Pulse Doppler Ambiguity Resolution

A mathematical algorithm using the method of invariant imbedding is developed which generates a best ￡2 estimate of range and range rate from pulse Doppler data.     

Adaptive Pulse Doppler Ambiguity Resolution

This paper demonstrates and tests a new algorithm for extracting velocity information from a pulse Doppler radar signal. The system is adaptive and performs weil in the presence of target scintillation. This paper also shows a special steady-state version of the adaptive algorithm. lt is computationally attractive and produces near optimal velocity estimates.     

Ambiguity Resolution for Satellite Doppler Positioning Systems

The implementation of satellite-based Doppler positioning systems frequently requires the recovery of transmitter position from a single pass of Doppler data. The least-squares approach to the problem yieds conjugate solutions on either side of the satellite subtrack. It is important to develop a procedure for choosing the proper solution which is correct in a high percentage of cases. A test for ambiguity resolution which is the most powerful in the sense that it maximizes the probability of a correct decision is derived. When systematic error sources are properly included in the least-squares reduction process to yield an optimal solution the test reduces to choosing the solution which provides the smaller valuation of the least-squares loss function. When systematic error sources are ignored in the least-squares reduction, the most powerful test is a quadratic form compasison with the weighting matrix of the quadratic form obtained by computing the pseudoinverse of a reduced-rank square matrix. A formula for computing the power of the most powerful test is provided. Numerical examples are included in which the power of the test is computed for situations that are relevant to the design of a satellite-aided search and rescue system.     

Parametric Methods for Strip-Map SAR Doppler Ambiguity Resolution

Physical modeling of the Doppler centroid (DC) can be used to predict synthetic aperture radar (SAR) Doppler ambiguity when antenna attitude is controlled or measured precisely enough. It is shown that the same model proves useful even in the cases of higher attitude uncertainty, if it is combined with suitable adaptive techniques. In this paper, Doppler ambiguity resolution is formulated as a hypothesis testing problem over a domain of integer values that are directly related to the attitude uncertainty. A test statistic is derived from the entire SAR scene using data adaptive processing. A broad class of such adaptive algorithms is analyzed in a unified way, starting from the range-azimuth coupling in the frequency domain and multilook techniques. The analysis includes two well-known and two new multilook methods for Doppler ambiguity resolution. A suitable test statistic is proposed for each of these methods and its dependency on the scene spatial correlation is discussed. Experimental results confirm the robustness of the combined scheme.     

Ambiguity Resolution in Interferometry

A comprehensive theory of interferometry from a system viewpoint with particular emphasis on the ambiguity resolution problem is developed. The derived error equations include contributions from all system uncertainties, i.e., phase measurement, frequency, and element phase center position errors in three dimensions. The direction-of-arrival errors are inversely proportional to the interferometer baseline and it is customary to make the baseline large enough to meet the accuracy requirements. A system with a baseline greater than a half-wavelength results in the well known direction-of-arrival ambiguity problem with the addition of a third element to each baseline being a common method for resolving the ambiguity. It is shown that contrary to previous thinking there are many equally optimal positions for adding the third element to resolve the ambiguity. In addition, it is shown how the measurement made to resolve the ambiguity can also be applied to increase the accuracy of the angle-of-arrival measurement. A central result is the derivation of expressions specifying the probability of correct resolution of ambiguities as a function of system parameters and system errors. Moreover the concept of an acceptance criterion designed to reduce processing of erroneous measurements is developed. Narrowing the criterion reduces the percentage of data accepted for processing, but increases the probability of correct ambiguity resolution. This is analogous to the relationship between the probability of detection and the probability of false alarm in radar theory.     

Bearing Ambiguity and Resolution in Interference Direction Finders

Radio direction finders based on the principles of interference measurement provide increased angular resolution as the number of bearing ambiguities increase. In spite of the diversity of interference direction finder design, the resolution of bearing ambiguities reduces to a simple relative phase measurement on crossed baselines less than ?/2 long. This principle is applied in a review of current interference direction finder (DF) designs from the Adcock to the multiwavelength interferometer including both analog and digital bearing computation and display. Analysis shows that simple digital logic circuits may be used to resolve bearing ambiguities in multichannel DF rather than the "sense" displays of conventional analog design. This technique has the advantage of keeping direction finding and sense finding functions simultaneous but separate so that the DF information is not degraded by the injection of the ambiguity resolving sense signal.     

Signal Resolution via Digital Inverse Filtering

Research in numerous areas is directed toward the resolution of multiple overlapping signals in a noisy environment. These areas include radar, sonar, speech, seismology, and electrophysiology. Sometimes matched filters are used; other times inverse filters are employed. This paper discusses one approach to the analysis of the resolution of inverse filters. Our method is to compromise the trade-off between signal resolution and the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A performance measure for the inverse or deconvolution filter is defined as a quantity proportional to the harmonic mean of the resolution and the SNR. An optimum output pulse duration is obtained using this criterion, where the pulse shape has been previously selected and the input signal waveform is known. In addition, upper and lower bounds for the output pulse duration are presented. Graphs are given which allow the designer to select the optimum inverse filter output pulse duration for a desired signal resolution and an estimated SNR.     

数字射线成像空间分辨率的增强

成像空间分辨率是工业数字射线成像系统的重要技术指标,通过分析成像的物理过程,给出了成像过程的数学模型,进而得出影响数字射线成像空间分辨率的主要因素,并针对各种因素研究了相应的提高空间分辨率的方法.建立了成像系统的点扩展函数模型,给出了优化投影放大比的方法,提出了一种提高探测器采样频率和光电管采样孔径的硬件方法;采用了一种简便的方法抑制了散射对空间分辨率的影响;计算机模拟及实验结果验证了方法的有效性.     

Resolution in Doppler and Acceleration with Coherent Pulse Trains

The resolution properties and clutter performance of a simultaneous Doppler and acceleration measurement are investigated in detail with particular emphasis given to coherent pulse trains. The analysis is based on the concept of a matched-filter receiver, although receiver weighting of the type that reduces Doppler sidelobes is also analyzed in detail. Near the main lobe of the acceleration response is a pedestal-ike sidelobe region, the height of which is about 1/N of the main response lobe power where N is the number of pulses in the train. The extent of this pedestal along the acceleration axis is proportional to N. The acceleration measurement in a clutter environment is best performed when both targets and clutter are confined to this pedestal region, since some response sidelobes outside of this region are extremely large.     

基于分形的数字图像水印技术

数字水印技术是解决多媒体数据包括卫星遥感图像等版权保护的一种有效手段。本文给出了数字水印技术的基本概念及主要特征,介绍了利用局部迭代函数系统进行分形图像编码的传统编码方法,研究并分类了现有分形数字图像水印方法:一类方法通过改变分形编码的编码参数,另一类方法利用图像的自相似性,还有一些用分形与其它理论相结合来嵌入水印信息。最后作者提出了进一步发展分形数字图像水印技术的几点建议。     

A Note on the Ambiguity of Troposcatter Aircraft Interference Patterns

Earlier investigators of troposcatter propagation phenomena have suggested that aircraft-created interference patterns observed at the receiving site can be used to measure aircraft motion within and near the common volume region. A simplified signal and scattering model is used to show that these interference signatures are ambiguous unless prior knowledge of the aircraft trajectory is available.     

A Recursive Method for Signal Resolution

A recursive method is given for resolving signals overlapping in time. Assume that the signal waveform is known and several signals are received. The signals (of unknown number) may overlap with one another and the amount of time delay of each individual signal is unknown. The signals are corrupted with additive white Gaussian noise. The problem is to estimate the number, the amplitudes, and the time delays of the overlapping signals. Assume that at a certain instant tk-1 estimates have been made on the number of signals arriving in the time interval (O, tk-1) and the amplitudes and time delays of these signals. Using these estimates, we test at tk the hypothesis H1 that a new signal arrives at tk against the null hypothesis Ho that no new signal arrives. The decision gives the number of signals arriving in the time interval (0, tk); the parameters are then re-estimated. The overlapping signals are detected and resolved, and the estimates are improved at each stage. The system is analyzed in detail, and computer-simulated results are presented.     

飞机数字化装配技术应用探讨

介绍了飞机数字化装配技术在国外的应用情况,通过调查,总结了数字化装配技术在国内的应用范围、特点和成效,分析了国内与国外数字化装配技术存在的差距,提出了国内飞机数字化装配技术发展的对策。     

图像处理技术在疲劳裂纹长度测量中的应用

研究材料的疲劳断裂特性,对产品结构设计和寿命预估计具有重要意义。试验中常需测量裂纹扩展长度,以确定裂纹长度与循环载荷次数的关系。在多孔铝合金板疲劳试验过程中,采用先进的图像数据采集和处理技术来测定疲劳裂纹的实际长度,拍摄不同循环次数下疲劳裂纹扩展的CCD图像;基于MATLAB软件,采用OTSU算法和形态学方法,把CCD图像转换成二值图并进行细化处理,得到裂纹扩展骨架图;用链码方法计算出裂纹像素长度,最后根据标定系数便可获得裂纹的实际长度。与显微镜测量裂纹方法比较,该方法具有精度高、非接触、可保存裂纹扩展状态等特点。     

涡轮叶片温度分布新式测量技术

介绍了一种新式涡轮叶片温度分布测量技术。     

Susan: A New Doppler Radionavigation System

SUSAN is a novel electronic Doppler navigation system which can be used with moving vehicles including aircraft, missiles, satellites, and ships. The system uses a technique of time delays and frequency multiplication to determine the rates of change of the Doppler frequency component present on a signal received from a moving vehicle. From this information the range and velocity of the vehicle can be determined with respect to a transmitting station whose position or ephemeris is known.     

A Closed-Form Solution for Doppler Satellite Navigation

Doppler satellite navigation relies on an initial position estimate with an iterative solution. A closed-form solution of this problem, which forms the basis of a complete analytic treatment, is presented. The solution is exact for arbitrary satellite orbits with an ellipsoid Earth model.     

A Digital Open-Loop Adaptive Processor

A new technique for adaptive processing applications, which is superior to the conventional Applebaum-Howells adaptive loop, is presented. The new technique is based on open-loop digital processing and does not have the limitations of the conventional closedloop analog processor. In contrast with the conventional adaptive loop, the open-loop processor has effectively infinite gain, is unconditionally stable, and does not depend on the power level of the auxiliary signal.     

Stretch: A Time-Transformation Technique

Stretch is a passive, linear, time-variant technique for performing temporal operations on many classes of signals. The technique employs three dispersive networks and a mixer. Signal slowdown, speedup, or time reversal can be attained by choice of network slopes. These temporal operations are performed within a signal "window," and the duration of the window is determined by the network time-bandwidth products. Both heuristic argumentation and rigorous analysis are presented, as are the results of a simple laboratory experiment.