸越大,冷气对转盘的冷却效果越好。      

带有微型涡轮的旋转盘腔局部换热特性

对带有微型涡轮的转-转系涡轮盘腔进行了换热试验。微型涡轮的主要作用是使冷气通过上游涡轮盘的反旋喷嘴推动涡轮盘转动，从而降低气流的总焓，同时改变气流的旋转速度，形成更好的冷却环境。试验采用热膜加热、热电偶测温和遥测仪采集数据的方法进行，上下游转盘同时加热。试验结果表明：随着无量纲质量流量、旋转雷诺数和浮升力的增大，努赛尔特数增大，换热效果增强。这为进一步的数值计算和优化提供了依据。